Catholic Environment Research Articles

Obituary: Peter Pulzer

The world of German, Austrian, and Jewish studies, but also that of comparative politics and British affairs, lost one of its great ones! Peter Pulzer lived the first nine years of his life in a turbulent Vienna witnessing a brief civil war between the Socialists and their clerical-conservative, Austro-fascist, and right-radical opponents, the triumph of Austro-Fascism, and its demise at the hand of the Nazis whose Anschluss in 1938 annulled Austria's existence as an independent country. Peter grew up in a deeply assimilated, middle-class Jewish family that was close to the Social Democratic Party and had the young boy classified as konfessionslos in his elementary school devoid of Jewish kids where Peter was categorized alongside a few Protestant boys in a predominantly Catholic environment. Peter's classification did not prevent him from being forced to attend a Jews-only school that was far away from his home. He witnessed how his father and grandfather were violently removed from their apartment and how his father joined the Israelitische Kultusgemeinde—the official organization of the Jewish community—much to his chagrin, since Peter's father deemed himself completely a-religious as well as ethnically apart from Jews. It was not until Yom Kipur of 1938, when Peter was nine years old, that a family friend took Peter to a synagogue where Peter came to see the “Torah.” This friend also taught Peter Hebrew, which his parents accepted as constituting an asset for a possible emigration to Palestine. Other hopeful possibilities were the Anglophone world of Britain, Canada, the United States, and Australia, with Britain emerging as the ultimate option by dint of a retired Anglican clergyman from Hertfordshire sponsoring the family! Peter maintained close contact with this man's family throughout his life.

Local Memory and Urban Space

The paper ponders over the issue of memory and urban space. It shows how these categories have been discussed in the literature and how they are connected to the problem of place identity. The paper also highlights the need to appreciate and assess the physical aspect of objects, which act as memory markers in the urban space. The author argues that what is being memorialised and conveyed as meaning is the past lived experience. As a case in point, two memory acts are analysed in the paper, clearly showing the interdependence of various temporalities in the anniversary celebrations. In the festivities celebrating the 100th (in 1881) and 150th (in 1931/2) anniversaries of the consecration of the Lutheran church in Warsaw, the capital of the Kingdom of Poland in the Russian partition and later the capital of a resurrected independent Polish state after 1918, the different present-oriented needs were mirrored in the narratives and commemorations of the past. Idiosyncratic visions of the past help make the small and vulnerable community of Lutherans in an otherwise primarily Roman Catholic environment more coherent, as its members may lay claim to history and construct and stabilise their identification process as descendants of past generations. Moreover, the material fabric of the church seems to be an indispensable factor. The parishioners’ lived experience appears to be a crucial component of commemorations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Modern Accents of Theological Reflection of Representatives of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Regarding the War and Its Challenges

The article analyzes the relevant thematic documents and materials with the purpose of determining the ways, means and features of the theological search of the representatives of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (hereafter UGCC) in relation to the challenges of Russia's war against Ukraine. The principles of objectivity and confessional non-commitment became the methodological basis of the research. The hermeneutic method, system and content analysis, and the method of doctrinal verification were used. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the appeal to a socially important hot topic, which is just beginning to be studied by scientists based on sources that have arrived mainly in recent months; the scientific novelty consists in identifying the most characteristic theological accents in the instructions, reflections and discussions of both the clergy of the UGCC and the laity, identifying the tendency of the military theme in the theological reflections of the representatives of this Church becoming very saturated, and expanding from theoretical foundations to specific issues that arise from the practice of war. The Head of the UGCC, its military chaplains, and priests and laymen who are active in media reflect on them, and these reflections become the starting points of active, with interactive feedback, discussions that expand even outside the Greek Catholic environment. Among the revealed theological accents, the following are especially emphasized: 1) the “Russian World” concept as defined by the ideology of Russian chauvinism and the justification of war; 2) the mission of Ukrainians to protect both their territories and souls, as well as the entire civilized world, from it; 3) the theological issues of the value of peace, rightly supplemented by the issues of achieving and protecting a just peace, as well as 4) issues of the value, necessity and divine inspiration of effective patriotism; 5) the value of the “Kyiv Church” traditions; 6) the theological developments of the UGCC; 7) the experience of the activity of this Church guided by them in the circumstances of armed aggression; and 8) the value of Christian optimism, which is helpful for resistance to enemies and one’s own spiritual stability and development, even in adverse and difficult conditions.

