Catfish Oil Research Articles

Oil extraction from catfish (Netuma barba) waste through the supercritical fluid

SummaryThis work aimed at oil extraction from catfish (Netuma barba) heads through the CO2 supercritical fluid (SFE‐CO2), and the ranges of supercritical conditions were extraction time (1 and 3 h), temperature (40 and 60 °C) and pressure (15 and 25 MPA). The crude oil from catfish heads presented the yield in the thermomechanical extraction was 86% compared to the Bligh and Dyer method, with concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid DHA of approximately 9.0% and 11.9%, respectively, in the catfish oil profiles after the refining process. In the supercritical extraction, the highest yield was around 84% at 25 MPa and 40 °C in 3 h, with lower concentrations of EPA and DHA, respectively, 2.1% and 9.1%. At 25 MPa, 60 °C and 3 h, the extraction yield was around 81%, with concentrations of EPA and DHA about 3.4% and 10.0%, respectively. The highest concentration of EPA and DHA was 18.3% found in the experiment at 25 MPa, 40 °C and 1 h. The catfish head oil obtained by supercritical fluid extraction process (SFE‐CO2) showed similar characteristics to oil obtained by thermomechanical extraction and chemically refined. Thus, SFE‐CO2, besides being a promising potential for use of the fish waste, leads to sustainable food production through green technology.

Kadar Hb dan Perubahan Berat Badan Tikus Wistar Model Anemia Defisiensi Besi Setelah Pemberian Minyak Ikan Patin

Anemia is a health problem with little progress in its management, even thoughthe global prevalence of anemia is relatively high. Anemia due to iron deficiency affectsweight gain in children. Giving catfish oil to anemic rats was done to see the effect onHb levels and body weight.This research is a true experiment with a randomized pre-post-test design witha control group. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, namely K- (rats fedstandard), K+ (rats fed standard without iron), P1 (rats fed standard without iron,getting catfish oil 0.039 ml/day), P2 (rats fed standard without iron, supplemented withferrous sulfate 0.126 mg/day) for 14 days. Hb levels were measured before and aftertreatment using the ELISA method. The rats were weighed every day.Paired t-test was conducted to determine differences in Hb levels and changesin body weight before and after the intervention. In addition, the Anova test followedby Post Hoc Bonferroni was carried out to analyze the difference in effect on the fourgroups.There were significant differences in body weight changes before treatment and aftertreatment (p=0.00, p<0.05) on K-(13 gram ± 0.81), K+(5.5 gram ± 1.04), P1 (12 grams± 0.7), P2 (13 grams ± 0.63). In addition, the study showed a significant increase inHb levels before and after treatment (p=0.00, p<0.05) at P1(4.7 g/dL ± 0.76) andP2(5.13 g/dL ± 0.15 ), as well as a decrease in K- (0.09 g/dL ± 0.19) and K+ (0.37g/dL ± 0.18).There was an effect of giving catfish oil on Hb levels and changes in bodyweight, which increased significantly in iron deficiency anemia Wistar rats.Keyword: body weight, catfish oil, Hb levels iron deficiency anemia

A green approach in the biological base oil process

Abstract This article presents a green approach in the biological base oil synthesis from catfish fat by-product using the hydrodynamic cavitation technique. The effects of parameters on the yield of reaction were investigated. The application of the cavitation technique has improved the process efficiency significantly. The catfish polyester oil yield reached at high value (94.6%) at the inlet pressure of 60 psi, the molar ratio of acetic anhydride/epoxy of 1.25/1, 85°C, and only 10 min, and also under these reaction conditions, magnetic stirring technique could only give the limited yield of catfish oil polyester of 12%. The results of Fourier transform infrared resonance, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and 13C NMR analyses and characteristic properties of materials and products have demonstrated that the chemical structure of polyester catfish oil was triglyceride chains containing saturated alkyl R chains and branched by methyl ester functional groups and the polyester catfish oil has met the quality standards of SN150 and SN500 mineral base oils. It could be said that the biological base oil process from catfish fat by-products under the assistance of cavitation techniques would develop sustainably.

