Cattle Waste Research Articles

Assessment of the fuel recovery potential of cattle, sheep, and chicken waste fats in diesel engine

Assessment of the fuel recovery potential of cattle, sheep, and chicken waste fats in diesel engine

Mathematical Models Comparison of Biogas Production by Co-Digestion of Cattle Waste in Batch Tank Bioreactors

Mathematical Models Comparison of Biogas Production by Co-Digestion of Cattle Waste in Batch Tank Bioreactors

Assessment of Feasibility for Biodigestion of Cattle Waste in Gwalior City, India

Different biodegradable waste may indeed be processed by biodigesters to generate biogas, a clean and sustainable source of energy. Different digesters are classified according to their digestive process, which is either aerobic or anaerobic. The rate at which organic waste is loaded, the temperature, the amount of dilution, etc., all affect the size of the digesters. A biodigester typically needs a relatively steady atmosphere as well as ongoing agitation. Additionally, it necessitates a large land area. Although it has numerous advantages, the nature of the feedstock is the main factor on which the potential of biogas production depends, as well as the design of the reactor and operational parameters. Though many authors attempted to establish the effect of various factors on the process of biodigestion of food waste, very few studies on reactor design to achieve maximum biogas production were reported. The current study focuses on the use of a reactor with multiple stages that requires a smaller footprint to increase the rate of gas production from solid substrates. In the study, an experiment was attempted to determine the effect of substrate composition, food waste size, and multiple stages inside the reactor on biogas production. It has been found from the results that agricultural and environmental sustainability associated with livestock waste can reduce pollution risk considerably through biodigestion. It has also been found that stages inside the reactor do have an effect on gas production, which has been increased by up to 30%.

Optimisation of a Renewable Energy System for Rural Electrification

Anaerobic digestion systems have been implemented on a number of rural farms all over the world as manure management solutions. Electricity and heating are also provided by means of such systems. In these systems, biomass waste is anaerobically digested to produce biogas, which is then burned in a boiler or an engine generator set to generate heat or power, depending on the system. The size and method of operation of a cattle waste-to-energy conversion system that would yield the highest revenue for a specific number of cattle are calculated in this study. An optimization method for Tabu Search is applied. The best answer is determined after several top-notch ones have been produced. The efficiency of a system for converting cattle waste into energy will help to increase rural electricity in Uganda.

Reburning of Animal Waste Based Biomass with Coal for NOx Reduction, Part I: Feedlot Biomass (FB) and Coal:FB Blends

Cattle biomass (CB or manure from cattle) is proposed as reburn fuel under slightly fuel-rich conditions. The CB includes wastes from cattle feedlots (cattle grown in feedlots to slaughter weights of 450–640 kg) termed as Feedlot Biomass (FB) and cattle wastes from dairy farms termed as Dairy Biomass (DB). NOx emissions from coal-fired power plants can be reduced by using pure CB and Coal:CB mixtures as reburn fuels (10~30% by heat) injected after the primary combustion region. Experiments with Coal:CB mixtures as reburn fuels were performed using the 30 kW burner facility. Part I deals with results from experiments using pure FB and Coal:FB blends as reburn fuels while Part II presents results on extent of NOx reduction using pure DB and Coal:DB blends as reburn fuels (RF). In the current work, results on NOx emission are presented with FB and Coal:FB blends as RF. The parametric studies include: equivalence ratio in reburn zone (ERRBZ), vitiated air, angle of reburn nozzles, presence and absence of heat exchangers (HEXs), and baseline NOx concentration. The optimum operating conditions for FB reburning were found to be conditions with vitiation at ERRBZ = 1.1 with 45° upward counter-current injection in the presence of HEXs. NOx emissions were reduced by as much as 96%.

