Body Weight Of Cattle Research Articles

Pengaruh Faktor Bangsa, Berat Badan, Harga Dan Jenis Kelamin Sapi Potong Terhadap Bobot Karkas

The demand for beef for consumption by the Indonesian people, which is increasing every year, is met through the production of local meat and imported meat. The government's efforts through the meat self-sufficiency program encourage the private sector to increase the beef cattle population by bringing in imported cattle. The physical condition of a larger cow will produce a lot of meat. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors of race, weight, price and sex of cattle correlated with carcass weight. The research method used is descriptive verification method with a quantitative approach. Variables calculated include nation, body weight, price, sex and carcass weight of cattle. To determine the relationship between the variables, the analysis used was parametric and non-parametric analysis. The results of the study based on the ANOVA test showed that the breed of cattle to the average carcass weight was significantly different (P <0.05), so it needed to be tested further using Tamhane. The results showed that heifer and bull cattle were not significantly different from carcass weight. Gender was not significantly different from carcass weight (P<0.05), cattle prices were significantly different from carcass weight (P>0.05) and cattle body weight was not significantly different. significantly to carcass weight (P<0.05).Â

Body weight estimation of beef cattle with 3D deep learning model: PointNet++

It is necessary to measure the live body weight (BW) of beef cattle to assess their health and nutritional degree. Instead of continual manual measuring in holding frames or crates currently used in the breeding industry, this paper has proposed a novel non-contact BW prediction with 3D deep learning model PointNet++. The three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data (PCD) of the whole contour surface of a beef cattle is proximally obtained by a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor. To preserve the quality of the silhouette, the fusion of classical PCD preprocessing is employed. To better the accuracy of manual selection to the position of body conformation, the data extension of PCD and dataset annotations expressed by the feature regions are employed. The PCD part segmentation of deep learning models is validated and redefined with datasets of beef cattle, where the PointNet++ model with the highest accuracy of 95.1% is finally redesigned. With the advantages of being suitable for most beef breeds for the classical Johnson’s live BW prediction, the Gaussian curvature and principal curvature of contour points of feature regions are calculated to extract the body measurement points of body size, and the body length (BL) and chest girth (CG) are calculated and fit-calibrated. With the experimentation of 100 cattle in breeding farms, the results of live BW prediction have shown that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 3.2%, the root mean square error (RMSE) is 10.2 kg. The effective and practical resolution of BW estimation can improve the weighing process and animal welfare in large-scale breeding farms, and the real silhouette dataset of large animals can help the automated recognition and classification of body conformation.

Genetic parameters for feed intake and body weight in dairy cattle using high-throughput 3-dimensional cameras in Danish commercial farms

Recording complex phenotypes on a large scale is becoming possible with the incorporation of recently developed new technologies. One of these new technologies is the use of 3D cameras on commercial farms to measure feed intake and body weight (BW) daily. Residual feed intake (RFI) has been proposed as a proxy for feed efficiency in several species, including cattle, pigs, and poultry. Dry matter intake and BW records are required to calculate RFI, and the use of this new technology will help increase the number of individual records more efficiently. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters (including genetic correlations) for DMI and BW obtained by 3D cameras from 6,000 cows in commercial farms from the breeds Danish Holstein, Jersey, and Nordic Red. Additionally, heritabilities per parity and genetic correlations among parities were estimated for DMI and BW in the 3 breeds. Data included 158k weekly records of DMI and BW obtained between 2019 and 2022 on 17 commercial farms. Estimated heritability for DMI ranged from 0.17 to 0.25, whereas for BW they ranged from 0.44 to 0.58. The genetic correlations between DMI and BW were moderately positive (0.58-0.65). Genetic correlations among parities in both traits were highly correlated in the 3 breeds, except for DMI between first parity and late parities in Holstein where they were down to 0.62. Based on these results, we conclude that DMI and BW phenotypes measured by 3D cameras are heritable for the 3 dairy breeds and their heritabilities are comparable to those obtained by traditional methods (scales and feed bins). The high heritabilities and correlations of 3D measurements with the true trait in previous studies demonstrate the potential of this new technology for measuring feed intake and body weight in real-time. In conclusion, 3D camera technology has the potential to become a valuable tool for automatic and continuous recording of feed intake and body weight on commercial farms.