Optimization of microwave-assisted biodiesel production from waste catfish using response surface methodology

In the present study, response surface methodology involving central composite design was applied to optimize reaction parameters of biodiesel production from Tra (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and Basa (Pangasius bocourti) catfish oil during the microwave-assisted single-step transesterification process. Second-order polynomial models of the microwave-assisted method with acetone (MW-A) and isopropanol (MW-I) co-solvent were used to predict the biodiesel yield and the coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be at 0.9926, and 0.9891, respectively. Research results demonstrated that isopropanol had similar effects to acetone on transesterification yields. The optimum biodiesel yield was calculated as 99.05% (MW-A) and 98.96% (MW-I) from the models with the following reaction conditions: methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 5.60 (MW-A) and 5.66 (MW-I), KOH concentration of 1.04 wt% (MW-A) and 1.00 wt% (MW-I), the reaction temperature of 53.20 °C (MW-A) and 53.59 °C (MW-I), the reaction time of 94.43 s (MW-A) and 93.27 s (MW-I), and co-solvent of 24.20 wt% (MW-A) and 22.73 wt% (MW-I). The results of biodiesel yield under optimal conditions have proved that the regression models agreed with the experimental data. Furthermore, the properties of catfish oil biodiesel produced under the optimum conditions were characterized and found to agree with the EN 14214 standard specifications.

Dragon Fruit Peel Extract and Encapsulated Catfish Oil Formulation in Gummy Candy with Potential In Vitro Antihyperglycemia Properties

Red dragon (Hylocereus polyrhizus) fruit peel as household waste was still underutilized although it was high in bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. The oil extract of freshwater fish, such as catfish (Pangasius sp.) was high in monounsaturated fatty acids with reported antihyperglycemia properties. The objectives of this study were to encapsulate catfish oil extract, determine the most liked formulation of gummy candy with dragon fruit peel extract and encapsulated fish oil beads content, and analyze the proximate content and in vitro α-amylase inhibition activity of the most liked gummy candy formulation. The methods consisted of dragon fruit peel extraction, encapsulation of catfish oil extract using sodium alginate, gummy candy formulation, sensory evaluation, and analysis of color, proximate, and α-amylase inhibition activity. Twenty five percent w/w of the gummy candy ingredients were composed of the extracts and encapsulation beads at 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1 weight ratios. Encapsulation of the fish oil could mask the fishy odor in the gummy candy. All formulation could be molded into gummy candy perfectly and showed chewy texture. The addition of dragon fruit peel extract could increase the yellowness value, while the fish oil beads decreased the lightness value of the candy. The most liked gummy candy formulation was F3 (ratio 3:1). It was composed of 54.47% water, 1.59% db ash, 5.77% db fat, 1.82% db protein, 36.36% db carbohydrates and showed 46.49% α-amylase inhibition activity.

Synthesis of biological base oils by a green process

Abstract In this study, the chemical conversion of catfish fat (CFF) into bio-based oils using the cavitation technique has been carried out. The influence of parameters on the reaction yield, including inlet pressure, amount of reactant, temperature, and time were investigated. The results obtained have demonstrated the outstanding efficiency of applying the cavitation technique to the chemical synthesis process. The optimum conditions of ring-opening reaction of epoxy catfish oil (ECFO) were as follows: 60 psi, the molar ratio of iso-propanol/epoxy ring of 1.75/1, 75°C, time of 7 min, and the yield reached 91.3%. The results of FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR analysis showed that the chemical conversion of double bonds (C═C) of CFF were converted to functional groups of hydroxyl and ether in polyol catfish oil (CFO) products through the intermediate stage of the formation of the epoxy ring. The results showed that the polyol CFO has better operating conditions at low temperature, higher viscosity, viscosity index, and oxidation stability than other oils, and the biodegradability of bio-polyol CFO was much higher than that of SN500 mineral base oil. Polyol CFO has not only been used as a substitute for mineral base oils but also as an eco-friendly green product.