Supply and Value Chain Models in Cattle Marketing and Its Derivative Products in East Nusa Tenggara Province

In general, the determination of the price of cattle is based on the condition of the cattle's body. This will result in an unsatisfactory transfer of revenue value for farmers, because the bargaining position is still weak. In addition, transactions in the marketing chain of beef products and their by-products have not yet been solidly established, so the obligations and rights of some parties are not guaranteed. The objective was to analyze the role of stakeholders in each supply chain and distribution of value chains as revenue in the marketing transactions of cattle, beef, and derivative products. The study was conducted in West Timor, which has 85.0% of the cattle population in NTT. Four sample districts (Kupang, TTS, TTU and Belu) in 8 sample sub-districts or 16 sample villages were included in the study. Respondents in marketing activities consisted of farmers, village traders, sub-district/district traders, slaughter traders, inter-island traders, by-product/waste traders, as well as beef, cowhide, bone, and fat/blood processing industries. Data collection were conducted by a questionnaire-based interview. The data were analyzed descriptively-quantitatively with a supply chain analysis model. It canbe concluded that (1) Market supply chains include cattle traders (farmers, village traders, sub-district traders, inter-island traders and slaughtering traders), as well as beef traders (fresh beef retailers, frozen beef exporting traders, and processed beef products traders); (2) The ideal model of the value chain in the form of revenue share from marketing of cattle, beef, processed beef products, by-products, and cattle waste has not been fully established in NTT; (3) The ideal model includes five marketing blocks (cattle block, beef block, processed beef block, by-product block, and waste block).

Processing Solid Waste of Animal Beef using Bioactivators in Effort to Reduce Environmental Pollution

Cattle waste both in the form of solid and liquid waste that is produced every day if left alone without proper waste treatment, it can cause environmental pollution, namely air, water, and soil pollution. The environment becomes squalid and attracts various animals such as flies and dogs which can carry various diseases such as deare, typhoid, cholera and skin diseases which can spread quickly and smell bad. One of the efforts to overcome environmental pollution around cattle is to carry out a composting process using cow rumen bioactivator. This study aims: (1) to find out whether cow rumen bioactivator can reduce the unpleasant odor caused by cattle waste, (2) find out whether cow rumen bioactivator can accelerate the composting process, (3) determine the effect of bioactivator volume on compost quality, namely nitrogen content. (N-total), Phosphorus levels, and Potassium levels. This study uses qualitative analysis to test odors (H2S gas, CO2 gas, NH3 gas and CH4 gas) which was carried out at the CHEMICAL Laboratory of SMK Kesehatan Bhakti Indonesia Medika Kediri, and quantitative analysis to test Nitrogen levels using a Kjeldahl flask, Phosphorus levels with a visible spectrophotometer. , Potassium levels with AAS conducted at the Laboratory of PTPN X Jengkol Plosoklaten Kediri. This study showed: (1) after the composting process, cattle solid waste did not smell, (2) the composting process took 30 days, (3) the addition of various bioactivators (25 ml, 50 ml, 75 ml, and 100 ml), volume 50 ml is the optimal volume in the composting process with 3 kg of cattle solid waste. From the decomposition results, total nitrogen content was 0.592%, phosphorus content was 0.27%, and potassium content was 0.538%. These levels meet the Quality Standards for organic fertilizers and soil enhancers according to the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture no. 2/Pert./HK.060/2/2006.

DISEMINASI TEKNOLOGI FERMENTASI URIN MENGGUNAKAN MIKROORGANISME LOKAL (MoL) SEBAGAI DEKOMPOSER ALAMI

The increasing use of chemical fertilizers, especially in rural areas, has a very large effect on agricultural production. Utilization of livestock waste (urine) as raw material for liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) has the potential to replace the use of chemical fertilizers. The basic problem that occurs is that the availability of microorganisms in the form of commercial decomposers for the LOF production process is becoming increasingly expensive and difficult to obtain. The purpose of this activity is to increase the knowledge capacity of farmer/breeder partners in developing the LOF production process by utilizing cattle waste (urine) as raw material. In addition, it is also to increase the ability of partners to produce local microorganisms (LoM) from natural ingredients. This activity has been carried out in Barebbo Village, Barebbo District, Bone Regency. The partner group involved is the farmer-livestock group “Mase-mase”. Several technology packages that have been disseminated include: 1) urine processing technology into LOF, 2) local microorganism (LoM) manufacturing technology using natural ingredients, 3) application of regression analysis and Coub Douglass function to optimize profits in beef cattle farming. The method of implementing the activities uses training methods in the form of face-to-face (offline) which is continued with direct practice. Furthermore, the process of technology assistance and monitoring is carried out. The results of the evaluation of the implementation of activities indicate that the application of technology has a very significant impact on the capacity of partners. The process of urine production into LOF can reduce the amount of liquid waste from cattle business which has a direct impact on environmental improvement.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ МЕТАНОГЕННОГО ЗБРОДЖУВАННЯ ВІДХОДІВ ХАРЧОВОЇ ПРОМИСЛОВОСТІ

