Pens Of Cattle Research Articles

Visual Sensor Placement Optimization with 3D Animation for Cattle Health Monitoring in a Confined Operation.

Simple SummaryThis paper introduces a new method of finding the best locations to place video cameras inside large cattle barns to monitor the behavior and health of the animals. Current approaches to livestock video monitoring rely on mounting cameras in the most convenient places for installation, but those locations might either be impractical for actual barns and/or might not capture the best views. This work showed that there is short list of the best placement options for the cameras to choose from which will provide the best camera views.Computer vision has been extensively used for livestock welfare monitoring in recent years, and data collection with a sensor or camera is the first part of the complete workflow. While current practice in computer vision-based animal welfare monitoring often analyzes data collected from a sensor or camera mounted on the roof or ceiling of a laboratory, such camera placement is not always viable in a commercial confined cattle feeding environment. This study therefore sought to determine the optimal camera placement locations in a confined steer feeding operation. Measurements of cattle pens were used to create a 3D farm model using Blender 3D computer graphic software. In the first part of this study, a method was developed to calculate the camera coverage in a 3D farm environment, and in the next stage, a genetic algorithm-based model was designed for finding optimal placements of a multi-camera and multi-pen setup. The algorithm’s objective was to maximize the multi-camera coverage while minimizing budget. Two different optimization methods involving multiple cameras and pen combinations were used. The results demonstrated the applicability of the genetic algorithm in achieving the maximum coverage and thereby enhancing the quality of the livestock visual-sensing data. The algorithm also provided the top 25 solutions for each camera and pen combination with a maximum coverage difference of less than 3.5% between them, offering numerous options for the farm manager.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kotoran Ternak Menjadi Biogas dan Pupuk Organik untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Desa Laikang

Livestock waste, in Desa Laikang, Kecamatan Mangarabombang, Kabupaten Takalar has not been widely used by the community, so that it often only pollutes the environment. Even though if it is processed properly, it will produce economic added value and prevent environmental pollution. This is due to the lack of socialization and training about biogas technology, the lack of community knowledge and skills regarding the application of biogas digester installation technology. This program aims to empower the Desa Laikang community through processing livestock waste into alternative fuels (biogas) and organic fertilizer from biogas processing waste (bio slurry) to support energy independence, renewable energy and food security programs. The method used in this activity was Participatory Action and Learning (PLA). The results achieved from this activity are: (1) construction of 1 (one) unit of biogas digester installation with a capacity of 4 m3, (2) organic fertilizer from bio slurry, (3) clean and hygienic cattle pens also environmental friendly, (4) demonstration plot of agriculture application of organic fertilizer, and (5) the formation of a new community (group) in Desa Laikang.

Characteristic Of Environmental Sanitation in Family With Stunting Children Under Five Years Of Age

Attention to malnutrition has increased in recent decades, one of which is stunting. The nutritional problem that is currently being highlighted in the world is stunting where there are around 161 million children experiencing stunting. Stunting is a measure of short height compared to age. Factors causing stunting consist of direct and indirect causes, one of which is from the aspect of environmental sanitation, namely access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene. This study aims to provide an overview of the characteristics of environmental sanitation in families with stunting children under five years of age in the Klatak and Wonosobo Public Health Centers, Banyuwangi. This research is a descriptive study and a case series design. The research subjects used were 60 stunting toddlers with proportional random sampling as the sampling technique. The variables in this study were environmental sanitation, which consisted of access to clean water, ownership of clean water facilities, ownership of bathrooms, ownership of latrines, and ownership of cattle pens. The research instrument used a questionnaire to measure the characteristics of respondents and environmental sanitation conditions, interview guidelines, observation sheets, KIA books, and weighing month reports. The data was processed using descriptive analysis. The results depicted in this study are that most of the research subjects live in families that have access to clean water, have bathrooms and latrines, but also in families who have cattle pens close to the main house. Monitoring of ownership, use, and maintenance of access to clean water, latrines, bathrooms, and livestock cages in the home environment must be carried out properly so that it can become one of the strategies in preventing stunting under five. Prevention of contamination of water, soil, and air quality is one of the ways in preventing stunting in toddlers so that toddlers can develop optimally according to their age and growth period.