Construction and in vitro digestibility evaluation of a novel human milk fat substitute rich in structured triglycerides

The infants who cannot be breastfeed need to obtain energy and nutrition from other sources, such as formula. In this study, a human milk fat substitute (HMFS) rich in structured triglycerides (STG) and with a variety of fatty acids was prepared by one-step transesterification reaction. The optimum conditions for the lipase-catalyzed transesterification between basa catfish oil solid fraction, Cinnamomum camphora seed kernel oil, linseed oil, microbial oil and algae oil were studied and the in vitro digestibility of the constructed HMFS was investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the obtained HMFS contained 58.86% STG and 39.73% sn-2 palmitic acid (PA). Fatty acid composition analysis showed that HMFS was composed of capric acid (Ca), lauric acid (La), oleic acid (O), linoleic acid (L), linolenic acid (Ln), arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). LC-MS/MS analysis found that 142 new triglycerides were generated, such as Ca-P-ARA, Ca-P-Ln, La-P-ARA, La-P-L and P-O-ARA. Moreover, compared with physical mixture (PM), HMFS had better melting and crystallization temperature and the fatty acid release rate of HMFS was significantly improved. These results suggested that HMFS may have a great application in infant food as a nutritional ingredient.

Catfish Oil (Pangasius hypophthalmus) effect to ferritin and sTfR in iron deficiency anemia

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is a micronutrient problem and the prevalence is still high. Catfish oil (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is a natural source of heme iron which can improve body iron levels.Objectives: This study was aimed to examine and analyze the effect of catfish oil on ferritin and sTfR levels in male wistar rats with iron deficiency anemia models.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on male wistar rats which were divided into groups C- (standard feed), C+ (standard feed but had the iron removed), X1 (standard feed without iron but was supplemented with catfish oil), X2 (standard feed without iron but was supplemented with ferrous sulfate) for 14 days. Ferritin and sTfR levels were measured before and after intervention using ELISA.Results: The study showed an increase ferritin levels in X1 (21.87 ng/ml ±0.76), X2 (24.47 ng/ml ±0.54) and there was no significant difference between the two (p=0.069; p>0.05); a decrease in C- (0.25 ng/ml ±0.43), C+ (0.32 ng/ml ±0.059) (p=0.00; p<0.05). The sTfR levels decreased before and after intervention (p=0.00; p<0.05) in C+ (0.24 μ/mL ±0.99), X1 (60.66 μ/mL ±0.29), X2 (62.10 μ/mL ±0.90) and increased in C- (0.40 μ/mL ±0.97).Conclusions: The study indicates ferritin levels increased in the rats receiving catfish oil is not different from the rats that received ferrous sulfate and sTfR levels decreased significantly in wistar rats with iron deficiency anemia receiving catfish oil although the results were not as good as ferrous sulfate supplementation

Characteristic of margarine with ingredient mixed of catfish (Pangasius sp.) oil and vegetable oil

The use of fish oil is still not optimal whether it is crude or refined fish oil. One of the alternative uses is processing it into food ingredients or as an ingredient for food product enrichment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the combination of catfish oil and vegetable oil on the characteristics of margarine. Refined catfish oil was analyzed for peroxide content, free fatty acids, iodine number, and saponification number. Margarine products are made with the main ingredient of stearin and a mixture of refined catfish oil and corn oil with a ratio of 100: 0; 75:25 and 50:50. The analysis carried out included proximate, peroxide value, color, sensory and microbiology. The results showed that refined catfish oil had a peroxide value of 1.74%, free fatty acids 0.21%, Iodine value 50.48% and saponification value 102.10%. Based on the quality characteristics of margarine, the treatment with a ratio of 50:50 has the best result with a moisture content of 9.03%, 78% fat content, 1.75% peroxide value and have a bright yellow color, conform the margarine standard SNI 01-3541-2002. The results of the analysis of total plate count (ALT) ranged from 1.0x101 to 4.0x101, Stapphylococcus aureus showed that the colony did not grow up to 4.0 X 101. The hedonic test results for the color, taste and aroma of the margarine, panelists preferred the fish oil concentration 50:50 while the panelists preferred margarine with the addition of fish oil 75:25 for the texture.

Functional groups of bio-lubricants from crude catfish oil (Pangasius hypothalamus)