Internet of Things-based Cow Body Weight Recording System

Internet of Things (IoT) can be applied to various aspects, especially it can be used as a system for recording, storing, sorting, and processing data. This application can be used in a cattle body weight recording system. Recording is all types of record activities such as identification activities, genealogical records, production and reproduction records, maintenance management records and livestock health records in certain populations. In the process of fattening cattle, recording is an essential activity, but in a survey conducted at the Sumber Sekar laboratory of the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Universitas Brawijaya, a problem was found, namely the availability of cattle scales for the recording process. For this reason, an internet of things-based cow body weight recording system was designed. The internet of things-based cow body weight recording system uses 2 Load Cell sensors to weigh the cow's body weight and an RFID sensor to read the cow's identity, in addition to the sensor the system has a website as a user interface. It is hoped that this application can improve the efficiency of the cow body weight recording process and produce an intelligent tool system.

Intensive Silvopastoral Systems Mitigate Enteric Methane Emissions from Cattle

Assessments of the efficiency of grazing systems, in terms of productivity and ecological sustainability, are necessary in view of the increased demand for animal protein. In this study, the methane (CH4) emissions (sniffer methodology), dry matter (DM) yield, paddock chemical composition (AOAC and Van Soest methods), nutrient intake (dry matter, DMI; crude protein, CPI; metabolizable energy, MEI), daily milk yield (DMY), body condition score (BCS), and body weight (BW) of cattle, in intensive silvopastoral systems (ISPSs) and monoculture systems (MSs), in the tropics of Mexico were evaluated. In the ISPS, CH4 emissions (18% less) and DMY were lower than in the MS. Cows from MSs tend to disperse across higher values of CH4 emissions per kg of DMI, as well as higher milk production, while cows from the ISPS were dispersed over a higher intake (DMI, CPI, and MEI) and lower CH4 emissions. There were no differences between systems in paddock DM yield, chemical composition, cows’ BCS, and BW, regardless of whether it was the dry (April to May) and rainy (September to October) season. Based on the results obtained in this study, ISPSs contribute to the mitigation of methane emissions in cattle; forage and animal production variables in both systems were similar, with a lower use of imported inputs in the ISPS.

Association between leptin gene polymorphism and growth traits in Bali cattle

Leptin (LEP) gene produces hormone leptin which is secreted by adipose tissue, and plays an im-portant role in energy balance, regulating feed intake, regulating endocrine function, and immune functions. This study aims to identify molecular markers of LEP gene and its association with growth traits based on SNP in Bali cattle. The blood samples were collected from 16 male and 30 female Bali cattle. The growth data were recorded from 2018 to 2020, consist of body weight and body size. Am-plification of leptin gene with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using pair of primers, Lep-tin_3Forward: 5’- AGCTTGGAAACATGGTGGTC-3’ and Leptin_3Reverse: 5’- CATGATGCTCCCTGGATTCT-3’ with DNA target 898 bp. The SNPs were identified by the direct sequencing technique. Genotypes of the SNPs were identified using sequencing method. Association of LEP genotypes with growth traits was performed using oneway ANOVA. Three DNA polymor-phisms of the LEP gene were found, namely g.2913C/T, g.3260T/C, and g.3549G/A. SNP g.2913C/T was significantly associated (P<0,05) with weaning shoulder height (WSH), weaning body length (WBL), weaning chest circumference (WCC), yearling shoulder height (YSH), yearling body length (YBL), and yearling chest circumference (YCC). Meanwhile, SNPs g.3260T/C and g.3549G/A were not associated with the body weight and body size in Bali cattle. In conclusion, the SNP g.2913C/T can be used as molecular marker for body size in weaning and yearling of Bali Cattle.