The Birth of Christianity from the Spirit of the Roman Empire. A Paradoxical View of the Religious Development of Europe in the Works of F.F. Zelinski

The article analyzes the original concept of the development of ancient religions and the emergence of Christianity set out in the six-volume work of F.F. Zelinski History of Ancient Religions. Zelnski refutes the well-established idea of the origin of Christianity from Judaism and proves that it was based on the Hellenistic-Roman religion of the early Roman Empire. In this religion, a idea of monotheistic and pantheistic God was formed, which is the basis of all world processes and human actions, at the same time the idea arose of the possibility of a "particle" of God entering a separate human personality (the personality of the emperor). According to Zelinski, it was these ideas that became the basis of Christianity, which radically rethought them, but nevertheless left them close to the beliefs of the majority of the citizens of the Roman Empire; that is why early Christianity quickly spread throughout the empire. The article suggests that Zelinski's flight from Bolshevik Russia in the 1920s and his life in the Polish Catholic environment led to the fact that he refused to develop his ideas to their natural outcome, which could conflict with Catholic teaching. The article reconstructs the result that Zelnski should have come to with the consistent implementation of his ideas: he would have to admit that the teachings of Jesus Christ and early Christianity which arose from the Roman religion and not from Judaism coincides with that religious tradition which the Catholic Church has persecuted in a story called the Gnostic heresy.

A RELIGIOUS-PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CATHOLIC ECUMENICAL CONCEPT IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERRELIGIOUS DIALOGUE WITH ISLAM

The Enlightenment philosophical concept led to the formation of the understanding that religion must serve the common good and justice in society, otherwise it cannot function freely in the public space. Protestant criticism of the biblical text largely reflects the main trends of the crisis of faith in the social environment of the Enlightenment, and they also laid the foundation for the formation of liberal theology. In the Catholic environment, such phenomena have been criticized, but over time there is an understanding of the need for an adequate reaction of the traditional Church. As an option to solve this issue, the creation of conditions for the separation of religious and non-religious spheres, which will make it possible to achieve objectivity on the part of the secular authorities with the simultaneous inclusion of the legally regulated functioning of religious organizations, which can carry out social activities in the plane of ecumenical actions, can be done. The analysis of social phenomena that gave impetus to the formation of the ecumenical movement in its current forms and manifestations is extremely significant, as it is a reading and forecasting of the further development of the ecumenical concept as a whole, which requires a detailed delineation of the impact of postmodern trends on the cultural change of society. The question of rationalization of religious beliefs, which satisfy the needs of the vast majority of the planet’s population, arises more and more often in the religious and philosophical environment, but the question of the probability of the disappearance of these beliefs or, even more, their elimination from the cultural and worldview plane of humanity, is not raised in any way.

Five Centuries of Bible Translations into Kashubian

This paper discusses translations of biblical passages into Kashubian, which originated in the Lutheran circles between the 16th and the 19th centuries, followed by translations made in the Catholic circles in the 20th and the 21st centuries. The history of these translations has been divided into two periods: “old translations” and “contemporary translations.” The former comprise various bibli[1]cal texts preserved in manuscripts and printed monuments, which came into being between 1586 and the second half of the 19th century. The fundamental texts of this period include the works by Szymon Krofey (1586), Michał Pontanus (1643), and Perykopy smołdzińskie (1699–1701). The old translations were done from German in the Protestant circles in West Pomerania. In turn, the “contemporary trans[1]lations” of biblical texts into Kashubian embrace translations from the second half of the 20th century, which were produced in the Catholic environment of Gdańsk Pomerania: from Latin (Mk 4:3-20) by Alojzy Nagel (1973), from Latin (four Gospels) by Rev. Franciszek Grucza (1992), from Polish (the New Testament and the Psalms) by Eugeniusz Gołąbek (1993–2007) and my own translations from Hebrew and Greek (the Four Gospels, the Pentateuch, Ecclesiastes) prepared in 2001–2020.

