Rumen Of Cattle Research Articles

Enhancement of Bacterial Adhesion and Degradation by Enzyme, Probiotic, and Ammonia Treatment of Rice Straw in vitro Fermentation using Hanwoo Cattle Rumen Fluid

Enhancement of Bacterial Adhesion and Degradation by Enzyme, Probiotic, and Ammonia Treatment of Rice Straw in vitro Fermentation using Hanwoo Cattle Rumen Fluid

Indigestible Foreign Bodies in the Rumen-reticulum of Cattle Slaughtered at Batna Slaughterhouse, Algeria: A Postmortem Study

Background: To determine the prevalence of indigestible foreign bodies in rumen-reticulum of cattle. Identify the types and the common diseases associated with their occurrence. 289 cattle were examined at Batna (Algeria) municipal abattoir. Methods: About 289 cattle were examined immediately after slaughtering to determine the presence or absence of the foreign bodies in their rumen-reticulum and different lesions were recorded. Result: From total of 289 cattle examined 151 (52.24%) were found positive for various types of foreign bodies in their rumen and/or reticulum. From each 56 (19.37%) and 95 (52.24%) were positive for vulnerable bodies and non-vulnerable foreign bodies respectively. The types of foreign bodies detected were: wire segments, needles, nails, hair clips, coins, corks, ropes, cloth, pebbles, sand, glass pieces, trichobezoar, plastic bags. The plastics were the most common found in 61 (23.92%) males and 34 (79.06%) females. The most common lesions in rumen of cattle with Foreign bodies were traumatic reticuloperitonitis, perirecticular abscess, esophageal obstruction, non penetrating reticulum and/or ruminal foreign bodies were respectively 3.79%, 12.65%, 1.26% and 82.27%. The study revealed that the plastics in rumen my play an important role in the pathologenesis of cattle.

Monitoring of mycotoxins in feed of the Krasnodar Territory and their combined effect on the microbiocenosis of the gastrointestinal tract of cattle

Diets for cattle are affected by fungi - producers of mycotoxins: hay, straw, silage, grain, concentrates. Highly productive cattle breeds are more sensitive to mycotoxins. It has been studied that mycotoxins have antibiotic properties, disrupting the biocenosis and functionality of the proventriculus of cattle. This leads not only to a disruption in the nutritional process of animals, but also contributes to a decrease in the enzymatic activity of the rumen microflora and thus facilitates the penetration of other mycotoxins into the animal body. When conducting sanitary and mycological studies of coarse and succulent feed, compound feed and feed additives for cattle, it was found that feed was affected by micromycetes in descending order Mucor sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Penicillium sp. In the study of feeds, it was found that the most frequently recorded mycotoxins in descending order, T-2 toxin, aflatoxin, zearalenonone, ochratoxin A, fumonisin. Monitoring studies found that feed for cattle not containing mycotoxins was 33.4%, containing one mycotoxin 34.8%, two mycotoxins 28.8%, three mycotoxins 3.03%. When conducting scientific and economic experiments, the content of two mycotoxins in feed was diagnosed, the concentration of which for zearalenone was 1.0 mg / kg, for aflatoxin - 0.04 mg / kg. To study the effect of mycotoxins on the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract (proventriculus), an experiment was carried out on 40 bull calves of 7 months of age. The experimental group of animals (20 animals) was given feed contaminated with mycotoxins, the control group received a diet without mycotoxins. the contents of the rumen were collected on days 10, 20, and 30 of the experiment. The clinical picture in experimental animals with combined mycotoxicosis during the experimental period was characterized by a decrease in feed consumption by 10-20%, weight gain by an average of 18-25%, exhaustion, dullness of the coat, and alopecia. The difference between the experimental and control group of lactobacilli was 28.0%; 157.1% and 215.0% log10 CFU, respectively, for study days. Bifidobacteria 13.0%; 86.2% and 192.3% log10 CFU, respectively. The decrease in ciliates in the experimental group in comparison with the control on the 10th day of the experiment was 7.1 thousand units / g, on the 20 day 27.9 thousand units / g, on the 30th day 77.2 thousand units / g. Thus, the content of the main joints of the biocenosis in the rumen of cattle on days 10, 20 and 30 of the experiment was significantly reduced in the experimental group, the diet of which contained the association of mycotoxins. The monitoring carried out indicates that mycotoxins (in descending order) are most often recorded in feed for farm animals in the Krasnodar Territory: T-2 toxin, aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, fumonisin. A high contamination of feed and raw materials with molds was established - Mucor sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Penicillium sp. A decrease in the main representatives of the biocenosis actively participating in the digestion of cattle: lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, ciliates, under the influence of the combined effect of mycotoxins, has been established.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik dengan Penggunaan Biostater pada Kelompok Tani Rukun Makaryo Desa Pereng Mojogedang Karanganyar