Supervised learning techniques for dairy cattle body weight prediction from 3D digital images.

Introduction: The use of automation and sensor-based systems in livestock production allows monitoring of individual cows in real-time and provides the possibility of early warning systems to take necessary management actions against possible anomalies. Among the different RT monitoring parameters, body weight (BW) plays an important role in tracking the productivity and health status. Methods: In this study, various supervised learning techniques representing different families of methods in the machine learning space were implemented and compared for performance in the prediction of body weight from 3D image data in dairy cows. A total of 83,011 records of contour data from 3D images and body weight measurements taken from a total of 914 Danish Holstein and Jersey cows from 3 different herds were used for the predictions. Various metrics including Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), the root mean squared error (RMSE), and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were used for robust evaluation of the various supervised techniques and to facilitate comparison with other studies. Prediction was undertaken separately within each breed and subsequently in a combined multi-breed dataset. Results and discussion: Despite differences in predictive performance across the different supervised learning techniques and datasets (breeds), our results indicate reasonable prediction accuracies with mean correlation coefficient (r) as high as 0.94 and MAPE and RMSE as low as 4.0 % and 33.0 (kg), respectively. In comparison to the within-breed analyses (Jersey, Holstein), prediction using the combined multi-breed data set resulted in higher predictive performance in terms of high correlation coefficient and low MAPE. Additional tests showed that the improvement in predictive performance is mainly due to increase in data size from combining data rather than the multi-breed nature of the combined data. Of the different supervised learning techniques implemented, the tree-based group of supervised learning techniques (Catboost, AdaBoost, random forest) resulted in the highest prediction performance in all the metrics used to evaluate technique performance. Reported prediction errors in our study (RMSE and MAPE) are one of the lowest in the literature for prediction of BW using image data in dairy cattle, highlighting the promising predictive value of contour data from 3D images for BW in dairy cows under commercial farm conditions.

Estimating body dimensions and weight of cattle on pasture with 3D models from UAV imagery

Monitoring traits of cattle with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) could assist farmers in monitoring the status and health of their herd without actually visiting them. This feasibility study presents 3D methods to manually estimate body dimensions, such as height and weight, of individual Holstein Friesian cows with stereo RGB imagery, video and LiDAR data from UAVs. In total, 25 different cows over 3 years were monitored and 4,611 images, ∼10 videos, and a LiDAR dataset were analysed. The methods used were estimating weight by analysing 3D models made with RGB imagery and video from UAV, and estimating height and weight from LiDAR data. Software used in this study to process the UAV data and to extract 3D models are Agisoft Metashape Professional, CloudCompare, RiPROCESS 1.8.4 Riegl Software and Potree Desktop. LiDAR showed accurate results for estimating withers height (mean error 6cm) and weight (mean error 38 kg). Estimating weight with 3D models extracted with Structure for Motion (SfM) from overlapping RGB imagery resulted in less accurate results (mean error 62kg). The latter result improved to a mean error of 31 kg when three outliers were removed which exceeded twice the standard deviation. These results suggest that the use of UAVs is promising for estimating body dimensions in extensive beef production systems. The main challenge remains to record individual cows from all sides without too much movement or motion from the cow to enable 3D modelling. Another challenge was to decrease the mean error in weight estimations so that changes in body weight over time can be monitored. Future research should focus on improving the overall mean error of cattle weight estimation, finding solutions for moving cattle and shifting from manual to automated processing of UAV imagery into 3D models.

