Cattle Manure Ash Research Articles

Analysis on different materials for enhancing axial compression capacity of reinforced concrete

Analysis on different materials for enhancing axial compression capacity of reinforced concrete

Effects of Particle of BA, CMA and FA on Water Absorption of Concrete

The porosity of concrete is the root cause of durability problems in concrete. Water absorption rate and water absorption speed can be used to detect the pore structure distribution of concrete. Based on the principle of permeability coefficient method, the water absorption method was improved in this study. This paper conducted an experimental study on how BA (biomass ash), CMA (cattle manure ash), and FA (fly ash) with different particle sizes affect the water absorption speed and coefficient of concrete. The results showed that among BA, FA, and CMA, the water absorption speed and coefficient of FA are the smallest among all admixtures in concrete, and the water absorption speed and coefficient of BA are the smaller. The water absorption coefficient is greater than that of FA, and the water absorption speed and coefficient of CMA are greater than those of BA. With the same dosage (15% in this test), the smaller the water cement ratio, the smaller the water absorption rate of CMA concrete; The water absorption rate of CMA concrete decreases with the increase of age. When the dosage is the same, the influence of particle size on the water absorption coefficient of concrete is the same as the influence of particle size on the water absorption speed of concrete. Factors affecting the water absorption coefficient of CMA materials include particle size distribution, shape, specific surface area, and so on. The results provide a reference for studying the durability of CMA concrete.

The influence of combustion temperature on alkali content of cattle manure ash

Cattle manure ash (CMA) is an industrial waste resulting from the burning of cow dung in power plants. The relationship between the alkali content of CMA and alkali aggregate reaction determines whether CMA can be used in cement based materials. In this paper, we designed three different combustion temperatures (500℃, 650℃, 800℃) to produce CMA, and the alkali content of CMA was tested by EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy). The influence of combustion temperature on alkali content of CMA was analyzed. The result indicate that the alkali content of CMA obtained at 500℃ is lower than that of CMA obtained at 650 ℃, and the alkali content of CMA obtained at 800 ℃ is lower than that of CMA obtained at 650 ℃. This indicates that 650C produced the highest CMA alkali content of the three studied temperatures. The result also indicated that when the CMA substitution amount is 5 %, 10 %, 15 % of the cement mass, the elongation of CMAa mortar rod specimen is less than the elongation of the CMAb mortar rod specimen, The elongation of CMAc is greater than that of CMAb.This study provides a 500℃ reference for obtaining low alkali content CMA by combustion and for applying in mortar.

Agronomic Evaluation of Manure Ashes: Changes in Soil Phosphorus Fractions, Maize (Zea mays) Yield, and Phosphorus Uptake

ABSTRACTIn order to reduce bulkiness and concentrate its nutrients, manures were burnt to ashes, and the effect of manures and their ashes on soil phosphorus fractions and maize performance in laboratory incubation, screenhouse, and field experiments was evaluated. Treatments were control, dried poultry manure (DPM), poultry manure ash, dried cattle manure (DCM), cattle manure ash (CMA), dried goat manure, goat manure ash and NPK 15-15-15, each applied at 120 kg P ha−1. Periodic data were taken from soil P fractions, maize yield, and P uptake. Results showed that manures and their ashes increased soil P fractions in incubation, screenhouse, and field experiments. Available P and Ca-P increased with application of DPM while CMA only increased labile P, Al-P, and Fe-P at later weeks. Dry matter yield and P uptake increased with the application of manures and ashes while available P was positively correlated with P uptake. The impact of manure ashes was comparable to manures, hence recommended for use as alternatives, thereby getting rid of the problems of manure bulkiness and offensive odors.