Local knowledge is the various works and initiatives of a certain community which are believed to be useful for fulfilling part of their daily needs. This local knowledge can take the form of a set of knowledge and skills in creating something that is believed to be very useful. The source or origin of local knowledge and skills is generally acquired from generation to generation or the result of paying attention to and practicing it yourself over and over again the result of the experiences of others arround it. The use of this local knowledge has been empirically believed and proven by local community from time to time. One of the works of the Rukun Makaryo Farmer Group, Pereng Mojogedang village, is the ude of cattle rumen and its contents as a biodecompuser in the process of fermentation of solid wate from castle to fermented solid organik fertilizer. The rationale is very simple, namely in the rumen of cows there are bacteria that can destroy various forages that are eaten by cows. Therefore, if the bacteria can be cultivated outside the cow’s stomach, it can be used to overcome the abundant solid wate of cattle in rural areas to become solid organik fertilizer needed by farmers.

Accelerated discovery of novel glycoside hydrolases using targeted functional profiling and selective pressure on the rumen microbiome

BackgroundCarbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) form the most widespread and structurally diverse set of enzymes involved in the breakdown, biosynthesis, or modification of lignocellulose that can be found in living organisms. However, the structural diversity of CAZymes has rendered the targeted discovery of novel enzymes extremely challenging, as these proteins catalyze many different chemical reactions and are sourced by a vast array of microbes. Consequently, many uncharacterized members of CAZyme families of interest have been overlooked by current methodologies (e.g., metagenomic screening) used to discover lignocellulolytic enzymes.ResultsIn the present study, we combined phenotype-based selective pressure on the rumen microbiota with targeted functional profiling to guide the discovery of unknown CAZymes. In this study, we found 61 families of glycoside hydrolases (GH) (out of 182 CAZymes) from protein sequences deposited in the CAZy database—currently associated with more than 20,324 microbial genomes. Phenotype-based selective pressure on the rumen microbiome showed that lignocellulolytic bacteria (e.g., Fibrobacter succinogenes, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus) and three GH families (e.g., GH11, GH13, GH45) exhibited an increased relative abundance in the rumen of feed efficient cattle when compared to their inefficient counterparts. These results paved the way for the application of targeted functional profiling to screen members of the GH11 and GH45 families against a de novo protein reference database comprised of 1184 uncharacterized enzymes, which led to the identification of 18 putative xylanases (GH11) and three putative endoglucanases (GH45). The biochemical proof of the xylanolytic activity of the newly discovered enzyme validated the computational simulations and demonstrated the stability of the most abundant xylanase.ConclusionsThese findings contribute to the discovery of novel enzymes for the breakdown, biosynthesis, or modification of lignocellulose and demonstrate that the rumen microbiome is a source of promising enzyme candidates for the biotechnology industry. The combined approaches conceptualized in this study can be adapted to any microbial environment, provided that the targeted microbiome is easy to manipulate and facilitates enrichment for the microbes of interest.87nDLj8bXvsK4GSUzRX-xVVideo

The Ability of Hop Extracts to Reduce the Methane Production of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium.