Anti-religious policy of the Bolshevik government in the early 1920s (on the example of Roman Catholics of Katerynoslav)

The aim of the article: to analyze the conditions of existence of the Roman Catholic community of Katerynoslav in the first years of the establishment of Bolshevik power. Methods: historical-genetic, historical-systemic. The main results: the attitude of the Bolsheviks to the Church and the methods they used in their anti-religious activities in the early 20s of the twentieth century is highlighted; the factors influencing the attitude of the authorities to the Roman Catholics of Katerynoslav are revealed; the measures taken by the Bolsheviks to influence the Poles and Lithuanians living in the provincial city at that time are studied, as well as the results of this activity. Concise conclusions: The destruction of religion was part of the strategic plans of the Bolsheviks, and after the establishment of their power, they launched an attack on the Church. In the early 1920s, the measures included repression, looting of churches, and moral pressure on the faithful. The initiation of the persecution was the Bolshevik Party. The Extraordinary Commission took an active part in this process; it gave effective methods of realization of the tasks, and also carried out repressions. The position of the Poles was influenced by the relations of the Soviet state with Poland. In 1920, they were significantly complicated by the war between these countries. The leaflets issued by the Bolsheviks called for the overthrow of the state system and terrorist activities in Poland. The policy of the Soviet government, repressive activities against the Church (including the RCC), and aggressive rhetoric towards Poland pushed local Poles to leave for their historical homeland. The attempt to Sovietize the refugees was not very successful, and in 1921–1922 representatives of the nations that formed the Roman Catholic environment of the provincial center left Katerynoslav in echelons. The authorities also tried to export revolutionary ideas to neighboring countries. Not only refugees but also the Poles who lived in the city before the war went to Poland. Many members of this national minority in Katerynoslav did not belong to the parishioners of the church in the mid-1920s, which means that they were under the influence of anti-religious propaganda or were afraid to openly profess their faith. Practical meaning: the results of the research can be an integral part of the study of the history and religion of national minorities at the national level. The scientific novelty of the article is that the author conducts a study of the peculiarities of living conditions of the Roman Catholics in Ekaterynoslav in the early 20s of the twentieth century for the first time. Type of article: research.

Cunning and Disorderly: Early Nineteenth-Century Witch Trials of Joseph Smith

Cunning and Disorderly: Early Nineteenth-Century Witch Trials of Joseph Smith

Diversity as a gift: LGBTQI+ Roman Catholic organizations in twenty-first-century Brazil

This paper aims at examining the pluralization of Brazilian Catholicism with regard to the presence of sexual and gender diversity in Roman Catholic environments, in the context of the anti-gender attacks and growing use of Christian elements as political weapons in Latin American public debate since the 2010s. We set out to investigate the strategies used by Brazilian LGBTQI+ Roman Catholic groups to sustain their religious identity, beginning with a brief general comment on the ongoing Christian conversations on sexual and gender diversity, in an effort to go beyond the consolidated common sense of Christianity and sexual and gender diversity being irreconcilable. Next, we proceed to a brief overview of how Roman Catholic conversations on sexual and gender diversity have developed in Brazil in recent years. A short history of LGBTQI+ Roman Catholic communities in Brazil follows, highlighting their most relevant features. Finally, we move on to addressing such communities’ theological production. What we seek to understand is how the organization of openly LGBTQI+ Roman Catholic communities results in the emergence of new theological and ecclesial subjects.