Alkali silicate reaction of cement mortar with cattle manure ash

Cattle manure ash (CMA) is an industrial waste generated by biomass power plants. Cement-based material may react with CMA via an alkali silicate reaction. The objection of this study is to confirm whether three types of biomass ash (CMAa, CMAb, CMAc) with different chemical composition will occur alkali aggregate reaction when it is added into cement mortar. To obtain three types of biomass ash, we used a muffle furnace to simulate the biomass power combustion temperature (500 °C, 650 °C, and 800 °C). These CMAs were then analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cement mortar with and without CMA was used as a comparison sample (CMA constituting volume fractions of 5%, 10%, and 15%, was used to replace the cement). The expansion length of the mortar specimen, phase of the hydration reaction product, and microstructure of the reaction product were investigated in specimens subjected to autoclaving. The results revealed that the expansion length of the autoclaved (i) control specimen was >0.1%, (ii) cement mortar with CMAa and CMAb specimen was <0.1% and cement mortar with CMAc specimen was >0.1% for CMA dosages of 5–15%. Moreover, SEM results showed that an alkali silicate reaction ring formed around the aggregate of the cement mortar with CMAc. These results indicated that the alkali silicate reaction occurred in the CMAc sample, regardless of the replacement fraction. The CMAc alkali silicate reaction was attributed to two factors, namely the amorphous silicon of CMAc was less than that of CMAa and CMAb, and CMAc was coarser than CMAa and CMAb.

Effect of cattle manure ash’s particle size on compression strength of concrete

Cattle manure ash (CMA) is an industrial waste generated by biomass power plants. The objection of this study is to confirm how the particle size of cattle manure ash influence the compression strength of concrete. To obtain different particle size of cattle manure ash, we used a muffle furnace to simulate the biomass power combustion temperature (500 °C, 650 °C, and 800 °C). These CMAs were then analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Compression strength of concrete is obtained by Standard for test methods for mechanical properties of ordinary concrete. Grey’s relevancy principle was used to determine the effect of CMA with particle sizes of 0–3, 32–65, 65–80 μm, and >80 μm on the compression strength of concrete. The results revealed that 15% CMA volume of cement replacement yielded a positive correlation between particles with sizes of 0–3 μm and >65 μm on the compression strength; a negative correlation was obtained for other particle sizes. The mechanism of improving the compression strength of CMA concrete include the particle improving density of the binary mixture, improving the chemical composition and structure between the aggregate and the gelled materials and improving the degree of the core effect. The results of this study can be used as a guide for extending the use of CMA in concrete.

Phosphorus and potassium availability from cattle manure ash in relation to their extractability and grass tetany hazard

ABSTRACTDue to a decrease in phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) mining, manure is incinerated to concentrate P and K in ash. To understand the alternative use of manure-derived ash as P and K sources, laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between extractability and P and K uptake in cattle manure ash (CMA) and that between CMA application and a grass tetany hazard. The results showed that more P was extracted with 2% citric acid (90% of the total P) than with 2% formic acid (72–84% of the total P). Ninety-one percent of the total K was soluble in water. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to test P and K availability to Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus). Cattle manure ash or calcium dihydrogen phosphate (CF) was incorporated into sandy soil at 10, 20, and 50 g P2O5 m−2. Two combinations of CMA and CF were tested at 20 g P2O5 m−2. Potassium rates followed K content in CMA applied at different rates of P equivalent to 19, 38, or 96 g K2O m−2. In four harvests, there was no significant difference in the total yields between CMA and CF treatments. The total P uptake was significantly lower in the CMA treatment than in the CF treatment, while it was not in the combined CMA and CF treatments. The P uptake in response to different extraction methods indicated that the extraction of P by 2% formic acid without sonication is recommended to predict P availability in CMA. The potassium uptake from CMA application was comparable to that from the KCl application, and excessive K occurred at 38 and 96 g K2O m−2. The grass tetany hazard ratio higher than 2.2 was observed at the beginning period at the lowest application rates of CMA and CF. In conclusion, the combination use of CMA and CF was better than the single use of CMA. Moreover, CMA would be an available K source, but the grass tetany hazard still needs to be considered in application rates and pretreatments.

Phosphorus release from cattle manure ash as soil amendment in laboratory-scale tests