Background Methane emissions from agriculture are responsible for over 40% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. In the past, antibiotics were used to control methane production by animals, but concerns over the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans have prompted a search for alternative approaches. Hops are the flowers of the hop plant Humulus lupulus. They have been used to feed cattle for many years and are known to contain antibacterial compounds, and their extracts have been shown to kill members of the Mycobacterium spp including Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis as well as a number of human pathogens. In this study, hop extracts were studied for their ability to inhibit methane production from Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, a major methane-producing archaeon found in the rumen of cattle. Methods Methanobrevibacter ruminantium M1T (DSM 1093) was grown at 37°C for 30 days, and the amount of methane produced at different time points during this period was measured using gas chromatography. The archaeon was exposed to commercial hop extracts (tetra-hydro-iso-alpha acid and beta acid) and to aqueous hop extracts of a range of hop variants, and their effect on methane production was determined. Results All of the extracts reduced the level of methane production of M. ruminantium over the 30-day period compared to the negative control (sterile distilled water). The commercial hop extracts were the most effective at inhibiting methane production over the course of the experiment in contrast to the aqueous extracts, which showed a gradual reduction of inhibition with time. Conclusions Hops contain compounds which inhibit methane production. Given that hops can be safely fed to cattle, this raises the possibility of rationally designing a feed strategy which could reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect against bovine tuberculosis. This study recommends that further research be undertaken to further identifying bioactive components from hops and their efficacy against a range of archaea.

Utilization of nyamplung industrial waste for compost and the response to nyamplung seedlings growth and nitrogen uptake

The solid waste (dregs seed) of nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) industry from seed pressing processes could be more than 50% of the dry seed weight. Nyamplung oil industry in Bantul (Yogyakarta) has been produced nyamplung oil 4-5 ton/month that produced dregs seed around 50-60%/ton nyamplung dry seeds. The accumulated waste has been piled up and immediately important to utilize it. This study aimed to determine (i) the effect of bioactivators with ameliorant material application and the interactions among treatments on nyamplung dregs compost quality, and (ii) the growth response, seedling quality index and nitrogen uptake on nyamplung seedlings with nyamplung dregs compost application. The study was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial. Two bioactivators Prouponic Gb#1 and cattle rumen bio starter were used in the study. The bioactivators were combined by ameliorants (no ameliorant, dolomite, and rice husk ash) with 3 replicates for each treatment. Analyses of soil chemical properties were carried out on nyamplung dregs before and after the treatments applied including: pH, DHL, N Total, C/N ratio, P Total, K Total. Those characters were compared to SNI No.19-7030-2004 on compost quality standards. DHL, C/N ratio, the total N, P, and K met the criteria on SNI. Seedling growth characters (height, diameter, number of leaves) and seedling quality index varied between nyamplung dregs compost treatments and control up to 16 weeks observation. Nyamplung dregs compost application showed the highest N uptake on nyamplung seedlings compared to the controls. Nyamplung seedling quality index was highly influenced by the uptake of N nutrients in the shoots and the roots than by height character and diameter.

20 Profiling circRNA and lncRNA Expression in Key Bovine Metabolic Tissues

Abstract CircRNAs and lncRNAs are non-coding RNAs that regulate many biological processes at the cellular level. However, knowledge of their function and expression patterns in cattle remains scarce. We investigated circRNA and lncRNA expression profiles in four key metabolic tissues of beef cattle (rumen, liver, muscle, and subcutaneous adipose) using RNA-Seq. Bioinformatic analysis of 189 samples collected from 48 cattle identified 19,766 circRNAs and 10,615 lncRNAs across all four tissues. PCA revealed the expression profiles of both circ- and lncRNA were clearly separated by tissue, suggesting their expression patterns are tissue dependent. Moreover, both datasets contained large numbers of transcripts that were unique to each tissue, underlining the divergence in function across metabolic sites. Further functional analysis of tissue specific circRNAs using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) showed that lysine degradation, peroxisome, insulin resistance, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis unique to the rumen, liver, muscle, and adipose tissues, respectively. The same analysis of the lncRNAs revealed that purine metabolism, fatty acid degradation, cAMP signaling pathway, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications were uniquely enriched in the rumen, liver, muscle, and subcutaneous adipose tissues, respectively. Together, these results revealed tissue specific metabolic pathways that may be regulated by the multiple non-coding RNAs. More specifically, circDLG1 and lncMSTRG.12092.8 were predicted to regulate the expression of Lymphocyte Antigen 6 Family Member G5B (LY6G5B) and pyruvate kinase M1/2 (PKM), Adenylate Kinase 1 (AK1), and Mitofusin 2 (MFN2), respectively, indicating regulatory roles in host immune response, glycolysis, energy balance control, and mitochondrial fusion, all of which may contribute to regulation of energy metabolism. Our findings show that expression profiles of circRNAs and lncRNAs differ among metabolic tissues, and these transcripts may play crucial roles in regulating metabolism in cattle.