Bio-lubricants have great potential in the production of lubricating in the future. Several studies have developed animal oils as lubricants, which come from a by-product of fish processing. Fish oil extracted from the material and processed into bio-lubricants reached the highest yield of 94%. This research aimed to study the bio-lubricants functional groups. The research steps extracted crude fish oil as raw material, hydrolysis using HCl catalyst, polymerization using benzoyl peroxide, and polyesterification using ethylene glycol. The extraction process used the wet rendering method with a ratio of catfish waste (viscera) to the water of 1:2 (w/v) at 70 °C for 30 minutes. The best bio-lubricants were analyzed for functional groups using an FT-IR instrument with a wave range of 4000-450 cm−1. The results obtained were the absorption wavelength peak of 3472 cm−1, indicating O-H bonds with the sloping peak and the weak bond. The absorption wave peak of 3006-2852 cm−1 indicated a strong C-H bond (alkane). The absorption wave peaks of 1743 cm−1 indicated the presence of a C=O double bond. The adsorption wave peaks at 1465 cm−1 indicated carbon chain bonds between C-C, while the absorption wave peaks at 1115 and 1174 cm−1 indicated C-O bonds. The three spectral indicated that the ester groups formed in bio-lubricants. In the polymerization reaction, there was no absorption wave of 1600-1500 cm−1 which indicated that all C=C groups had been polymerized by benzoyl peroxide. Meanwhile, a sloping absorption wave of 3472 cm−1 was found in the polyesterification reaction due to the weak O-H bond. The analysis obtained above showed the differences in wave peak between bio-lubricant and crude fish oil as raw material but had the same group shape.

Kualitas Minyak Ikan Lele Dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) Selama Penyimpanan dengan Penambahan Likopen Kasar dari Buah Tomat

The quality of Dumbo Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) oil can be maintained during storage with the addition of crude lycopene in tomatoes as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to obtain the best ratio between crude lycopene in tomatoes and Dumbo catfish oil during storage. The study was conducted using a variable ratio of crude lycopene: Dumbo catfish oil with 4 treatment levels (6:40, 8:40, 10:40, and 12:40 (w/v)) and storage time variables of 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. Lycopene levels in Dumbo catfish oil were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, while the quality of Dumbo catfish oil during storage was determined through peroxide value analysis. The results showed that the best ratio of crude lycopene of tomatoes: Dumbo catfish oil was 12:40 at the third week of storage with lycopene content of 0.257 grams and the peroxide value of Dumbo catfish oil was 3.45 meq/kg or had met IFOS standards.
 Keywords: Crude lycopene, tomato fruit, dumbo catfish oil, peroxide value.

Anti-inflammatory effects and enhancing immune response of freshwater hybrid catfish oil in RAW264.7 cells.

The present study assessed the effect of freshwater hybrid catfish oil (FFO) on the inflammatory status of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and investigated the underlying mechanisms. RAW264.7 cells were supplemented with various concentrations [0.125-2% in 0.5% propylene glycol (v/v)] of FFO with or without LPS (1 µg/ml) for 24 h. Inflammatory cytokines and mediators were quantified using ELISA and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The results revealed that FFO treatment inhibited the secretion and mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α. In line with this, FFO suppressed the expression and secretion of the inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2. FFO also reduced apoptotic body formation and DNA damage. Correspondingly, FFO enhanced the immune response by modulating the cell cycle regulators p53, cyclin D2 and cyclin E2. Accordingly, FFO may be developed as a nutraceutical product to prevent inflammation.

Characteristics of catfish oil, red palm oil and shark liver oil as functional foods

Functional food is a food ingredient in addition to basic needs as nutrients that can also play a functional role in health. This research aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of catfish oil, red palm oil, and shark liver oil as functional food ingredients. The research method was to extract fish oil from belly flap, purify catfish oil, and process red palm oil (RPO) from crude palm oil (CPO). The analysis parameters consisted of sensory analysis, oil chemical characteristics (free fatty acid analysis, peroxide, iodine, saponification, and acid numbers), total carotene, tocopherol, and analysis of fatty acid composition. The results showed that the catfish oil after being purified had sensory characteristics, smelled slightly fishy and semi-solid, and had a bright yellow color. The results of the analysis of chemical characteristics showed that the free fatty acid numbers of catfish oil and shark liver oil were following IFOS standards (1.33 and 0.62%), and the RPO numbers for peroxide and free fatty acids according to the SNI standards (9.56 meq kg and 1.44%). The highest ω-3 and ω- 6 fatty acids were in shark liver oil (3.56 and 35.35%), followed by catfish oil (1.72 and 19.9%). and RPO does not contain ω-3 and ω-6. Catfish oil, RPO, and shark liver oil act as functional foods. The fatty acid composition of catfish, shark liver and red palm oil contains saturated and the fatty acid composition of catfish, shark liver and red palm oil contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Mono and poly unsaturated fatty acid (FUFA anf MUFA) in crude catfish oil, pure catfish oil, shark liver oil, and red palm oils were 56.71, 58.12, 63.81 and 47.39% respectively. The result of analysis showed composition of in catfish oil 1.72 and 19.9 %. The content of and of shark liver oil was 3.5 and 35.5%. Whereas in red palm oil does not Ω 3 and Ω 6. The content of EPA and DHA in shark liver oil was 0.08, 0.09 but not in catfish and red palm oil. The total content of carotene and tocopherol in red palm oil was 513.86 and 925.80 mg/kg, respectively. The nutritional composition of catfish oil, red palm oil, and shark liver oil has the potential to be used as functional food. Keywords:Characteristic physicochemicalCaroteneTocopherolω-3ω-6