Review: Phytochemical composition, medicinal uses and other utilization of Nypa fruticans

Abstract. Nugroho GD, Wiraatmaja MF, Pramadaningtyas PS, Febriyanti S, Liza N, Naim DM, Ulumuddin YI, Setyawan AD. 2020. Review: Phytochemical composition, medicinal uses and other utilization of Nypa fruticans. Bonorowo Wetlands 10: 51-65. Nypa fruticans Wurmb or “nipa/nipah” is a palm plant in mangrove ecosystems along tropical and subtropical river estuaries affected by tides. Nipa has a high abundance in the mangrove forest ecosystem. Therefore, knowledge and utilization of this nipa plant need to be sought and examined more deeply to optimize its utilization. This review aims to find out the phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, and other utilization of nipa plants. The main phytochemical composition of nipa is polyphenols, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. However, other chemical compounds such as ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane, triterpenoids, phenol hydroquinone, diterpenes, and steroids are still available. The many chemical compounds in nipa can be used as raw materials in a product, especially in modern medicines. Based on people's beliefs in several tropical countries that nipa has the potential of herbal medicine to treat fever, gout, kidney stones, energy booster, aid digestion, as a cure for certain chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes such as diabetes and hypertension, treat asthma, leprosy, tuberculosis, sick throat, liver disease, snakebite, as a pain reliever, and also be used as a sedative and able to expel excess wind in the body. Then in the pharmacological aspect, nipa has antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial (antifungal and antibacterial), anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antihyperglycemic and analgesic activities. In addition to other benefits outside of drugs, nipa is used as a roof for houses, cattle pens, huts in the garden, broomsticks, handicrafts, fishing gear, food and drink sources, and sources of renewable fuel.

Salmonella Prevalence Varies Over Time and Space in Three Large, Adjacent Cattle Operations in the Southwestern United States

We set out to describe the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in three large, adjacent cattle operations in the southern High Plains of the United States. Operations included two dairies (one of which routinely administers a commercially available Salmonella vaccine) and one feedlot. Samples were collected monthly for 12 months. At each sample collection, 25 freshly voided fecal pats and a sample from each of the water troughs were collected from each of five pens of cattle within an operation. Each monthly collection included a total of 375 fecal and ~32 water samples for a yearly total of 4,500 and 379 samples, respectively (note that the number of water troughs per pen varied within an operation). Salmonella was commonly recovered from fecal (71.3%) and water (28.5%) samples and tended to follow somewhat similar temporal patterns over time. However, its prevalence varied among operations despite being adjacent properties in that Salmonella was recovered from 61.3, 80.1, and 75% of fecal samples from dairy 1, dairy 2 and the feedlot, respectively. Salmonella prevalence in water samples across collection times averaged 36.1, 70.2, and 46.1% for dairy 1, dairy 2, and the feedlot, respectively. While it is uncertain why the Salmonella prevalence varied from operation to operation, the higher observed prevalence of Salmonella in water on dairy 2 and/or the use of a commercial Salmonella vaccine by dairy 1 may offer a partial explanation.

Penerapan Metode Prototype Dalam Merancang Purwarupa Pengaman Pintu Kandang Ternak Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler ATMEGA 328P

Cattle cage is a term that refers to a structure used to house farm animals or animal homes. The structure might be in the form of a container, a building, or something else entirely, depending on the type of animal being farmed. Because most cattle shed doors are slotted or padlocked, there is a high rate of theft from irresponsible individuals seeking to take livestock without permission. The primary objective of this research is to devise a security system capable of keeping cattle pens secure and free of thieves or burglars that cause livestock loss. The author chooses the Atmega 328 microcontroller because it features a Harvard architecture that separates program code and data memory to maximize work and parallelism. Additionally, this circuit may be connected to an Arduino Uno to create a variety of electronic circuits ranging from simple to complicated. LED control, helicopter control, servo drive control, and robot control can all be implemented by adding specific components. Thus, a prototype was created for an automatic door safety system that employs an infrared sensor to detect the presence of animals and automatically opens the entrance, locking it with a password and ringing a buzzer in front of the farmer's house if the password is incorrect. This tool was created to help minimize cattle losses due to theft.

Faktor Risiko Penyebab Terjadinya Malaria di Indonesia : Literature Review

Malaria is one of the leading causes of disease and death worldwide. Around 2.4 billion people are at risk of malaria. In Indonesia, malaria is still a serious public health problem and is often found outside Java and Bali. The risk of malaria is determined by many factors, especially the type of Anopheles mosquito species, human behavior, and the presence of malaria parasites. A change of any of the factors will affect the risk of malaria. The purpose of this study is to see an overview of the problem of malaria the factors that cause malaria and how to prevent and treat malaria in Indonesia and the world. This research method is a descriptive observational study using a literature review design, with databases Google Scholar. The search results that meet the criteria are then analyzed for articles. Malaria is still a disease with high cases in Indonesia every year. Malaria can occur due to several factors. These factors are behavioral factors and community attitudes (night activities, use of mosquito repellent, use of mosquito nets), home environment factors (existence of cattle pens, presence of bushes, and presence of watery rice fields); physical environmental factors of the house (temperature, humidity, the presence of wires in the ventilation, the presence of the ceiling of the house, and the density of the walls of the house).