EFFECT OF BABESIA BIGEMINA AND THEILERIA ANNULATA ON WEIGHT GAIN, MILK YIELD AND ESTROUS CYCLE IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED BOS TAURUS AND BUBALUS BUBALIS

In Pakistan, buffaloes and cattle are the main source for the milk and meat production ultimately having a great economic impact on the socio-economic living of the people. It is believed that blood protozoan parasitic diseases like Babesiosis and Theileriosis caused by tick-borne blood parasite greatly reduce the productivity of the animals. Hence, the study was designed to assessthe effect of Babesia bigemina and Theileria annulata infection on the body weight, estrous cycle and milk production in cattle and buffaloes. Two hundred animals comprising of Bubalus bubalis and Bos taurus (Holstein Friesian, Jersy and Sahiwal) adults and calves were selected for this study. A significant decrease was observed in weight of the affected animals. Delayed maturity was also seen in calves affected with Theileriosis as compared with the control group of calves as the animals gained weight at slower rate after recovery from the disease. Production of milk in control group of Bos taurus and Bubalis bubalis was 14.6 ± 0.23Kg, 13.3 ± 0.2Kg, 11.5 ± 0.4Kg and 12.0 ± 0.31Kg whereas milk production in Babesia affected groups declined to 4.7 ± 0.02Kg, 6.1 ± 0.5Kg, 4.3 ± 0.3Kg and 4.3 ± 0.24Kg respectively. Milk production in control groups of animals of Bos was 13.3 ± 0.2Kg, 14.6 ±0.23Kg and 11.5±0.4Kg whereas milk yield in Theileriosis affected groups decreased to 5.6 ± 0.37Kg, 4.9 ± 0.41Kg and 4.7 ± 0.43Kg respectively. Animals of B. bubalis and Bos. taurus species infected experimentally with Babesia bigemina and Theleria annulata showed irregular and prolonged estrous cycle whereas healthy animals showed normal estrous cycle. The duration of estrous cycle observed in Babesiosis affected animals was 76.0±4.4 days, 65.0±3.29 days, 58±5.2days and 47.0 ± 4.2 days. The duration of estrous cycle in Theileriosis affected Bos species was 63.0 ± 8.57, 68.0 ± 10.0 and 31.0 ± 5.7 days respectively.

Evaluasi pendugaan bobot badan ternak sapi potong di Berkah Setia Farm Purworejo-Jawa Tengah

Beef cattle was a type of livestock that was raised to produce meat as its main product. The growing beef cattle nation in Indonesia was the limousine, simental, and peranakan ongole (PO) cattle. Berkah Setia Farm was a company engaged in beef cattle maintenance and focused on buying and selling. The purpose of this study was to find out the formula that can be used in estimating the body weight of beef cattle and to find out which formula results were closest to the actual body weight in beef cattle, especially PO cattle. The results showed that there was no 100% accurate formula, however, the formula for estimating the body weight of male PO cattle which is close to the actual body weight was calculated using the Arjodarmoko formula, with a percentage deviation of 2.6% while the largest deviation from the actual body weight was the Danish formula with a percentage deviation of 13.1%. The advice that can be given is that further research needs to be carried out with a larger number of livestock and other varieties of cattle to obtain more accurate results and close to the actual body weight.

Analisis Skore Kondisi Tubuh (SKT) terhadap Keberhasilan Inseminasi Buatan (IB) pada Sapi di Kabupaten Tebo

This study aims to determine the difference in the success rate of Artificial Insemination (AI) and Body Condition Score Analysis (SKT), and to determine the effect of HCS, body weight, and age of cattle on the success of Artificial Insemination (IB) in cattle in Tebo Regency. This research was conducted in Tebo Regency, namely in 3 sub-districts, Rimbo Ilir District, Rimbo Bujang District, and Rimbo Ulu District. The method used is a survey method. The sampling technique uses clustering. The data obtained were then processed using multiple linear regression and analyzed using t-test. The results show that the success rate of Artificial Insemination (IB) in the form of S/C in Tebo Regency is 1.56. The highest value of HCS in Tebo Regency is SKT with a moderate value of (3) as much as 41.18%. The body weight of livestock in Tebo Regency is 350.25 Kg, and the age ranges from 4-8 years. The results of this study revealed that the success of Artificial Insemination (IB) in Tebo Regency was good, there were differences in the value of SKT between sub-districts, and the value of SKT and body weight of livestock did not affect the success of Artificial Insemination (AI) in the form of S/C, while the age of livestock had an influence on the success of Artificial Insemination (IB) in the form of S/C.