Catfish oil supplementation in Bali cattle diet: Effects on rumen fermentation parameters, carboxymethylcellulase and protease activity in vitro

This study aimed to measure the effect of Catfish oil supplementation on rumen pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate: propionate, NH3, microbial protein, carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), and protease activity. There are five treatments conduct on the current study i.e. T0 (control diet: Pennisetum purpupoides (60): wheat pollard (30): soybean meal (10)), T1 (T0 + 2% DM CFO), T2 (T0 + 4% DM CFO), T3 (T0 + 6% DM CFO), T4 (T0 + 8% DM CFO) and each treatment replicated 3 times. The fermentation method was in vitro gas production technique described by Menke and Steingass by incubating samples in the fermentation medium for 48 hours of the incubation period. The statistical analysis result showed that Catfish oil supplementation did not change the value of rumen pH, total VFA, partial VFA, rumen microbial protein and protease activity. Supplementing Catfish oil at the level of 2% and above decreasing the C2:C3 ratio, and when the supplementation increased to the level of 8% could decrease rumen NH3 and CMCase activity. It was concluded that the supplementation of Catfish oil in a ruminant diet could be done up to the level of 6% without giving any negative effect on rumen fermentation.

Determination of Lead (Pb) in Patin Fish Oil (Pangasius hypophthalmus) Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

to chemical contamination due to human activities. Chemical contaminants can come from heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Catfish can be used as a source of fish oil which may also be contaminated with lead metals. This study aims to determine the levels of lead (Pb) heavy metal contamination in the oil extract of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). This research is an experimental laboratory research and the results are presented in descriptive form. The method used is the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The result of the determination of lead metal content in the catfish oil extract was 0 mg/kg.

EFFICACY OF CATFISH (PANGASIUS HYPOPHTHALMUS) OIL TO OVERCOME STUNTING BY REDUCING INFLAMMATORY CONDITION

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) oil on hs-CRP and transthyretin levels of undernourished Wistar rats.
 Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups. Healthy control (KN) is normal rats that consumed a standard diet only and negative control (K-) is undernourished rats that consumed a protein-free diet only. Undernourished rats that consumed a protein free diet and catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) oil at doses 0.020 ml/200 g-body-weight/d, 0.040 ml/200 g-body-weight/d and 0.060 ml/200 g-body-weight/d were classified to P1, P2 and P3 groups, respectively. Hs-CRP is a parameter to evaluate inflammatory condition. Transthyretin and body weight are parameters for measuring nutritional status.
 Results: Treatment of catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) oil on P3 group significantly increases body weight of rats (p<0.05) compare to K-, P1 and P2 groups. There were significant difference of hs-CRP levels in P1, P2 and P3 groups (p<0.05) compare to K-. Hs-CRP levels in P1, P2 and P3 groups compared lower to K-but higher than KN. The mean value of hs-CRP levels in the P3 group (dose 0.060 ml/200 g-body-weight/d) was lower than the other treatment groups. Otherwise, there were no significant difference of TTR levels in P1, P2 and P3 group (p>0.05) compared to K-.
 Conclusion: The present study showed that catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) oil has the potential effect to increase body weight and reduce inflammatory biomarker (hs-CRP) levels but has no effect to increase TTR levels in undernourished Wistar rats.

Characteristics of the Encapsulated Unsaturated Fatty Acid Concentrate of Catfish Oil (Pangasius sp.)