Population, distribution and diet composition of Smooth-coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata Geoffroy, 1826 in Hosur and Dharmapuri Forest Divisions, India

Living in different aquatic ecosystems, otters play a vital role in maintaining aquatic species assemblages, particularly fish communities. Thus their wellbeing indicates the health of wetland ecosystems. Smooth-coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata, a piscivorous mustelid, is widely distributed across Asia. Its population is declining due to habitat transformation, pollution and hunting. This study aimed to understand the ecological requirements of the species by assessing its distribution and its determinants, population and diet composition along the Cauvery River in Hosur and Dharmapuri Forest Divisions. Through monthly extensive surveys between December 2010 and February 2011, covering 62.5 km of Cauvery from the Karnataka border to Palar River junction, this study identified and mapped a 31 km stretch from Dubguli (Yellolapatti) to Biligundlu (Musulumaduvu) as an otter distribution area. Comparison of ecological parameters including bank type, water depth, river width, human disturbance, vegetation cover and water current with the distribution pattern of otters across 125 blocks revealed that water depth and vegetation cover influenced otter distribution positively, while human disturbance had negative influence (these three variables explained 54% of variation in otter distribution). Based on direct sightings, seven different groups consisting of 36 individuals were estimated as the minimum population. The mean group size was 3.8 ± 0.16 (range: 2–7) individuals. Twenty-one otter spraints were analyzed to determine diet composition, revealing that otters feed on insects, molluscs, crabs, fish, frogs, reptiles and birds. Fish constituted the bulk of otter diets. Conservation measures like reducing anthropogenic pressures (e.g., fishing, cattle pens, tourism), increasing awareness of sustainable fishing to stakeholders, and instituting long-term monitoring programs are suggested for the long-term conservation of otters in the study area.

Effects of feeding lubabegron on gas emissions, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of beef cattle housed in small-pen environmentally monitored enclosures during the last 3 mo of the finishing period.

The development of technologies that promote environmental stewardship while maintaining or improving the efficiency of food animal production is essential to the sustainability of producing a food supply to meet the demands of a growing population. As such, Elanco (Greenfield, IN) pursued an environmental indication for a selective β-modulator (lubabegron; LUB). LUB was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be fed to feedlot cattle during the last 14 to 91 d of the feeding period for reductions in gas emissions/kg of unshrunk final BW and HCW. A 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with the factors of dose (0.0, 1.38, 5.5, or 22.0 mg·kg−1 DM basis) and sex (steers or heifers). Three 91-d cycles were conducted (112 cattle/cycle) with each dose × sex combination being represented by a single cattle pen enclosure (CPE; 14 cattle/CPE) resulting in a total of 168 steers and 168 heifers (n = 6 replicates/dose). There were no interactions observed between dose and sex for any variable measured in the study (P ≥ 0.063). Five gases were evaluated for all pens based on CPE concentrations relative to ambient air: NH3, CH4, N2O, H2S, and CO2. Cumulative NH3 gas emissions were reduced by feeding cattle 5.5 and 22.0 mg·kg−1 LUB (P ≤ 0.023) and tended (P = 0.076) to be lower for the cattle fed 1.38 mg·kg−1 LUB compared with the negative controls (CON). The cumulative NH3 gas emission reductions of 960 to 1032 g, coupled with HCW increases (P ≤ 0.019) of 15 to 16 kg for all LUB doses vs. CON, led to reductions in NH3 gas emissions/kg HCW for all three LUB treatments (P ≤ 0.004). Similar to HCW, reductions in NH3 gas emissions/kg of unshrunk final BW were observed for all LUB doses (P ≤ 0.009) and were attributable to both decreases in NH3 gas emissions and numerical increases in BW. Dose had no effect on cumulative emissions or emissions standardized by BW or HCW for the other four gases (P ≥ 0.268). LUB is a novel tool to reduce emissions of NH3 gas per kilogram of unshrunk live BW and hot carcass weight.