Effect Of Additional Probiotic In Cattle Feed On Cattle's Consumption And Growth Rate

This study aimed to determine the level of feed consumption, weight gain of cattle, and to calculate the population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella in cattle feces in order to determine the effect of giving probiotics on the digestive system of cattle. The research object used was 10 bali cattle with a weight of about 90-120 kg. The data in this study were analyzed by experimental design using analysis of variance to determine the effect of giving probiotics to cattle feed on cattle weight gain. The treatment in question includes G0 with treatment in the form of feeding with a composition of 60% forage, 15% palm cake, 25% cassava, and 100 ml molasses. Meanwhile, G1 was treated with the same feed as G0, but added with 100 ml of probiotic Probio_FM. Based on the results of the study, it is known that probiotics given to cattle feed showed no significant effect on the level of feed consumption and body weight of cattle where cattle with non-probiotic feed had a higher average consumption level than cattle on probiotic feed. Furthermore, this causeed the average weight gain of non-probiotic cattle to be higher than that of probiotic cattle. In addition, it was known that the population of Lactic Acid Bacteria in the feces of probiotic cattle showed a higher number of LAB colonies compared to non-probiotic cattle with numeric values of 3.6x108, 3.3x109, and 2.7x1010. This proved that giving probiotics to bali cattle with a concentration of 100 ml / 100 kg of feed was able to increase the concentration of lactic acid bacteria in the digestive system.

Copy number variation of WBP1L gene revealed its association with growth traits across Chinese cattle populations

AbstractCopy number variation (CNV) is a very common type of gene variation with high frequency. In recent years, CNV has been paid more attention in various fields, especially in livestock and poultry breeding, which has promoted the progress of breeding. WW domain binding protein 1-like (WBP1L) is a protein coding gene, which plays an important role in cattle populations, and its function has been extensively studied, but it is not clear whether the copy number of the gene can affect the growth and development of cattle populations. In this study, CNV of WBP1L gene was detected in 732 cattle of seven breeds (Qinchuan cattle, QC; Pinan cattle, PN; Yuengling cattle, YL; Xianan cattle, XN; Jiaxian cattle, JX; natural Guyuan cattle, NGY; Jian cattle, JA). In addition, the relationship between CNV and growth phenotype of cattle was studied. The experimental data indicate that the copy number of WBP1L was obviously correlated with heart girth of PN cattle (**P < 0.01), rump length (RL) and body weight (BW) of PN cattle (*P < 0.05), withers height (WH), RL, body length, chest depth and BW of JX cattle (*P < 0.05), WH of NGY cattle (*P < 0.05) and WH of JA cattle (*P < 0.05). It was proved that CNV of WBP1L gene could be used as molecular marker locus for genetic breeding of the above four cattle breeds.

Influence of the cattle body weight estimation for drug dosing on the pharmacokinetic and efficacy of ivermectin against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

This study aimed to evaluate how the method of body weight estimation of a herd (average vs individual) for drug dosing may affect the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of ivermectin 3.15% against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The trial was performed in two populations of R. (B.) microplus with different levels of susceptibility to ivermectin: San Martín (SM) (incipient resistance) and Colonia Benítez (CB) (susceptible). Twenty-one (SM) and forty-two (CB) 12-month-old Braford heifers, naturally infested with R. (B.) microplus, were individually weighed and divided into three groups (G). G1 and G2 were treated with a dose of ivermectin 3.15% (IVOMEC GOLD®) at a dose rate of 630 μg/kg of body weight (1 mL/50 kg). G1 received a uniform dose of ivermectin calculated according to the average of the individual body weights. G2 received a dose of ivermectin calculated according to the exact body weight of each animal. G3 were the control group. Ivermectin concentrations were measured from blood samples from day 1 to day 21 post-treatment. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by counting female ticks. In both populations the differences in the doses of ivermectin administered did not affect the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Nevertheless, it is necessary to avoid the sub-dosage of cattle to reduce the selection pressure for resistance on the tick populations.