PSVII-18 Change in the taxonomic composition of ruminal microflora against the background of copper and plant extract

Abstract Plant extracts are used in cattle diets to stimulate growth and immunity, while the unstable biochemical composition of plants contributes to the search for effective compositions that exhibit a synergistic effect. Objective of the study is the effect of an aqueous extract of oak bark (0.7 ml/kg of live weight) - group I, copper particles specific surface area 24 m2/g; 0.06 mg/kg of live weight - group II, their compositions (group III) on the taxonomic composition of the bacterial community of the rumen of cattle. Bulls had rumen fistulas Bos taurus at the age of 13 months (n = 5). Test samples of feed components were given with a concentrated portion of the main diet. Diet contain 60% - roughage (hay of Sudanese grass and alfalfa), 35% - concentrated feed (mixture of barley, wheat, sunflower husk, bran). The taxonomic composition of ruminal content was determined by NGS sequencing on a MiSeq device (Illumina, USA). It was found that the combined use of the extract and copper UFPs increases the concentration of representatives of Bacteroidetes in the rumen by 5.6%, the separate use of copper UFPs is by 20.7% (P ≤ 0.05), at the same time the values of representatives of Firmicutes decreased - by 7.2 and 24.7% (P ≤ 0.05) in comparison with the control. At the taxon level, the following classes prevailed: Bacilli (2.6%) in group I; Bacteroidia (17.0%) in II, in III - Bacteroidia (5.0%) in comparison with the control. In the experimental groups, at the genus level, a lower content of Streptococcus and the absence of Faecalibacterium were registered. Thus, the composition of plant extract and copper has an inhibitory effect on certain representatives of pathogenic bacteria. The results obtained indicate that the combined use of these substances is promising. This research was performed with financial support from the RSF (20-16-00088).

PSXV-7 The mixture of herbal extracts that change the microbiome of the cattle rumen

Abstract Today, the search for new antibacterial natural agents based on plant raw materials is relevant. These raw materials have promising secondary metabolites that reduce the formation of methane in the ruminant scar. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the following extracts: oak bark+birch leaves (I group) (250 ml/head per day), oak bark + St. John’s wort grass (250 ml / head per day; II group) and birch leaves + St. John’s wort grass (III group; 250 ml/head per day) on the rumen microbiota of large cattle, against the background of control (C). Extracts added to the water of calves with rumen fistula (dairy breed, age 12 months, diet -70 % of hay, 30 % of grain feed, duration is 14 days). The microflora analyzed using high efficiency 16S rRNA (Illumina) gene sequencing. Plant extracts prepared by purification, grinding (1–2 mm) and extraction in a water bath (for 30 min, 70 ° C) and filtration. According to the study results, the inclusion of extracts led to increase of the Bacteroidetes phylum for 1.11–3.69 % in the practical groups in comparison with C. A decrease was obtained for Firmicutes for 2.06–3.55 % (p 0.05) and Proteobacteria. In the I group bacteria of the class Bacteroides increased by 0.9–5.64% and Candidatus Saccharibacteria increased by 0.25% (P = 0.05). In the III group the value increased by 0.64 % (P = 0.05). Compared to C at the level of the family Prevotellaceae dominated in all experimental groups by 1.04–9.11 % (P ≤ 0.05), in group III Bacteroidaceae dominated by 0.27 % and Rikenellaceae by 0.14 %. This contributes to the regulation of opportunistic microorganisms without harmful effects on the rumen microbiota. This research was performed with financial support from the project 0761-2019-0005.