Enteric pathogens and Carbapenem resistance genes are widespread in the fecal contaminated soils of cattle farms in the United States

Cattle farming is considered a major contributor to antibiotic resistant (AR) genes and bacteria in nearby environments, predominantly due to the large amount of manure released by cattle to soils. This study sought to compare soil within and outside of cattle pens from seven farms in the US. Soil microbial community differences are described, as well as differences in AR gene and enteric pathogen concentrations in the soils. Sources of fecal loading are quantified via microbial source tracking (MST) methods. The family Peptostreptococcaceae was more abundant in pen soils, and Rhodanobacteraceae was more abundant in non-pen soils. There were no differences in microbial community diversity between soils within and outside of cattle pens. The MST result showed that ruminant-specific fecal contamination (Rum2Bac) was abundant both in pen and non-pen soils, likely indicating heavy cattle fecal loading. However, the soil within cattle pens had higher levels of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and AR genes for resistance to sulfonamides (sul1) and carbapenems (KPC) than the soil outside of pens (p<0.05). This is the first study identifying KPC in livestock-associated soils in the US. This study supports increased hazard associated with livestock soils for animal and human health, as well as environmental quality.

PSIII-6 Relationship of geographical location, cattle type, sex, and pen size to rates of liver abnormalities

Abstract Bovine liver abscess outcomes of individual animals (n = 989,296) were observed from 2013 to 2021 on a pen (n = 6,420) basis to quantify liver abscess prevalence and severity, as well as other liver abnormalities such as liver flukes. Cattle originated from 122 feedlots located in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas. Livers were audited at eighteen different beef abattoirs. Observational categories included sex (heifer, steer), cattle type (Holstein, beef-type), and pen count. Pen counts were grouped (&amp;lt; 40, 41–80, 81–160, 161–320, and &amp;gt;320) to quantify the association of pen size on liver abscess outcomes. Data were analyzed as a series of binomial proportions using generalized linear mixed models with fixed effects of observational categories (cattle type, feedyard location, pen size and sex). Cattle fed in Oklahoma or Texas exhibited greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) frequency of liver flukes (3.2% vs 0.5%) than cattle fed in Colorado or Nebraska. Cattle fed in Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Arizona, and Oklahoma exhibited fewer (P &amp;lt; 0.01) total abscesses (23.5%, 26.0%, 23.6%, 19.3%, 16.9%, and 18.1%) than cattle fed in Idaho, Minnesota, and Texas (36.4%, 36.4%, and 33.2%). Beef-type cattle were observed to exhibit fewer (P &amp;lt; 0.01) total abscesses (22.0% vs 41.1%) and fewer (P &amp;lt; 0.01) severe abscesses (10.2% vs 26.4%) than Holstein cattle. Likewise, native heifers exhibited fewer (P &amp;lt; 0.01) total abscesses (20.6% vs 23.3%) and fewer (P &amp;lt; 0.01) severe abscesses (9.3% vs 11.1%) than native steers. Abscess prevalence differed as a function of pen size. Both total abscess and severe abscess rates decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) as animal count within a pen increased (32.66%, 27.47%, 27.86%, 23.17%, and 20.33%; 17.20%, 14.48%, 14.80%, 11.45%, and 9.14%). These results suggest liver abscess prevalence and severity is affected by a wide range of factors.

6 Does Bedding Influence Lying Behaviour of Cattle Unloaded for Rest During Long-distance Transportation?

Abstract In Canada, cattle must be unloaded, fed, watered, and rested after 36 h of transport; however, little is known about what constitutes appropriate rest station conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between providing straw bedding (14-cm deep) and trip, load, and commercial rest station characteristics, on lying behaviour. Truckloads (n = 13) were split; half the animals were assigned to either bedded (n = 452 cattle) or non-bedded (n = 470 cattle) pens. Trip characteristics [time in motion (TIM), duration of stops en route (DUR_STOPS)], load characteristics (sex: heifers, steers, both; and load weight), and rest station characteristics [ambient temperature at unloading; rest pen space allowance (k_PEN); time in resting pen (TIP)] were recorded. Once unloaded we counted the number of cattle lying/pen, every 10 min for 8 h. A mixed logistic regression model with random intercepts for load and truck compartment was fitted to examine associations between the proportion of animals lying and the independent variables (i.e., treatment, trip, load, and rest station characteristics). Odds of lying increased with load weight (i.e., cattle weight class, P = 0.02) and with DUR_STOPS (P &amp;lt; 0.03). There was an interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.01) between treatment and TIM: as TIM increased, the odds of observing cattle lying showed a notable increase for cattle rested in bedded pens, whereas for those rested in non-bedded pens, the odds showed little change as TIM increased. An interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.01) was also found between treatment and TIP: early in the observation period, the odds of cattle lying were greater in bedded pens. Both groups showed an increase in the probability of lying over time, plateauing at similar levels, near the end of the 8-h observation period. In conclusion, providing straw bedding at rest stations influenced cattle’s motivation to lie, particularly following longer transport durations.