O207 Associations between empty body fat and body weight in Australian feedlot cattle

O207 Associations between empty body fat and body weight in Australian feedlot cattle

Penggunaan Daun Lamtoro Sebagai Pakan Untuk Penggemukan Sapi Bali

Farmers are not used to giving leucaena leaves to the cattle they keep. This is because lack of information about benefits of leucaena is not widely known. Whereas leucaena leaves have high nutritional value and palatable. Cattle body weight can grow well, so farmers get an advantage when using leucaena as feed.Extension activity was conducted in Kelompok Tani Ternak Aik Kolong, Mura Village, District of Brang Ene, West Sumbawa Regency. Selection of places at the request of community leaders from this place. After the extension activities, farmers have begun to understand and realize that the maintenance cattle for fattening efforts absolutely need quality feed intake. Farmers will seed and a plant leucaena seed given in the cage area, yard, or in their fields after the rainy season arrives. This was conveyed in discussions (Q&A) events that developed during extension activities and technical guidance conducted in a simulation. In the end of activities, the farmers still hope that this kind of activity is more often done, so that their skills and knowledge on how to raise cattle fattening can be applied in the Group in particular and in Mura Village-Brang Ene, West Sumbawa Regency generally.

213 Assessment of Equations Relating Shrunk, Empty Body, and Carcass Weight in Growing/Finishing Cattle

Abstract Existing equations to estimate empty body weight of cattle from live or carcass weight were developed over 40 years ago using different cattle genetics. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate existing equations using cattle genetics from that time to today. A literature search was performed to identify experiments measuring shrunk body weight (SBW), empty body weight (EBW), and carcass weight (HCW) resulting in 269 treatment means from 32 experiments since 1976. Two equations were used to compute EBW from SBW: 1) NASEM (2016) and 2) Gil et al. (1970: 10.2527/jas1970.313459x). Eight equations were used to compute HCW from EBW: 1) Lofgreen et al. (1962; 10.2527/jas1962.21120x), 2) Garrett and Hinman (1969; 10.2527/jas1969.2811), 3) Holzer and Levy Eq. 1 (1969; Isr. J. Agric. Res. 19:195), 4) Holzer and Levy Eq. 2, 5) Gil et al. (1970: 10.2527/jas1970.313459x), 6) Alhassan et al. (1975; 10.4141/cjas75-045), 7) Ferrell et al. (1976; 10.2527/jas1976.4251158x), and 8) Fox et al. (1976; 10.2527/jas1976.433566x). Mean (SD) shrunk, empty, and carcass weight were 359 (145), 322 (134), and 210 (92) kg, respectively, and were strongly correlated (> 0.990). For all equations, simultaneous testing of intercept equal to zero and slope equal to 1 indicated that the intercept and slope for EBW and HCW were different than zero and one, respectively. For EBW, the CCC was high (> 0.95) for all equations and mean bias was -1.69 and -4.75% for Eq. 1 and 2, respectively, but became a greater underprediction in more recent publication years for Eq. 1. For HCW, CCC was high (> 0.95) and similar for all equations, but Eq. 7 had the MB nearest to zero (-0.10%) and Eq. 4 furthest from zero (10.74%). For Eq. 2, 4, 6, and 8 there was greater overprediction in more recent publication years. In conclusion, existing equations provide similar precision, but differ in accuracy to predict weight with some equations significantly influenced by year of publication.