“Is Austria a Catholic Country?”: Trust and Intersubjectivity in Postconflict Northern Ireland

ABSTRACT Media pundits, politicians, and academic observers have frequently described the Northern Irish Troubles as a religious conflict, a description the Irish republican actors of the conflict reject. In 2009 and 2011, I interviewed twenty-five former Irish republican women activists. Other scholars have argued that the emotions, feelings, and subjective experiences of the researcher can have several roles and functions and, thus, shape our research interests and decisions. Similarly, the interviewer’s presence, as much as the narrator’s perceptions, will shape the story the narrators tell. Based on these considerations, I discuss how the Irish republican women I interviewed projected their own Catholic convictions on me, despite stressing that they were not overly religious or even practicing Catholics. These women acknowledged that as I was Austrian, I was a “neutral outsider to the conflict” (as one woman put it), but nevertheless, they projected a supposed shared affinity on me. These projections shaped their answers during the interviews. Furthermore, while these women emphasized that their political motivation for Irish republican activities was not religiously driven, they were raised in a Catholic environment. Thus, these subjective experiences shaped their answers and attitudes towards the interviewer. In essence, this article examines, first, how Catholic convictions were projected on the interviewer by narrators in oral history projects on the Northern Ireland conflict and, second, what roles and functions these religious projections served during the interview process.

Isolation and Integration: Case Study of Latter-Day Saints in South-Western Nigeria

Isolation and integration are two sides of the same coin, the former denoting negativity with the latter denoting positivity. The penetration of the LDS church into Nigeria in general and south-western Nigeria in particular has been faced with a considerable amount of opposition from the populace and the government. Nigeria is one of the most religious countries in Africa. Due to the vast demographic space, I am limiting our study to the south-western states, where it seems the church is growing more. The eastern region, to an extent, has also been experiencing considerable growth. Our queries are: what are the elements that depict isolation from other religious sects and society? What are the parameters for this phenomenon? Is there any evidence of integration? If so, how is this manifested? How are the male and female members of the LDS church trying to integrate into society and how has the response been? These among other questions are examined. Nigeria is originally a Catholic and Pentecostal religious environment, where open miracles, wonders and other phenomena are visible. These are hardly visible in LDS services, and this serves as motivation for non-members to oppose and isolate members of the LDS church from the fibers of society. The undetermined position of the LDS church and its non-registration with the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) has and continues to have relevant effects on the integration of the church and its members into the Christian circle of the country in general and the south-west in particular. I have discovered that, though the church’s growth in the south-west is visible, the possibility of integration has proven difficult. Due to the limited literature on this subject in the country, I have utilized semi-structured direct and indirect interviews of pioneers of the wards/units in the south-west, and also those who have investigated the church, many of whom still view the church as a cult. I also used an analytic approach that straddles critical discourse analysis and postcolonial theory. This paper proposes ways in which the members of the LDS church can better integrate themselves in a society that has a very different religious and cultural background to that of American society, where the church has more fully moved from isolation to integration.

Principals’ Perceptions of Independence Mission Schools in the Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia

This study is a contribution to a new model of Catholic education that has emerged in the Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia, USA in the past eight years. The primary purpose of the research was to understand the experiences and perceptions of principals of the establishment and ‘mission’ of Independence Mission Schools (IMS) in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. The study was approached qualitatively and designed as a case study. Using a sample of nine IMS principals, data was collected through interviews and analyzed thematically. The study found that there is great value for Catholic education. The study also unearthed that the principals of these institutions have deep understanding of the mission and vision of the IMS including the following: That the IMS system provides a model of Catholic education, a viable alternative to other private and public education providers; provides holistic education for the poor, ensures continuity in Catholic education, provides safe, caring, and supportive environment for students. The study further discovered that the Principals adopt different strategies to accomplish the mission and vision of IMS. Additionally, IMS impacts positively on students’ lives. However, limited finance, teacher turnovers, operation of schools as businesses have been challenging to the Principals’ effective management of the IMS schools. The principals nonetheless have positive perceptions of IMS’s future. At the same time, the principals expressed concerns about the sustainability of the IMS network. To ensure the sustainability of the IMS vision and mission, the Principals, during the study, recommended that more financial resources should be obtained, remunerations of teachers should be increased, Catholic identity should be kept in schools, improve competitive advantage, encourage good relationships, and constantly revisit the network’s mandate. The study has important implications for stakeholders. Stakeholders can use the findings of the study to meet the critical needs of the IMS network. Since the study was limited to only nine principals, it is recommended that a further research may be carried out to take into account the perceptions of other key actors in the IMS network such as teachers, students, parents and board members. That way a deeper understanding of the establishment mission of the IMS might be gained. Keywords: Principals, Perceptions, Independence Mission Schools, Archdiocese, Philadelphia DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-10-11 Publication date: April 30 th 2021

Psychological Analysis of Religious Experience: The Construction of the Intensity of Religious Experience Scale (IRES)

The aim of this article is to present the issues of religious experience, and the associated experience of God’s presence and God’s absence, and then its operationalization, as well as to construct the Intensity of Religious Experience Scale, IRES (Skala Intensywności Doświadczenia Religijnego, SIDR). The value of psychometric tool, the reliability and validity, were assessed. The study was conducted in three steps. Study 1 concerned the generalization of statements related to conception of Catholic religious experience; i.e., the subjective feeling whether one experiences God’s presence and God’s absence, and how such beliefs affect certain aspects of a person’s life. Study 2 was carried out on the sample of 217 people and was designed to perform Exploratory Factor Analysis and to assess three-week test–retest reliability of the IRES. Study 3 was based on the sample of 368 people and was aimed to perform Confirmatory Factor Analysis and concurrent validation of the IRES. The analysis of the religious experience showed that this kind of human experience has its own structure. The explication of the subject has confirmed the existence of two positive factors of religious experience; i.e., a subjective sense of experience of God’s presence and God’s absence that can influence on life of people living in the Catholic religion environment.

Recepcja pieśni o. Tymoteusza Szczurowskiego w środowiskach katolickich dziewiętnastowiecznej Warszawy

W zasobach Archiwum Zgromadzenia Księży Misjonarzy na Stradomiu w Krakowie pod sygnaturą Muzyka 15 dostępne są dwa arkusze rękopisu nutowego z XIX w. zawierającego unicki repertuar pieśniowy. Źródło to pochodzi prawdopodobnie ze zbiorów domu Zgromadzenia Księży Misjonarzy przy Kościele św. Krzyża w Warszawie, przekazanych ze stolicy do krakowskich misjonarskich archiwaliów zapewne po kasacji tej wspólnoty zakonnej w Królestwie Polskim, która nastąpiła w roku 1864. W omawianym rękopisie nutowym zachowały się wpisane anonimowo przekazy melodii oraz teksty w języku polskim pierwszych zwrotek 7 pieśni religijnych (utwory maryjne, ku czci świętych, przygodne) bazyliańskiego misjonarza o. Tymoteusza Szczurowskiego (1740–1812).
 Dzięki zachowanym w źródle inskrypcjom wiadomo, że pieśni Szczurowskiego były wykonywane na przełomie lat trzydziestych i czterdziestych XIX w. przez warszawskich bazylianów, a także przez unickiego duchownego o. Pawła Szymańskiego (1782–1852), gdy w latach 1837–41 był profesorem Rzymskokatolickiej Akademii Duchownej w Warszawie.
 Linie melodyczne siedmiu pieśni Szczurowskiego pochodzące z rękopiśmiennych nutowych arkuszy Muzyka 15 pokrywają się z melodiami ich drukowanych przekazów opublikowanymi przez ks. Michała Marcina Mioduszewskiego CM (1787–1868) w Dodatku do Śpiewnika kościelnego (Kraków 1842) i Dodatku III do Śpiewnika kościelnego (Lipsk 1853). Omawiany w artykule rękopis zawierający nutowe przekazy polskojęzycznych pieśni z repertuaru unickiego z dużym prawdopodobieństwem mógł być sporządzony w środowisku warszawskich misjonarzy. Ocalały misjonarski rękopis Muzyka 15 umożliwia obecnie stwierdzenie faktu recepcji utworów unickiego autora, o. Szczurowskiego w środowiskach rzymskokatolickich dziewiętnastowiecznej Warszawy, a także przynosi nowe informacje na temat ówczesnych wykonawców jego pieśni w stolicy Królestwa Polskiego.