THE INFLUENCE OF KEEPING TECHNOLOGY ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF YOUNG CATTLE

Technology factors of keeping young cattle that influence the growth and development are considered in this work.&#x0D; The research was conducted during 2020 in the conditions of Ukrainian farms for cattle breeding. Five experimental groups of five one-week-old calves in each and one control group were formed. Calves were kept separately in the same conditions, diet, but fed probiotics (1×109) Bacillus amyloliquefaciense, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus pumilus in the colostrum substitute for five grams per animal. The strains are deposited and produced by «Kronos Agro», Ukraine. The calves had free access to water and hay. Determination of live weight of calves was performed by individual weighing on scales with an accuracy of 1 kg. Weighing of animals was performed at the beginning of the study and every 10 days.&#x0D; The task of the experiment was to create the most favorable housing conditions, so the calves of the experimental and control groups were kept in the same livestock house but in different cattle pens. According to the results of the research, it was established that the temperature and relative humidity in the room corresponded to the normative indicators and fluctuated only with the change of seasons. As the ventilation system in the calf is natural, the microbial pollution and the content of gases (carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide) decreased or increased according to the change of the season. Summarizing the results, we can conclude that the microclimate in the livestock house for keeping calves met sanitary and hygienic standards.&#x0D; After ten days of the experiment, the difference in mean live weight between groups did not exceed 5-7% and was not statistically significant. At 30 day of the study in the experimental group, where calves were given B. coagulans, the live weight was probably higher on 22,16 % and the average daily gain was higher on 24%, compared with the control group (* – р≤0,05). Slightly less difference in the group of calves which were feeding В. mucilaginosus, the live weight was higher by 18,5 % and the average daily gain by 16,9 %, compared with the control group (* - p≤0,05).&#x0D; Studies have shown that the microclimate in the room for keeping calves met sanitary and hygienic standards and have not a negative impact on the growth and development of animals. It has also been shown that feeding the cultures of B. coagulans and В. mucilaginosus increased live weight of calves and average daily gain in young cattle.

Fourteenth Colony: The Forgotten Story of the Gulf South During America's Revolutionary Era by Mike Bunn

Reviewed by: Fourteenth Colony: The Forgotten Story of the Gulf South During America's Revolutionary Era by Mike Bunn Timothy C. Hemmis Fourteenth Colony: The Forgotten Story of the Gulf South During America's Revolutionary Era. By Mike Bunn. Montgomery: NewSouth Books, 2020. 288 pp. $28.95. ISBN 978-1-5883-8413-3. Mike Bunn's Fourteenth Colony: The Forgotten Story of the Gulf South During America's Revolutionary Era paints a vibrant portrait of the brief history of British West Florida. It is a much-welcomed narrative of the rise and fall of the British in the Gulf South. Often in the story of American history, the events in the Gulf South are an afterthought; however, in this well-researched and well-written account Bunn traces the simple origins of British West Florida to its eventual fall in 1780. Many people are well aware of the thirteen colonies that would eventually become the United States of America. However, many often do not realize there were other British colonies in the New World. Even though it is hotly debated among colonial scholars as to which colony held the title of the fourteenth, Bunn argues that British West Florida fits the description because it was "well used in literature" at the time of the American Revolution (xii). Despite the odd scholarly debate, it does not really affect the history of the Gulf South and its importance to the story of America. Bunn structures his book around the humble beginnings of British West Florida, specifically focusing on Pensacola and Mobile. Early on, West Florida was not a popular colony for the British, but it had immense commercial potential as it was near the lands of the Creek and Choctaw tribes, and that Native American trade sustained the colonial economy. Bunn points out that few British migrants moved to the Gulf South because of its inhospitable weather and tropical diseases. The first settlers tended to gravitate toward ports on the Gulf [End Page 330] of Mexico, like Mobile or Pensacola. But he notes that there were many land claims and grants in the region, especially near the Mississippi River. For example, he tells the story of Anthony Hutchins, who moved his family from the Carolinas to settle in West Florida near Natchez in hopes of obtaining farming lands for a large plantation (77). He demonstrates that Natchez was not a settled metropolis, but rather a frontier outpost that had the appeal of being near the Mississippi River and fertile lands. Despite these positive attractions, Bunn points out that the population of West Florida was relatively small with about 6,000 people in 1779 (83). The author examines daily life in the colony, which included the difficulties of contending with a wide variety of tropical diseases. West Florida became a notoriously hazardous environment to live in, as dangers lurked around every corner. Although this reviewer would have liked more discussion of hurricanes and how they affected the daily life of the colony, this section was enlightening as the environment is often a forgotten aspect of the colonial experience. Bunn also highlights the commercial life in West Florida and explains the agricultural practices of the region. In this chapter, the author mentions the role of slaves in the colony, which has often been overlooked. Additionally, Bunn correctly suggests that the cattle industry flourished in West Florida. Bunn describes Dauphin Island---which today is a popular vacation destination for Alabama beachgoers---as "one big cattle pen" during the colonial period (116). The most familiar part of Bunn's narrative were the chapters on the Revolutionary War. The infamous Willing Raid was a key part of Bunn's narrative, as it was the only time American patriots made an invasion of West Florida. The author demonstrates that this operation was more of a personal vendetta than one of any military importance. The objective of the Willing expedition was one of nuisance and commercial disruption, and it only rallied settlers against the American cause. However, the heart of the book really focuses on Spanish governor of Louisiana Bernardo de Gálvez's military campaign against the British. Here the narrative seems to be more [End Page 331] from...