ABSTRACTExcessive application of animal manure to farmland leads to phosphorus (P) loss into the surrounding water. Manure is incinerated to convert it to P-rich ash as a slow-release P fertilizer. However, the potential P loss and P availability for plants from cattle manure ash (CMA) have not been fully understood. The aims of this study were to determine the P release mechanism from CMA and to propose appropriate application rates that mitigate P loss and increase available P to soil in Fukushima, where the soil is deficient in nutrients after the replacement of cesium-137-contaminated soil with sandy mountain soil. Different P fractions in CMA were sequentially extracted with H2O, 0.5 M NaHCO3, 0.1 M NaOH, and 1 M HCl. Phosphorus contents in different fractions of CMA were in the order of HCl–P > NaHCO3–P > H2O–P > NaOH–P. Water-soluble P release of CMA was also determined by kinetic experiments for 120 h. Results showed that total water-soluble P accounted for a maximum of 2.9% of total P in CMA over 120 h due to recalcitrant P compounds formed through incineration. The Fukushima sandy soil amended with CMA at three application rates, 94, 157, and 314 mg P kg−1 (corresponding to 300, 500, 1000 kg P2O5 ha−1) was incubated for 56 days. Cattle manure compost and KH2PO4 were applied at 157 mg P kg−1 for comparison. Phosphorus release in water and CaCl2 solution from ash-amended soil was significantly lower than those from compost and KH2PO4-amended soil at the same P application rate of 157 mg P kg−1 (p < 0.05). Available P in ash-amended soil, determined by Fe-oxide impregnated strips, was not significantly different from those in compost-amended soil after day 7 and KH2PO4-amended soil on day 56 at the same P application rate. Thus, CMA reduces P losses from soil to the surrounding water while it increases P availability for plants. In comparison of different rates of CMA, P release in water or CaCl2 was significantly greater at 314 mg P kg−1 than at 94 or 157 mg P kg−1, while the percentage of available P to total P was the lowest at the highest application rate (p < 0.05), suggesting that the best application rates were 94 and 157 mg P kg−1 in this experiment.

Effect of cattle manure ash on workability and mechanical properties of magnesium phosphate cement

Cattle manure ash (CMA) is an industrial waste produced from the combustion of cattle manure. This research examined the effect of added CMA produced at combustion temperatures of 500°C, 650°C and 800°C on the workability and mechanical properties of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC). The obtained data indicates that CMA decreases workability and mechanical properties of MPC to which it is added. However, relatively higher combustion temperature in CMA preparation can diminish the adverse effect that CMA exerted on mechanical properties and workability of MPC. CMA promotes the formation of struvite in the hydration reaction of MPC.

Emission and control of N2O and composition of ash derived from cattle manure combustion using a pilot-scale fluidized bed incinerator

This study investigates the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) and discusses the reduction of N2O emissions during the 24-h combustion of cattle manure using a pilot-scale fluidized bed incinerator under various experimental conditions. The results of these experiments were then validated against previously reported data. In addition, the characteristics of cattle manure incineration ash and their changes under different combustion conditions were estimated. In incineration experiments with composted cattle manure, N2O concentrations using multi-stage combustion were 75% lower than the concentrations resulting from normal combustion without additional auxiliary fuel, since N2O could be decomposed in the high-temperature zone formed by the inlet of the secondary combustion air. The N2O emission factor under normal combustion conditions (800°C) was 6.0% g-N2O-N/g-N. This result is similar to the values found in previous studies at the same temperature. The N2O emission factor was decreased to 1.6% g-N2O-N/g-N using a multi-stage combustion procedure. The current Japanese N2O emission factor of 0.1% g-N2O-N/g-N is an underestimate for some conditions and should be uniquely specified for each condition. Finally, cattle manure ash contains ample fertilizer elements, little Fe, Al and Zn, but abundant Cl. Therefore if Cl could be removed by some kind of pretreatment, cattle manure ash could be used as a favourable fertilizer.

Effect of cattle manure ash on strength, workability and water permeability of concrete

Combustion is an attractive method for cattle manure waste disposal since it produces heat and electrical energy and minimizes groundwater and air pollution by consumption of the waste. A major problem arising from the combustion of cattle manure waste is the significant resultant quantity of cattle manure ash (CMA). In this paper, we study the strength, workability and water permeability of concrete when CMA is used as a partial replacement in cement. Three types of CMA were tested, namely CMA, CMA-M and CMA-U, which were generated after combustion at 200°C, 500°C and 800°C. The strength of concrete that contained CMA was determined using cubic samples (100mm edge) at 7, 28 and 56days. The workability was measured from the slump when the concrete was mixed manually or mechanically. The water permeability, including percentage, velocity and coefficient of water absorption of concrete, was determined at 7, 28 and 90days using an improved initial surface absorption test. The workability increased from CMA to CMA-M to CMA-U. The compressive strength increased with increasing particle size from CMA to CMA-M but decreased from CMA-M to CMA-U. The water permeability, including percentage, velocity and coefficient, increased from CMA to CMA-M to CMA-U at 7 and 28days. At 90days, the water permeability, including percentage, velocity and coefficient of water absorption of CMA-M concrete, were the lowest in the three CMA concretes. CMA-M was the best material in terms of its overall workability, strength and water permeability. Mechanical concrete mixing and vibration was the optimal preparation procedure. CMA can therefore be blended with cement for concrete production depending on the ultimate use.