Escritos de Comunidades Novas Católicas e as religiões de matrizes africanas em sala de aula: violências religiosas

Este trabalho versa sobre questões religiosas no campo educacional, considerando que, sendo o Brasil aberto à pluralidade religiosa em sua constituição, comumente traz problemáticas quanto ao pertencimento dos alunos na confissão de suas crenças, ou mesmo na aceitação do outro, se esta crença for diferente do que seja considerado como padrão. Isto fica mais evidente se tomarmos por base as religiões de matrizes africanas - a saber, para esta pesquisa, a Umbanda e o Candomblé - ficando estabelecido um cenário de rejeição pelo estereótipo criado, em âmbito social, a partir de alguns segmentos religiosos, sendo nosso objeto de análise um movimento cristão, católico, advindo do seio do pentecostalismo carismático católico: as Comunidades Novas. Esta pesquisa tem caráter qualitativo, onde foram analisadas fontes escritas das Comunidades Católicas Shalom e Canção Nova, as duas sendo referência neste ambiente católico, em contraste com as orientações dos documentos gerados a partir da lei 10.639/03, sobre valorização da cultura afro-brasileira na educação. Os escritos que partem destas comunidades católicas citadas provocam um olhar de preconceito e discriminação em relação às crenças de matrizes africanas enfocadas neste estudo. Entendemos que se faz necessário um aprofundamento maior por parte dos professores nas causas que envolvem a Lei nº 10.639/2003, para se tornarem agentes no cumprimento da legislação, em favor de ações afirmativas multiculturais, abertas ao diálogo inter-religioso, em que a comunidade escolar é a maior beneficiada nesse processo.

A Capabilities Approach Analysis of Evangelii Gaudium and Its Significance for Catholic Learning Environments on LGBT + Issues

This article examines the 2013 apostolic exhortation Evangelii Gaudium by Pope Francis in terms of its significance for addressing LGBT + issues in Catholic learning environments. Using the 10 capabilities necessary for human flourishing as outlined by Martha Nussbaum in her capability approach to civil society and questions of social justice, I argue that the implications of Evangelii Gaudium for Catholic learning environments are significant and provide necessary guidance for addressing LGBT + social justice issues where these issues have often been ignored or insufficiently addressed. In Evangelii Gaudium Pope Francis is challenging the global community of Catholics to consider what kind of society the Church is producing, and I argue that a capabilities approach provides a fruitful way in which to consider and respond to this challenge. Although written with Catholicism in mind, the challenges presented by Pope Francis are pertinent for consideration by other faith communities and educators more generally.

Between sacred and profane: Possession, psychopathology, and the Catholic church.

In Catholic culture, and especially within the Italian Catholic environment, there has recently been a significant revival of the practice of exorcism. This is a fact noted by historians such as Levack (2013) and Young (2016). The article intends to show how this phenomenon is related to a series of important historical turning points, the most important of which is the recent collaboration between exorcists and Catholic psychologists and psychiatrists to establish a differential diagnosis between real possession and mere psychopathology. The recent revival of exorcism in Italy is particularly noteworthy because it reverses a slow but clear trend in the Catholic Church, in the course of the 20th century, that increasingly considered possessions either as delusional or very rare. The reality of the devil has never been denied by the Catholic Church, but until the Second Vatican Council, the tendency was to de-escalate the denunciations of its direct and personal presence in the world. The article describes this evolution up to the most recent developments, highlighting the historiographical entanglements related to the coexistence, within the scientific realm, of demonological and psychological themes and beliefs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Bible, religion and Catholicism in Sting’s album and musical The Last Ship