Performance of Local Beef Cattle For Fattening with Sorinfer Feed After A Short Distance Transportation

Abstract A good quality of feed should be fed to the animal after transport. The objective of the research was to investigate the effect of sorinfer and commercial concentrate feed on feedlot performance of local beef cattle after short period of transportation. This study used 8 Ongole Crossbreed (PO) and 8 Local Crossbreed Cattle (SL) bull with average age of 18-30 months. The average body weight of Ongole and Local Crossbreed Cattle were 291.5±23.5 kg and 289.0±26.3 kg respectively. The bull was allotted into two treatment of feed namely Sorinfer and commercial concentrate feed. Parameter observed were body weight loss, recovery time, body weight after short fattening period, average daily gain, feed consumption and conversion. A factorial 2 × 2 design was used for data analysis. Result shows that average of body weight loss for both breed was 1,2%. Furthermore, recovery time for both breed was similar for 10 days. In addition, PO cattle with Sorinfer and commercial concentrate feed has higher body weight gain and final weight (P<0,05) compare to SL cattle. In conclusion, sorinfer feed was effective for recovery after transport for local beef cattle. However, sorinfer provide lower performance compare to commercial concentrate for short fattening period.

Association of pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 with body weight and measurement of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus).

Background and Aim:Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) encodes a multifunctional transcription factor that controls many genes and pathways and is associated with cattle body weight and measurements. This study aimed to evaluate the association between PLAG1 polymorphisms with body weight and measurements in Bali cattle.Materials and Methods:A total of 87 Bali cattle, consisting of 48 bulls and 39 heifers at the Breeding Center for Bali Cattle, were used as the population in this study. Cattle were 2 years old and kept semi-intensively in the pasture. Phenotype data consisting of body weight, withers height, body length, chest girth, waist height, and chest depth were measured. Birth weight data were obtained from birth records, and weight gain, adjusted weaning weight, and yearling weight were calculated using formulas. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein as much as 5 mL, and genomic DNA was isolated using the salting-out method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify three target polymorphisms, namely, g.48308 C>T, g.32212 (19 bp indel), and g.45233 T>C. The presence of a 19 bp indel was determined by direct observation of the PCR product on a 2% agarose gel. Two other polymorphisms were detected by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism using the restriction endonuclease enzymes SacII and BclI. PLAG1 genotype and phenotype associations were analyzed using a general linear model.Results:The results showed that two of the target polymorphisms in PLAG1 did not vary. The DD genotype indicated by 123 bp of PCR product was the only genotype identified for g.32212 19 bp indel, and TT genotype was the only genotype found for g.45233 T>C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Conversely, g.48308 C>T SNP was found to be polymorphic. In addition, the g.48308 C>T polymorphism of PLAG1 was significantly associated with body length of Bali cattle. Cattle with the CC genotype had a greater body length than the other two genotypes.Conclusion:The g.48308 C>T SNP in PLAG1 was associated with Bali cattle body length characteristics. This finding could be used as a basis for selecting Bali cattle based on body length characteristics.

Characteristics of body weight and measurement of Peranakan Ongole and Brahman cattle in the tropics

Peranakan Ongole (PO) and Brahman are beef cattle breeds that are well-adapted to the tropics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth traits of PO and Brahman, therefore, a total of 70 cows raised in Balai Pembibitan Ternak Unggul-Hijauan Pakan Ternak (BPTU-HPT) Sembawa were selected. Subsequently, body weight and length, withers and waist height, as well as chest girth were measured at birth, 105 and 205 days, 1, 1.5, and 2 years of age. Statistical analysis using an independent sample t-test was carried out to distinguish growth traits between PO and Brahman. The results revealed that they were significantly different (P<0.05). PO had a larger body size than Brahman, particularly in terms of the withers height at 105 days, 1 and 2 years, chest girth at a year, and waist height at 105 and 205 days, 1, 1.5, and 2 years. Conversely, Brahman showed better traits than PO in terms of body weight and withers height at birth, weaning and body weight at 2 years, and average daily gain (ADG) at 205 days, 1.5, and 2 years.