Spatial Analysis of Environmental Factors with the Existence of Filariasis Vectors in Brebes Regency

Introduction: Ketanggungan District is one of the endemic filariasis areas in Brebes Regency since 2016 with a Microfilaria Rate &gt;1%. Filariasis is an infectious disease that attacks the lymph nodes caused by filarial worms and is transmitted by mosquitoes. Environmental factors can affect the transmission of filariasis, which will provide a resting place and breeding place for mosquitoes. Therefore, this research aimed to describe the existence of filariasis vectors and environmental factors that can be seen spatially.Methods: The research was a descriptive observational/ exploratory study using the Geographical Information System (GIS) approach. Data collection was carried out by entomological surveys, subject points sampling, and research objects using GPS. Data were analyzed spatially by Geographic Information Systems (GIS).Results: Culex quinquefasciatus was the type of mosquito which had the highest distribution in the Karangmalang District. The mosquitos were found at sewers, puddles, shrubs, and cattle pens. The vectors can be found within a distance of 29 m to 2 km from filariasis cases.Conclusion: Culex quinquefasciatus may be the vector of filariasis in the Ketanggungan District, with the most environmental factors found in Dukuhturi Village.

Voluntary daily fluctuation in dry matter intake is associated to feedlot performance, feeding behavior and rumen morphometrics in beef cattle

• Cattle from low-DMI fluctuation group improved feedlot performance. • High-DMI fluctuation pens took longer to eat and ruminate a kg of both DM and NDF. • High-DMI fluctuation negatively impacted blood gas profile and rumenitis scores. The degree of day-to-day fluctuation in voluntary DMI may influence feeding and rumination behavior, with potential impacts on feedlot performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of voluntary fluctuation of DMI by pens of cattle given free-choice access to feed. These responses were measured in a dataset compiled from ten feedlot studies from 2006 to 2015. The data set included a total of 956 16-mo-old Bos indicus bulls (343.60 ± 44.15 kg) randomly allocated to a total of 238 pens (4 bulls per pen); cattle were fed high concentrate feedlot diets for an average of 106-d (minimum: 84-d; maximum: 140-d), and slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. To balance statistically for differences in animal background, type, and condition, for each year within treatments, pens were allocated into one of two groups: below or above the mean DMI fluctuation. The low- and the high- DMI fluctuation groups had day-to-day fluctuation in DMI of 5.18% and 6.22%, respectively ( P < 0.01) or 0.45 vs. 0.55 kg/day (P < 0.01). Data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed model procedure with the statistical software R. Cattle within the low-DMI fluctuation group had 4.2% greater (1.48 vs. 1.42 kg/d; P < 0.01) ADG and 3.7% greater (2.26 vs. 2.18 kg/d; P < 0.001) DMI expressed as a percentage of mean BW; but no significant effect was detected for G:F ratio ( P = 0.91). Animals from the low-DMI fluctuation group had greater ( P ≤ 0.01) daily increase in LM area and 12 th rib fat as well as heavier HCW (266 vs. 263 kg; P = 0.04). Cattle from low-DMI fluctuation group consumed more DMI per meal ( P < 0.001) and had greater NDF intake ( P = 0.01) than cattle from the high-DMI fluctuation group. In addition, animals from high-DMI fluctuation pens took longer to consume and ruminate each kg of diet DM ( P < 0.01) and NDF ( P < 0.01) compared to cattle from low-DMI fluctuation group. A effect ( P = 0.04) was detected for blood base excess (BEB) with low-DMI fluctuation pens having a greater concentration of BEB. Moreover, the low-DMI fluctuation group tended to have ( P = 0.07) lower rumenitis scores. Although causal effects cannot be differentiated from casual relationships in this study, the fact that reduced daily DMI fluctuation was related to greater ADG and carcass weight makes this measurement relevant as an index of performance, and efforts to reduce DMI variability are warranted. Reducing day-to-day fluctuations in DMI should improve cattle health and performance.