Purpose. To investigate the joint utilization of rice husk, cattle manure and meat processing plant’s waste water by anaerobic fermentation taking to account it is considered as one of the most effective ways of multicomponent sub- strates utilization, and to determine the optimal weight proportions of mixed waste components as a substrate for fer- mentation in an anaerobic bioreactor. Methodology. We have fermented substrates in a bioreactor with an upward flow of liquid through an anaerobic sludge layer UASB of periodic action with a total volume of 50 dm3 to study anaerobic fermentation of substrates with different weight ratio of components in mesophilic conditions. We have monitored the indicators of the amount of released formed biogas and methane, the degree of organic matter biodegradation by the indicator of COD and the medium pH. We have performed a number of experiments of substrates anaerobic fermenta- tion with different weight ratio of cattle manure, waste water and rice husk at mesophilic temperature. Results. We have identified the parameters of the influence of the substrate composition on the efficiency of the organic matter decompo- sition, biogas formation and methane yield as a result of anaerobic reactions. It allows to determine the degree of the organic matter destruction of cattle manure and rice husk and evaluated the negative impact of fatty acids on anaerobic reactions. Originality. For the first time, we have carried out the integrated research of joint fermentation of rice husk and waste from mixed production in an anaerobic bioreactor. We have proved the efficiency of using mixed substrates for methane production and increasing the degree of the waste organic substances biodegradation in comparison with the fermentation rates of monosubstrates. Practical value. We have demonstrated the effectiveness of joint fermenta- tion of rice husk and waste from mixed production in an anaerobic bioreactor, which provides high rates of organic matter destruction in the biological environment with high methane content and stability of similar production reactions.

POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCING STANDARD COMPOST FROM BEEF CATTLE AND CORN WASTES

The success of the corn agro-industry is greatly influenced by fertilizeravailability. A notable effort to support that situation is to increase compost production through the utilization and processing of beef cattle and corn wastes. Thisresearch proposed to produce compost from the utilization of beef cattle and corn wastes by following the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The composting process was carried out by preparing several materials consisting of beef cattle manure (BCM), wet/dry stover (WS/DS), and EM4 solution. These materials were fermented anaerobically, then checked and stirred every three days.The fermentation was stopped after 40 days. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of five levels of compost materials treatments, namely P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4, with three replications. The parameters observed were the characteristics of cattle and corn waste, the physical feature of the compost, and the nutrient content of the compost (yield, water content, pH, P2O5, K2O, organic C, total N, and C/N ratio). P2 treatment (BCM:WS:DS:EM4 =1:2:1:1) produced compost with the best characteristics, namely blackish brown color and crumbly with slightly sour aroma. The yield obtained was 32.95%, water content was 10.08%, pH was 5.59, P2O5was 0.50%, K2O 1.26%, organic C was 52.34%, total N was 1.34% and C/N ratio was 39.06. These characteristics are by following under the SNI cheap, practical in manufacture and application in the field, and environmentally friendly.