Rumen (Calicophoron/Paramphistomum spp.) and Liver Flukes (Fasciola hepatica) in Cattle—Prevalence, Distribution, and Impact of Management Factors in Germany

Simple SummaryParamphistomidosis is a parasitic disease of ruminants caused by so-called rumen flukes. To determine the current prevalence in German cattle, faecal samples from 614 herds were examined for parasite eggs. In addition, the occurring rumen fluke species were determined, resulting in Calicophoron daubneyi and Paramphistomum leydeni. In the course of the work, the occurrence of the common liver fluke, causing fasciolosis, was also documented. Rumen fluke eggs could be detected in 5.5% of German cattle farms, liver flukes in 9.5%. In 2.1% of the farms, both fluke types occurred. Regional differences between northern and southern Germany were detected. Cattle grazing and fed with fresh grass were more likely to be infected with rumen and liver flukes than cattle without such access. Cattle from organic farms were also more likely to have fluke infections than those from conventional farms, in suckler cows, however, this association only applied to rumen flukes.This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of rumen flukes on German cattle farms via the sedimentation technique, and to identify the rumen fluke species occurring in Germany. Additionally, the prevalence of patent Fasciola hepatica infections was determined. Furthermore, a short questionnaire was answered by the farmers. A prevalence of 5.5% and 9.5% was detected for rumen flukes and liver flukes, respectively. Coinfections occurred on 2.1% of farms. In northern Germany, the rumen fluke prevalence was higher than in southern Germany, while for liver fluke the distribution was reversed. Rumen flukes were mostly identified as Calicophoron daubneyi, but in four cases, sequencing revealed Paramphistomum leydeni for the first time in Germany. Grazing and feeding of fresh grass, as well as organic farming, were significantly associated with rumen and liver fluke occurrence. In contrast, suckler cow husbandry only had an influence on the occurrence of rumen flukes, but not liver flukes. Trematode eggs could be detected in both, farms with and without deworming. Since there were only a few studies about Paramphistomidosis in Germany, more attention should be paid to these parasitic diseases for animal welfare and animal health reasons.

Enzymatic profiles of hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials from Aspergillus terreus strains isolated from the rumen of beef cattle from Brazil

Degradation of lignocellulosic materials by Aspergillus terreus isolated from rumen fluid, fungal biomass, in vitro substrate degradation, pH at end of incubation, concentrations of total protein (TP) and total cellulase (TC) were performed.In prior assay, submerged fermentations of sugarcane bagasse (SB) or Urochloa decumbens (UD) by five A.terreus isolates were performed.Subsequently, submerged fermentation using the two most promising isolates were evaluated comparing two nitrogen sources for cellulases, CMCases, avicelase and xylanases productions at 0, 72, 144, 216 and up to 288 h, in a factorial (2 × 2 × 5). During fermentation with UD and SB, showing lignin values 7.50 and 6.15%, respectively, the enzymatic activities at 50 °C were higher than those observed in the pH and temperature simulating the rumen (39 °C), allowing us to determine the optimal conditions under which the enzymes of interest may function in the animal model.The interaction between substrates and the evaluated periods was significant. Specifically for UD, the isolates V15 and V22 produced 226.14 and 210.72 nmol/L.s, respectively, which concentrations did not differ from each other.The isolates of this fungus showed growth ranging from 669 mg/L for the V79 isolate, using UD , and o 19,695 mg/L for the V22 isolate using SB after 216 h in medium supplemented with ammonium sulfate.Total protein levels were influenced by the substrates evaluated and by fermentation periods. The activity carboxymethylcellulases (CMCases) and xylanases presented values between 15.42 and 92.51 nmol/L.s for SB and from 5.14 to 226.14 nmol/L.s for UD fermentations. Using urea or ammonium sulfate, the V79 isolate in SB fermentation and the V49 isolate in UD fermentation, at 288 h, presented the highest rates of TP. The quantifications of TC in pH 4.5 at 50 °C were higher presenting 12,380.97 nmol/L.s and PT 347.575,0 nmol/mg.s, respectively by biomass, than those produced at pH 6.8 and 39 °C. The two selected A. terreus isolates from bovine rumen showed potential to use in the industrial microbiology and as additives to diets of ruminants. • Total protein contents showed significant differences for substrate interactions as a function of nitrogen source • Urea treatment resulted in higher pH values for both isolates and substrates, unlike fermentation containing ammonium sulfate, which showed acidic pH values • Additionally, only when analyzed as a function of substrate (sugarcane bagasse and U. decumbens ) for the following parameters: dry matter degradation, total proteins, total cellulase, total protein by total cellulase, xylanase, total protein by xylanase, xylanase by biomass, similarly significant differences were observed (P < 0.05). • The substrates influenced only the degradation rate and the isolates did not influence the evaluated parameters. However, nitrogen source influenced degradation and enzyme production

Dietary Supplementation With Creatine Pyruvate Alters Rumen Microbiota Protein Function in Heat-Stressed Beef Cattle.