Effect of ractopamine hydrochloride on environmental gas emissions, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in feedlot steers.

With a growing global population and increased environmental concerns around animal agriculture, it is essential to humanely maximize animal performance and reduce environmental emissions. This study aims to determine the efficacy of feeding ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC), an orally active, β 1-adrenergic agonist (β1AA), to feedlot steers in the last 42 d of finishing to reduce ammonia (NH3) emissions and improve animal performance. A randomized complete block design was used to allocate 112 Angus and crossbred Angus steers (initial body weight [BW] = 566.0 ± 10.4 kg) to 8 cattle pen enclosures. Pens (n = 4 per treatment, 14 steers per pen, and 56 steers per treatment) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: 1) CON; finishing ration containing no RAC, 2) RAC; finishing ration containing 27.3 g/907 kg dry matter (DM) basis RAC. Steers were weighed on day −1 and 0 before treatment and day 14, 28, and 42 during treatment. Treatment rations were mixed and delivered daily by masked personnel. Measured emissions included NH3, nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbon dioxide (CO2). The primary response variables assessed were emissions standardized by live weight (LW) and hot carcass weight (HCW). Steers were harvested on day 43 and carcass data were collected on day 43 and 44. Steers fed RAC reduced NH3 emissions by 17.21% from day 0 to 28 (P = 0.032) and tended to reduce NH3 from day 0 to 42 by 11.07% (P = 0.070) vs. CON. When standardized for LW, NH3 was reduced by 23.88% from day 0 to 14 (P = 0.018), 17.80% from day 0 to 28 (P = 0.006), and 12.50% for day 0 to 42 (P = 0.027) in steers fed RAC vs. CON. Steers fed RAC had 14.05% (P = 0.013) lower cumulative NH3 emissions when standardized by HCW vs. CON. Feeding RAC to Steers reduced H2S by 29.49% from day 0 to 14 (P = 0.009) and tended to reduce H2S over day 0 to 28 by 11.14% (P = 0.086) vs. CON. When H2S emissions were standardized for LW, RAC fed steers had a 28.81% reduction from day 0 to 14 (P = 0.008) vs. CON. From day 0 to 42 the RAC fed steers tended to have a 0.24 kg/d greater average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.066) and tended to eat 4.27% less (P = 0.069) on a DM basis vs. CON. The RAC fed steers had a 19.95% greater gain to feed ratio (G:F) compared to CON (P = 0.012). Steers fed RAC had an average of 12.52 kg greater HCW (P = 0.006) and an increase of 1.93 percentage units in dressing percent (DP) (P = 0.004) vs. CON. Ractopamine is an effective medicated feed additive for reducing NH3 and improving end product performance through HCW yields.

Improvement of Feed Processing Skills using Probiotics in Glondok and Panggang Village Communities, Banyuwangi

This community empowerment aimed to introduce probiotics and improve breeders' skills in processing feed. Community empowerment activities that have been carried out include providing probiotics for ruminants which are given directly to breeders by visiting the location of the beef cattle pen. The community empowerment program was carried out for 5 months including counseling, training, evaluation, and training for cadres. From the evaluation results, there was an increase in affective from 20% to 60%, cognitive from 28% to 75%, and psychomotor from 8% to 80%. The cadres who were assigned will be assisted so that the development of livestock after being given probiotics can be monitored continuously.