Bioconversion of agro, cattle waste and blended soil into manure by vermicomposting technology

Bioconversion of agro, cattle waste and blended soil into manure by vermicomposting technology

An Investigation for the Potential of Biogas to be Produced from Animal Waste in Corum

One of the most important current issues is obtaining and efficiently using energy, a basic necessity of life. With the continuous development of technology and increase in the world population, energy demands keep increasing. In general, the global energy production needs are met with fossil-sourced fuels. However, due to the fact that fossil fuels will be exhausted over time, together with the damage that is inflicted on the environment, people have sought different resources. Biogas energy is a type of renewable energy source that attracts the attention of researchers. In this study, the potential of biogas that can be obtained from animal wastes within the province of Çorum and its surrounding districts was investigated. The amount of biogas that can be produced in the province and per district has been determined. The quantities of biogas that can be generated from the wastes of bovine (cattle, buffalo), ovine (goat, sheep) and poultry (chicken, goose, duck) was calculated. The calorific value of biogas that can be produced and the amount of electricity that can be generated have also been determined. The evaluations in this study have revealed that the total amount of electricity that can be produced from biogas is 80748.8 MWh per year from cattle waste, 3506.7 MWh from ovine animals waste and 16064.4 MWh from poultry waste. In total, the amount of electricity that can be produced for Çorum province has been determined to be 100319.9 MWh per year. It has been found that CO2 emissions from biogas-generated electricity will be 2608.06 tons. When compared to alternatively sourced electricity, it was found that when the same amount of electricity is obtained from natural gas, CO2 emission will be approximately 20 times higher, and when the electricity is obtained from imported coal, the CO2 emission will be 34 times that produced when using biogas.

Effect of differences in fermentation process methods of cattle hair waste on the properties of hair protein concentrate

Cattle hide cracker processing industry is one of the industries that produces a large amount of hair waste. Cattle hair waste (CHW) contains a fairly complete nutritional composition. The CHW has the potential to be produced into hair protein concentrate (HPC) for the provision of animal feed. The fermentation method of CHW was identified to affect the properties of the HPC. This study aims to evaluate the effect of applying different fermentation methods on the CHW to the properties of HPC. The research was designed experimentally using a completely randomized (CRD) design with a unidirectional pattern of 4 treatments with 3 replications. A total of 4 fermentation methods were applied, namely R1 = CHW + Bacillus subtilis; R2 = CHW + Cooking pressure + Bacillus subtilis bacteria; R3 = CHW + NaOH 5% + Bacillus subtilis; R4 = CHW + Cooking pressure + 5% NaOH + Bacillus subtilis. The results showed that the different fermentation methods of CHW had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the characteristics of the HPC. The test results regarding crude fiber content obtained values ranging from 1.20 to 4.59%. Fat content is in the range of 6.32-8.69%, while the ash content is in the range of 1.41-2.45%. The application of the R2 fermentation process method shows the best treatment in terms of its ability to reduce the amount of crude fiber in the HPC from CHW.

Manure Flushing vs. Scraping in Dairy Freestall Lanes Reduces Gaseous Emissions

The objective of the present study was to mitigate ammonia (NH3), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and other air pollutants from lactating dairy cattle waste using different freestall management techniques. For the present study, cows were housed in an environmental chamber from which waste was removed by either flushing or scraping at two different frequencies. The four treatments used were (1) flushing three times a day (F3), (2) flushing six times a day (F6), (3) scraping three times a day (S3), and (4) scraping six times a day (S6). Flushing freestall lanes to remove manure while cows are out of the barn during milking is an industry standard in California. Gas emissions were measured with a mobile agricultural air quality lab connected to the environmental chamber. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emissions were decreased (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.05) in the flushing vs. scraping treatments, respectively. Scraping increased NH3 emissions by 175 and 152% for S3 and S6, respectively vs. F3. Ethanol (EtOH) emissions were increased (p &lt; 0.001) when the frequency of either scraping or flushing was increased from 3 to 6 times but were similar between scraping and flushing treatments. Methane emissions for the F3 vs. other treatments, were decreased (p &lt; 0.001). Removal of dairy manure by scraping has the potential to increase gaseous emissions such as NH3 and GHGs.