Potential of Cattle Manure Ash to Improve Soil Fertility and Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) Growth in the Adamawa Region (Cameroon)

Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) production is a key farming activity in Cameroon, since it substantially contributes to human nutrition, economic wealth of farmers and soil fertility. Most cropping systems in sub Saharan Africa are limited by low soil fertility and subjected to the slash-and-burn agriculture. A study was conducted to investigate the potential of cattle manure ash, derived from cooking activities as soil conditioner in order to improve soil fertility and groundnut performances in two sites in the Adamawa region (Cameroon). The results showed that cattle manure ash slightly increased soil pH, soil moisture, SOM, Corg and C/N ratio in amended plots. Cattle manure ash improved nodule weight and increased arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization in one site, that was translated to better N assimilation, and dry weight of both groundnut varieties used in the study. Future studies are needed to evaluate the full potential of cattle manure ash application, alone and/or associated with others organic wastes for sustainable agriculture in the tropics.

Status of Feedlot Biomass (Cattle Manure) Ash Concrete

Feedlot biomass ash (cattle manure ash-CMA) is a waste which comes from dried cattle manure combustion. In recent years, how to reuse the solid waste is becoming a hot issue. There is a large of CMA biomass ash in china every year, which not only occupies farmland and pollute environment but also impact the development of farming and animal husbandry. Therefore, it is necessary to study to reuse CMA biomass ash in concrete to replace concrete. In this paper, status of research of the CMA application in concrete at home and abroad is analyzed, the problems of the present research which exist in application of CMA biomass ash in concrete and how the particle size of CMA influence the performance of concrete when some cement is replaced by CMA is points out. It is necessary to carry out to study how particle size of CMA biomass ash influence on concrete performance.

Feasibility of Biomass Ash (Cattle Manure Ash) Replacing Some Cement in Concrete to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emission

Biomass ash (cattle manure ash, CMA) is a waste which comes from combustion cattle manure to gain heat and electric energy. Aim reducing the emission of carbon dioxide that comes from cement production in the period of realizing the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of China. emission of carbon dioxide of biomass (cattle manure) combustion, the chemical propriety of the biomass (cattle manure) ash and the CMAs present situation of application in concrete are studied in the paper. the result indicate that the biomass ash (CMA) replacing some cement in concrete is feasibility, the analysis will provide basic data for generalizing biomass ash (CMA) application in the concrete.

Pozzolanic activity of feedlot biomass (cattle manure) ash

The pozzolanic activity of cattle manure ash (CMA) was determined and compared with fly ash (FA) in this study. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive analysis (EDA) were used to determine the chemical composition of the CMA and FA. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicated that the microstructure of the CMA is mainly in the shape of floccules. Mortar prism and concrete cube specimens were tested to determine the reactivity of CMA; the compressive strength of CMA mortar was found to be greater than that of FA mortar. The same result was obtained for concrete cube compressive strengths at 7, 28 and 56 days. Tests of electric flux to assess chloride anion penetration resistance of the concrete gave the CMA concrete the highest results for the four materials after 28 days, and least after 180 days. These results indicate that the pozzolanic activity index of CMA exceeds that of FA, indicating that CMA is a suitable replacement for cement in the preparation of concrete. Such a result can assist the cattle raising industry to drastically reduce waste disposal problems.

The Water Requirement of the Cattle Manure Ash

This paper studies the water requirement of the two cattle manure ash in two different experiment conditions. According to the flying ash used in cement and concrete, the water requirement of the cattle manure ash is studied and the flying ash water requirement is compared when two different superplasticizers (the naphthalene-based water reducer and the polycarboxylate-based water reducer) is added into the mortar with cattle manure ash and flying ash. The result shows that the water demand ratio of the cattle manure 2 is more than that of the cattle manure 1, cement and fly ash with superplasticizer and no superplasticizer. The result provide calculation basis to the aiming mixture design of the cattle manure ash concrete.

Replacing Cattle Manure Ash as Cement into Concrete

Replacing Cattle Manure Ash as Cement into Concrete