Creatine pyruvate (CrPyr) is a new multifunctional nutrient that can provide both pyruvate and creatine. It has been shown to relieve the heat stress of beef cattle by improving antioxidant activity and rumen microbial protein synthesis, but the mechanism of CrPyr influencing rumen fermentation remains unclear. This study aimed to combine 16S rDNA sequencing and metaproteomics technologies to investigate the microbial composition and function in rumen fluid samples taken from heat-stressed beef cattle treated with or without 60 g/day CrPyr. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that there were no significant differences in the α-diversity indices between the two groups. By analyzing the level profiles of 700 distinct proteins, we found that the CrPyr administration increased the expression of enzymes involved in specific metabolic pathways including (i) fatty acid β-oxidation; (ii) interconversion from pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate, oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA, and malate; (iii) glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and citrate cycle metabolism; and (iv) biosynthesis of amino acids. These results indicated that the increased generation of adenosine triphosphate during fatty acid β-oxidation or citrate cycle and the up-regulation synthesis of microbial protein in rumen of beef cattle treated with CrPyr may help decrease oxidative stress, regulate energy metabolism, and further improve the rumen fermentation characteristic under heat stress.

Inhibited Methanogenesis in the Rumen of Cattle: Microbial Metabolism in Response to Supplemental 3-Nitrooxypropanol and Nitrate.

3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) supplementation to cattle diets mitigates enteric CH4 emissions and may also be economically beneficial at farm level. However, the wider rumen metabolic response to methanogenic inhibition by 3-NOP and the intermediary metabolite requires further exploration. Furthermore, supplementation potently decreases CH4 emissions from cattle. The reduction of utilizes H2 and yields , the latter of which may also inhibit rumen methanogens, although a different mode of action than for 3-NOP and its derivative was hypothesized. Our objective was to explore potential responses of the fermentative and methanogenic metabolism in the rumen to 3-NOP, and their metabolic derivatives using a dynamic mechanistic modeling approach. An extant mechanistic rumen fermentation model with state variables for carbohydrate substrates, bacteria and protozoa, gaseous and dissolved fermentation end products and methanogens was extended with a state variable of either 3-NOP or . Both new models were further extended with a state variable, with exerting methanogenic inhibition, although the modes of action of 3-NOP-derived and -derived are different. Feed composition and intake rate (twice daily feeding regime), and supplement inclusion were used as model inputs. Model parameters were estimated to experimental data collected from the literature. The extended 3-NOP and models both predicted a marked peak in H2 emission shortly after feeding, the magnitude of which increased with higher doses of supplement inclusion. The H2 emission rate appeared positively related to decreased acetate proportions and increased propionate and butyrate proportions. A decreased CH4 emission rate was associated with 3-NOP and supplementation. Omission of the state variable from the 3-NOP model did not change the overall dynamics of H2 and CH4 emission and other metabolites. However, omitting the state variable from the model did substantially change the dynamics of H2 and CH4 emissions indicated by a decrease in both H2 and CH4 emission after feeding. Simulations do not point to a strong relationship between methanogenic inhibition and the rate of and formation upon 3-NOP supplementation, whereas the metabolic response to supplementation may largely depend on methanogenic inhibition by .

Valorization of Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant grass) and piggery manure for energy generation

This study investigated the biogas production potential of Pennisetum purpureum (Elephant grass) (El-g) co-digested with piggery manure (PM) under mesophilic condition in order to combat the menace of weed in cropping systems as well as pollution problems emanating from disposal of PM. Prior to anaerobic digestion (AD), El-g was subjected to a combination of mechanical, thermal and alkaline pretreatments. Using cattle rumen content as inoculum, the pretreated El-g was anaerobically co-digested with PM while the raw El-g was also co-digested with PM and served as control experiment. The physicochemical characteristics of feedstock were evaluated before and after the digestion period using standard methods. The initial high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduced significantly after digestion indicating efficiency of the digestion process. Also, there were reductions in concentrations of calcium and other parameter needed for microbial growth after the digestion which indicated their utilization by microbes to generate biogas. Biogas production began on the 5th and 7th days and was progressive until 30th and 24th days in both digestions after which a decline was observed until the end of the experiment. For the digestion period of 37 days, the total biogas recorded from the pretreated and untreated experiments were 409.5 and 184.1 m3 CH4/kg VS with average of 11.07 and 4.98 m3 CH4/kg VS/day respectively. The study concluded that co-digestion with piggery dung enhanced the biogas producing capacity of El-g hence advocated.