Sting, aka Gordon Sumner (b. 1951 in Wallsend, close to Newcastle upon Tyne), is a famous songwriter and performer who grew up in a Catholic environment. Although he does not identify as Catholic anymore, the religious images and notions he grew up with appear rather frequently in his work. This article explores examples of religious imagery in his album The Last Ship (2013), and in the musical of the same name based on the album. To date, the musical has been produced from two very different books: a US version by John Logan and Brian Yorkey (2014), and a UK one by Lorne Campbell (2018). The US version includes many religious notions, and in particular, includes a priest as one of its central figures. The UK version has little to no religion in it. The article suggests that each of these versions reflects a certain historical moment in the life of Wallsend, from where, supposedly, the ‘last ship’ was launched.

Interaksi Sosial Keagamaan Antara Siswa Muslim Dan Siswa Katolik (Studi Kasus SD Slamet Riyadi Kebon Kangkung, Kota Bandung)

SD Ignatius Slamet Riyadi is a school under the auspices of the Foundation of the Holy Cross. Students in the school consist of Catholic, Christian, Buddhist and Islamic students. There are more Catholic students than Muslim students. Muslim students and non-Muslim students interact in the school environment. The purpose of this study to answer the problems are (1) How the religious life of Muslim students SD Slamet Riyadi? (2) How is the religious social behavior of different religious students in SD Slamaet Riyadi? (3) How is the friendship between Muslim student and SD Katama Slamaet Riyadi?The location of this research is SD Ignatius Slamet Riyadi Kebon Kangkung Bandung. Research subjects are Muslim students, while research sources consist of classroom teachers, principals and parents. Data collection techniques used are observation, interview and documentation. Data analysis is data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing or verification.The results showed that the form of interaction between Muslim students and Catholic students through discussions, extracurricular activities, breaks in the school cafeteria and competition in academic terms. Social behavior of Muslim students feel comfortable in interacting with classmates and friends in one school. The behavior of Muslim students who are polite and courteous enough to maintain good relationships. The religious life of Muslim students is strongly influenced by culture and learning in Catholic schools. One of the patterns of worship is to pray very much to imitate the catholic worship of praying with the use of hand symbols dikepal and Indonesian language.The conclusion that can be drawn from this research is: the form of interaction between students in SD Slamet Riyadi divided form on the interaction of friendship school, in class and at home with parents. Factors that affect the occurrence of interaction between Muslim students with Catholic students SD Slamet Riyadi is the education of tolerance and school culture are disciplined and comfortable to follow activities together. Education Tolerance is implemented through teacher dialogue both when learning activities. The existence of different religious students is acceptable in the majority Catholic environment, so Muslim students are well received. SD Slamet Riyadi too, has educated students from various religions, learning patterns and curriculum set making these students feel comfortable studying in Catholic schools.

Tschechische katholische Kirche in der Peripetie der modernen Geschichte in den Böhmischen Ländern ab 1918

This contribution aims to give an overview of the most important stages of development in the Catholic environment of the Bohemian countries from 1918 to the present. Today, the Czech Republic is one of the most secularized states in Europe. In hardly any other country of the continent do religion and Church play a lesser role in public life than here. Reasons for this can be found in the historical circumstances connected with the great societal transformations in the wake of Modernity and atheist tendencies in the period of Communist rule. This is flanked by the most recent developments in post-Communist discourses. The predominantly negative relationship of Czech society to the Catholic Church undoubtedly is one of the points separating the Czech Republic from the post-Communist countries of Central Europe, particularly Poland and Hungary, but also Slovakia.