The Dutch Revolt and Catholic Exile in Europe. By Geert H. Janssen. (New York: Cambridge University Press. 2014. Pp. xvi, 218. $95.00. ISBN 978-1-1-07-05503-2.)Although, in the past decades, several books have been devoted to Protestant refugees from the Low Countries and their churches in England and the Holy Roman Empire, the history of their Catholic counterparts has gone by largely unnoticed. For sure, Catholic exiles were far less numerous (Janssen estimates a total of 10,000 to 15,000), and, also in contrast with Protestant exiles, they were often able to return to their homes after only a few years. Thus, in comparison to a total of between 80,000 and 100,000 people that left the Southern Netherlands after 1585, the number of Catholic exiles seems almost negligible. Yet, in his concise but well thought-out book, Janssen argues that, during their rather brief period of exile, a new form of Catholic militancy took shape, which consequently became one of the pillars of the process of in the Habsburg Netherlands and sealed the cleavage between North and South after 1585.In fact, with regard to Catholic exiles in the Dutch Revolt, Janssen distinguishes three periods. First, in the early 1570s clergy and royal officials fled their home towns in Holland and Zealand to escape the attacks of the so-called beggars. They found refuge in nearby Catholic strongholds such as Amsterdam and Utrecht. Second, from the mid-1570s Calvinist town governments took power in major Flemish and Brabant towns such as Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, and Brussels. Some Catholic inhabitants of these towns, clergy as well as lay, were put to flight or exiled. They found refuge in the more peaceful southern towns of Douai and Saint-Omer or, outside the borders of the Low Countries, in Liege and Cologne. Most could return after only a few years, thanks to Alexander Farnese's successful military campaigns. Immediately many of them obtained important positions within the Church and the town governments. Finally, between 1585 and 1609 a group of some hundreds of Catholics from the Northern provinces migrated to the Catholic south, which remained under Habsburg control.Janssen has deliberately adopted a cross-confessional perspective. As such, he contends that not only Protestant but also Catholic refugee movements effectively sealed the cultural cleavage of the two Netherlands at the end of the sixteenth century (p. 6). In line with Heiko Oberman's concept of the Reformation of the Refugee, Janssen points to the existence of a Counter-Reformation of the Refugee as well. …