Kualitas Kompos Cacing Tanah Lumbricus rubellus Pada Pakan dan Media yang Berbeda

This research aims to 1). Find out the content of N, P, C-Organic, Na-exch, Mg-exch, K-exch, Ca-exch, CEC, and pH-H2O on vermicompost on different feed and media, 2). Find out the effect of feeding types and types medium for growth and development of earthworm colonies Lumbricus rubellus. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor is the type of feed with 2 levels: P1 = tofu dregs (150 grams) and P2 = cattle rumen (100 grams) while the second factor is the type of media with 2 levels: G0 = cow manure (1.4 kg) and G1 = cow manure (0.7 kg) + peat soil (0.7 kg). From these treatments there were 4 treatment combinations, each of which was repeated 3 times, in order to obtain 12 experimental units. The weight of worms used is 50 grams per experimental unit. This research was conducted for 3 months from October to December 2019, located at the Experimental Garden of the Department of Agricultural Cultivation, Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya University and Palangka Raya University Analytical Laboratory. The results showed that the results of laboratory analysis of nutrients in worm compost such as pH-H2O, N-total, C-organic, P-Bray, K-exch, Ca-exch, Mg-exch, Na-exch and CEC were found to have different results. There was an interaction between the type of feed and the type of media that had a very significant effect on the pH-H2O variable and the weight of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus and on a single factor, namely the P-Bray, Ca-exch and Na-exch variables. Whereas in the N-total, C-organic, K-exch and CEC variables there was no significant effect then there was an interaction between the type of feed and the type of media which had a very significant effect on the final weight of Lumbricus rubellus earthworm, namely in the P1G1 treatment with a weight of 155.77 grams, in P1G0 treatment with a weight of 105.58 grams, and in P2G0 treatment with a weight of 90.83 grams, and the weight of Lumbricus rubellus earthworms had no significant effect, namely the P2G1 treatment with a weight of 47.56 grams

Comparing the effect of biological amendments and chemical fertilizer on bacterial and fungal population

Amelioration of degraded soils has triggered interest regarding alternatives to supply nutrient and improve microbial diversity through the integrated use of organic manure and biofertilizers. In this light, a screenhouse experiment set in a completely randomized design (CRD) with seven (7) treatments; Bacillus thuringiensis (5 ml); digestate (22.4 t ha-1); 50% of digestate + NPK 15:15:15 (11.2 &amp; 3.1 t ha-1); Digestate + B. thuringiensis (22.4 t ha-1 &amp; 5 ml); Digestate + B. thuringiensis + Glomus mosseae 22.4 t ha-1, 5 ml &amp; 500 g); positive control (NPK 15:15:15) and negative control with no treatment, replicated three (3) times was done. This research was carried out in the screen house of the department of soil science and land management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, with the aim of evaluating the agronomic value of anaerobic digestate (derived from cattle rumen content waste), inoculants of B. thuringiensis and G. mosseae in comparison with chemical fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15), while determining its’ effect on soil microbial properties, growth and yield of tomato. The results showed that application of NPK 15:15:15 at a rate of 6.1 t ha-1 caused a significant decrease in number of leaves of the tomato plant with a total of 50 and 56 leaves/plant in pots treated with NPK 15:15:15, and a combination of digestate and NPK respectively at 8 WAT. At 8 WAT, total organic carbon of the soil was best improved in soil with a treatment of digestate, bacteria and mycorrhiza inoculum (61%), and was also significantly improved in the positive control (63%), with the pots with no treatments having the least amount of organic carbon (1.8%). Total nitrogen was highest in treatments of digestate and both inoculums at 5.7% and least in soils with a combination of digestate and NPK 15:15:15 (0.3%). Soil microbial population of bacteria and fungi increased by 20% and 43% respectively. These findings indicate that a combination of anaerobic digestate, B. thuringiensis and G. mosseae applied at 22.4 t ha -1, 5 ml and 500 g respectively is best suited for tomato cultivation and is recommended for optimum growth and yield of tomato in the study area.