Microalgae Consortia for Post-treating Effluent of Anaerobic Digestion of Cattle Waste and Evaluation of Biochemical Composition of Biomass

The aim of this study is to cultivate Spirulina platensis and Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae in consortia using effluents of cattle waste anaerobic treatment in order to give possibilities to the production of microalgae biomass to biorefineries uses. The biomasses obtained were characterized to evaluate the potential for the production of biofuels and other bioproducts. The effluent was used in sterile and non-sterile conditions to better understand the influence of other microorganisms in N and P removal. The biomass obtained with the addition of 10% of sterile effluent in Zarrouk media (20%) presented 44.12 and 34.62% of carbohydrates, using Spirulina platensis in monoculture or the 50%/50% consortia of Spirulina and Scenedesmus, respectively, this biomass presenting the potential to be used to bioethanol production. Nitrogen and phosphorous removal were higher in non-sterile conditions and reached 92.7 and 49.66% of nitrogen and phosphorous removal, respectively, using the consortia and with the addition of 30% effluent in the media. The cultivation of microalgae in a consortium may be used to assist the treatment of water concurrently with the production of biomass to different applications.

Oil Palm Farmer’s Income Using a Combination of Organic and Non Organic Fertilizers in Sialang Palas Village Lubuk Dalam District Siak Regency

Various efforts have been made by the government in business development and improving the welfare of oil palm farmers. One of the programs announced by the government is the cattle and oil palm integration system program (SISKA). In general, farmers in Riau Province use non -organic fertilizers as input in oil palm plantations. However, with the SISKA program, oil palm farmers began to apply organic fertilizer from cattle waste to oil palm. Oil palm farmers who have applied organic fertilizer or precisely combined organic fertilizer with non -organic fertilizer are found in Sialang Palas Village, Lubuk District, Siak Regency. The use of organic fertilizer has emerged since the introduction of the SISKA program in Sialang Palas Village in 2013. This study aims to determine cultivation, productivity and income of oil palm plantation farmers who combine organic and non -organic fertilizers in Sialang Palas Village, Lubuk Dalam District, Siak Regency. The research method used is the survey method. Sampling was done with a simple random sampling technique. The data analysis used is descriptive analysis and agricultural analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the nature of oil palm farming in Sialang Palas Village. Farm business analysis includes business cost, income and efficiency analysis. The results showed that the fertilizer given consisted of a combination of organic and non -organic fertilizers with the amount of fertilizer given that is cow feces 2,101 kg/ha/year, cow urine 700 kg/ha/year, KCL 20.83 kg/ha/year, Dolomite 252 , 80 kg/ha/year and Phonska 90.83 kg/ha/year. The productivity is 18,578 kg/ha/year with a plant age of 32 years. Total production cost Rp.7.717.345/ha/year which consists of fixed cost Rp.1.364.333.56/ha/year and variable cost Rp.6.353.012.42/ha/year. The net income received by farmers is Rp.16,859,773/ha/year.

Conversion of Slaughterhouse Wastes to Solid Fuel Using Hydrothermal Carbonization

In this study, cattle and pig slaughterhouse wastes (SHWs) were hydrothermally carbonized at 150–300 °C, and the properties of SHW-derived hydrochar were evaluated for its use as a solid fuel. The results demonstrated that increasing the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) treatment temperature improved the energy-related properties (i.e., fuel ratio, higher heating value, and coalification degree) of both the cattle and pig SHW-derived hydrochars. However, the improvements of cattle SHW-derived hydrochars were not as dramatic as that of pig SHW-derived hydrochars, due to the lipid-rich components that do not participate in the HTC reaction. In this regard, there was no merit of using HTC treatment on cattle SHW for the production of hydrochar or using the hydrochar as a solid fuel in terms of energy retention efficiency. On the other hand, a mild HTC treatment at approximately 200 °C was deemed suitable for converting pig SHW to value-added solid fuel. The findings of this study suggest that the conversion of SHWs to hydrochar using HTC can provide an environmentally benign method for waste treatment and energy recovery from abandoned biomass. However, the efficiency of energy recovery varies depending on the chemical composition of the raw feedstock.

The Role of Mustelids in the Transmission of Sarcocystis spp. Using Cattle as Intermediate Hosts.