The state and biopolitics: towards the origins of interrelation

The subject of this research is the state as a biopolitical project founded on the principle of government intervention in life of the population.&amp;nbsp;Leaning on the ideas and theoretical intentions of the &amp;ldquo;archeology of power&amp;rdquo;, economic and political anthropology, the author examines the genesis of the state from biopolitical perspective, proceeding from the hypothesis of the initial animalization of human presence pursuant to state power, which at breaking point, turns into biopolitical death machine, or thanatopolitics.&amp;nbsp;In view of this, the author reveals the role of ancient state formations as the agents of forced &amp;ldquo;domestication&amp;rdquo; of the members of agricultural and cattle-raising societies based on the concentration of human resources and coercive labor as state-forming &amp;ldquo;technologies&amp;rdquo;, which allow producing surpluses appropriated by the power elites.&amp;nbsp;The idea of pastoralist power, which emerged along with the first states, identifies subjects to a herd under wardship, treating them as a form of wealth similar to livestock.&amp;nbsp;The main conclusion lies in explication of the biopolitical matrix of state administration, which identifies the subjects&amp;nbsp;of the state with livestock, and the state territory with enclosed pasture.&amp;nbsp;This leads to the parallels between cattle-raising and control over population, which paradigmatically determines the political modus&amp;nbsp;operandi&amp;nbsp;of state power that is implicit in the trajectory of its evolution up to the present day.&amp;nbsp;At the threshold of &amp;ldquo;evolution&amp;rdquo; of such administrative paradigm emerge the modern radical topoi of the antihuman &amp;ndash; the concentration camps (labor camps and death camps) organized by the model of cattle pens and slaughterhouses.

Effects of ruminally-protected lysine and Megasphaera elsdenii on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing cattle

Ractopamine hydrochloride is a β-adrenergic agonist (BAA) commonly added to cattle finishing diets that redirects nutrients from fat deposition to protein synthesis and muscle growth. Physiological conditions established by BAA suggests that cattle fed diets containing BAA would have greater requirements for dietary protein to sustain BAA-induced accretion of lean tissue. Three hundred and eighty-four crossbred steers (413 ± 29.2 kg initial body weight) were used in a finishing trial to evaluate effects of ruminally-protected lysine (RPL) supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers. Treatments were (2 × 4 factorial) 0, 20, 40, or 60 g/animal daily of SafeGain (i.e., approximately 0, 0.6, 1.2, or 1.8 g of lysine/kg diet dry matter based on an assumed daily feed intake of 10 kg per animal) in conjunction with a BAA (33 mg/kg diet dry matter basis) during the last 42 days on feed (112 days finishing period); and two step-up regimens: traditional 21-day step-up or an accelerated 12-day step-up with an oral dose of Megasphaera elsdenii probiotic (M.e.). Steers were blocked by weight; randomly assigned to treatments; implanted with 200 mg trenbolone acetate, 20 mg estradiol USP, and 29 mg tylosin; and allocated within blocks to 64 concrete-surfaced pens containing 6 steers per pen. A basal diet (dry matter basis) of 688.7 g/kg steam-flaked corn, 200 g/kg corn gluten feed, 70 g/kg alfalfa hay, and 19.1 g/kg vitamin and mineral supplement was fed ad libitum once daily. Ruminally-protected lysine was supplemented only during the BAA administration period, which comprised the last 42 days on feed. At the end of the finishing period, pens of cattle were weighed and then transported to a commercial abattoir. Harvest order, hot carcass weight, and liver abscess incidence and severity were evaluated the day of harvest. Longissimus muscle area, back fat, marbling score, USDA Yield Grade and USDA Quality Grade data were collected following a 36-hour refrigeration period. There were no effects of RPL supplementation or M.e. on average daily gain (P > 0.63), dry matter intake (P > 0.45), or feed efficiency (P > 0.81) of finishing steers; but liver abscess incidence was increased with RPL supplementation (P < 0.05; 28.3, 39.0, 46.9 and 39.4 % for cattle fed 0, 20, 40 and 60 g/animal daily of RPL, respectively). An interaction between RPL and M.e. was observed for hot carcass weight (P = 0.01). Dosing cattle with M.e. with an accelerated transition period decreased marbling score (P = 0.03) and yielded a lower percentage of carcasses grading Choice (P = 0.03) than those traditionally adapted. No other effects of M.e. or RPL were observed for carcass characteristics (P> 0.10). Thus, supplementation of RPL in conjunction with ractopamine hydrochloride yielded no benefits during feedlot finishing; however, an accelerated step-up program with M.e. yielded finishing performance comparable to that of traditionally-adapted cattle.