Lignin degradation by water buffalo.

So far, few animals with the ability of lignin degradation have been reported except termite and longicorn. In this study, it was found that the crude fiber and acid detergent lignin (ADL) of rice straw can be degraded dramatically higher by buffalo than those by cattle. In order to further study this ability of buffalo, the digestion of roughages in buffalo rumen was studied using rumen nylon bag experiment, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Van Soest fiber analysis. The SEM results showed that the degradation degree of rice straw was dramatically higher in buffalo than that in cattle. The digestibility of crude fiber was significantly higher in buffalo than that in cattle (P < 0.01). The digestibility of ADL, cellulose, hemicellulose, acid detergent, fiber, and neutral detergent fiber of rice straw in buffalo rumen was significantly higher than that in cattle (P < 0.05). The ADL degradation rate of rice straw in buffalo rumen was significantly higher than that in cattle rumen, indicating that buffalo was capable of utilizing lignin and had superior utilizing capability than cattle. It was observed that various roughages can be dramatically digested by buffalo rumen with the ranking of ADL degradation rate: peanut vine (15.04%) > rice silage > maize silage > rice straw > corn stover > wheat stalk > bract leaf > potato vine (7.22%), verifying that buffalo rumen possessed the ability to digest universal roughages. In conclusion, this study revealed that buffalo was more efficient in ADL degradation compared with cattle.

Appropriate Technology of Organic Waste Composting with Activator Bioinokulen Rumen Cow Em4 and Em4

Intruduction:The waste problem in Indonesia is the large amount of garbage waste, the lack of landfills andwaste processing facilities, resulting in a source of pollution and endangering health. In Ponorogo Regencyin the last three years, garbage has accumulated reaching 149 m3 / day with a percentage of the amountof organic waste amounting to 44.76%. Methods: This type of research is True Experimental, Posttest-Only Control design. The study used 80 ml cattle rumen activator, 80 ml EM4 activator, compost mixtureactivator with 60 ml EM4 + 20 ml livestock rumen activator mixture and 20 ml EM4 + 60 ml cattle rumenactivator, and without activator (control) assessed the level of compost maturity and for tested the NPKlevels and the C / N ratio. The raw material is 3 kg of organic waste with 5 times replication, so that 25fruit samples are needed and 75 kg of organic waste material. Results: The results showed that the compostconcentration was the same as the activator cattle rumen 80 ml, 80 ml EM4, and 60 ml EM4 + 20 ml cattlerumen ripened faster with an average time of 17 days. The results of the measurement of chemical qualitycompost have the best chemical content of SNI 19-7030-2004 compost activator 60 ml + 20 ml EM4 cattlerumen. Conclusions: The conclusion of research on the composting process of waste to be more effectiverequires an activator material. In addition to the activator material, it is necessary to pay attention to thequality of the activator material.

Characterization of a new bifunctional endo-1,4-\u03b2-xylanase/esterase found in the rumen metagenome

Metagenomic data mining of the Nellore cattle rumen microbiota identified a new bifunctional enzyme, endo-1,4-β-xylanase/esterase, which was subsequently overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). This enzyme was stable at pH intervals of 5 to 6.5 and temperatures between 30 and 45 °C, and under the test conditions, it had a Vmax of 30.959 ± 2.334 µmol/min/mg, Km of 3.6 ± 0.6 mM and kcat of 2.323 ± 175 s−1. Additionally, the results showed that the enzyme is tolerant to NaCl and organic solvents and therefore is suitable for industrial environments. Xylanases are widely applicable, and the synergistic activity of endo-1,4-β-xylanase/esterase in a single molecule will improve the degradation efficiency of heteroxylans via the creation of xylanase binding sites. Therefore, this new molecule has the potential for use in lignocellulosic biomass processing and as an animal feed food additive and could improve xylooligosaccharide production efficiency.