Simple SummaryMembers of the genus Sarcocystis are worldwide distributed protozoan parasites. Sarcocystis infections cause great losses in economically important animals. There is a lack of studies on Sarcocystis in naturally infected wild predators, especially of the family Mustelidae which represent a presumably important group of definitive hosts of these parasites. The objective of the present study was to examine the small intestine samples of various mustelid species from Lithuania serving as a possible source of Sarcocystis spp. using cattle as intermediate hosts. Overall, 84 samples collected from five mustelid species were analyzed. Oocysts/sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. were detected in 75 animals (89.3%). Using molecular methods four Sarcocystis spp., S. bovifelis, S. cruzi, S. hirsuta and S. hominis were identified, with the first two being the most prevalent. These results indicate that mustelids are involved in the transmission of Sarcocystis spp. using cattle as intermediate hosts. The determined high prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. rates cause concerns about food safety issues. To control the spread of infection, further studies on the way carcasses of cattle or beef waste become accessible to mustelids are needed.There is a lack of research on the role of mustelids in the transmission of various Sarcocystis spp. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that widespread mustelids in Lithuania could be involved in the transmission of Sarcocystis spp. using cattle as intermediate hosts. In 2016–2020, intestinal samples of 84 mustelids were examined. Sarcocystis spp. were identified by species-specific PCR targeting the cox1 gene and subsequent sequencing. Under a light microscope, oocysts/sporocysts of Sarcocystis spp. were observed in 40 samples (47.6%), while using molecular methods, they were detected in 75 animals (89.3%). Four Sarcocystis spp. were identified in the intestinal samples of American mink (Neovison vison), Beech marten (Martes foina), European pine marten (Martes martes), European badger (Meles meles) and European polecat (Mustela putorius). The prevalence of predominant Sarcocystis spp., S. bovifelis (89.3%) and S. cruzi (73.8%) was significantly higher than that of S. hirsuta (3.6%) and S. hominis (1.2%). In an individual sample, most frequently two Sarcocystis spp. were identified (69.0%), then a single species (15.5%) and three species (4.8%). The present study provides strong evidence that mustelids serve as definitive hosts for Sarcocystis spp. using cattle as intermediate hosts.

Assessment of cadmium ion adsorption capacity in water by biochar produced from pyrolysis of cow dung

Biochar production from cattle waste and the potential of biochar as an adsorbent for treating pollution are among the hot research topics in recent years. The goal of this study is to evaluate the ability to adsorption Cd2+ from water of biochar produced from cow dung at varying pyrolysis temperatures (300, 450, and 500oC).The study determineda number of surface-level chemical characteristics of the biocharsamples such astotal organic carbon (TOC), pH, pHpzc, functional group H+ , OH- , and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Biochar samples were subjected to two different experiments: the first submerged the biochar in Cd2+ solutions at different concentration (0- 132 mgCd2+ .L -1 ) for a fixed 12 h and the second submerged the biochar in Cd2+ solutions at a fixed concentration of 66 mgCd2+ .L -1 for a varying length of time. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium analyses were conducted on the samples at the end of the experiments. The Cd2+ adsorption process of these biochar forms fit Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models as well as a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The study concluded that biochar produced from pyrolysis of cow dung could be employed as an adsorbentfor the removal of Cd2+ from water.

Carrying capacity analysis of integration system by-products in Polewali Mandar District, West Sulawesi Province

The focus of farmer management, especially the field of food crops in Polewali Mandar District of West Sulawesi Province, is only on the main products of agricultural commodities. On the other hand agricultural side products that still have added value are rarely noticed. This study was conducted to assess the level of supporting corn rice straw as well as cattle waste of beef cattle in Polewali Mandar District of West Sulawesi Province. The parameters calculated are Feed Concentration Index of the Corn Rice Straw, the carrying capacity of Crude Protein, the carrying capacity of Total Digestible Nutrient and the supporting capacity of beef cattle manure. The result showed during the period 2016-2019, as many as 7 out of 16 sub-districts had a high category Feed Concentration Index, crude protein support capacity against the beef cattle population of 77.48% - 97.84%, total Digestible Nutrient support for the beef cattle population of 121.24% - 148.67%. Calculation of manure support capacity against planting corn rice crops amounted to 54,81% - 62,1%. This study presents availability of agricultural by-products that have added value for the basis of agricultural policy-making in Polewali Mandar District.