Concentrated unsaturated fatty acids are processed from refined catfish oil extracted from belly meat which is the byproduct of the industry processing pangasius fillets. This belly part contains high enough fat which can be used as a source of essential fatty acids. This essential fatty acid is useful for human health and can reduce the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics of the encapsulated concentrated unsaturated fatty acids that have been produced. This study used a combination of coatings (maltodextrin and sodium caseinate; 9:1, 8:2, 7:3) with a ratio of unsaturated fatty acid concentrate with coating 1:5. The physicochemical characteristics analyzed were microencapsulation efficiency, dried encapsulated yield, emulsion viscosity, wettability, water solubility, morphology (SEM) and hygroscopicity. Based on the results of the study show that the ratio of 9:1 is the most optimal comparison in this study which have the lowest emulsion viscosity 12.60 cP with the efficiency of microencapsulation of 40.91% and the dried encapsulated yield of 47.82%

Photo-Oxidation Stability of Mayonnaise from Striped Catfish and Red Palm Mixture Oil

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of light on the photo-oxidation stability of mayonnaise. The mayonnaise was made from a mixture of 20% striped catfish oil and 80% red palm oil. The treatments were condition storage, namely P1 (coated aluminium foil), P2 (uncoated aluminium foil), and P3 (exposed to a light intensity of 7500 lux) for two days and evaluated every 8 hours. Results showed that the light increased peroxide and TBA value, but decreased total carotene and tocopherol in the mayonnaise. The highest increase of peroxide and TBA value were shown in P3 with k values of 0.0067 meq O2.kg−1.h−1 and 0.0061 mg MDA.kg−1.h−1. The highest decrease of total carotene was shown in P3 with a k value of 0.0155 mg.kg−1.h−1, but the highest decrease of total tocopherol was shown in P1 with a k value of 0.0161 mg.kg−1.h−1. The light affected descriptively but not hedonically characteristics of colour, aroma, texture, and overall assessment of the mayonnaise. The best treatment was P1 with descriptive characteristics of yellowish-orange colour, red palm oil aroma, and very viscous. The hedonic characteristics of P1 were like by panellists on colour and texture but rather like on the aroma.

Characteristics of Oil Mixed Red Palm Oil with Catfish Oil (Pangasius hypothalmus)

Riau Province is the region that has the largest plantation area in Indonesia with 2.4 million hectares of land in 2017 and production contributes 6 million tons per year and contributes 28.2 percent of Indonesia’s total CPO exports. On the other hand, the Kampar and Pelalawan districts are centers for the production of special freshwater fish for catfish (Pangasius hypoptalmus), where from year to year they have increased rapidly. This study aimed to charaterized oil mixed of red palm oil and catfish oil byproduct of catfish fillet. This research was conducted using a one-factor factorial experimental method, namely the difference in the ratio of the mixture between red palm oil and catfish oil. Red palm oil and catfish are stirred in a ratio of 70: 30 (B1), 60: 40 (B2), and 50:50 (B3). A serial of organoleptic and chemical test (saponification rate, iodine number, number acid, and fatty acid profile) were carried out. The results showed saponification rate was - 295.36, iodine concentration was 80.33 and acid number was 0.05. Furthermore, the fat content of each ratio B1 (14.28%, B2 (16.21% and B3 (17.11%), while the types of fatty acids obtained are saturated fatty acids (SAFA), unsaturated fatty acids single (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The quality of the mixture of red oil and catfish oil produced in this study meets the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) standards, in which the best one was B3 (50: 50). It can be interpreted that the mixture can be used as a source of fatty acids needed by the body which contains omega-9 fatty acids, omega-6 and omega-3.

Fatty acid methyl esters from catfish oil as a potential diluent for separation of Co(II) and Li(I) from spent lithium-ion batteries by solvent extraction

ABSTRACT Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from catfish oil, were investigated for its potentiality as friendly substitute for commercial petroleum-based organic diluents to extract Co(II) over Li(I) from the simulated leaching solution using tris-2-ethylhexylamine (TEHA). The results showed that TEHA-in-FAME diluent exhibited higher extraction efficiency of Co(II) and higher separation factor of Co(II) and Li(I) compared to the commercial diluents including kerosene, toluene, and hexane. About 97% of Co (II) from the simulated leaching solution containing Li(I) were obtained in counter-current extraction and stripping experiments by TEHA-in-FAME using dilute HCl solutions. The extraction capacity of the regenerated TEHA-in-FAME was almost unchanged after five recycling stages of extraction and stripping processes, indicating that FAME was an effective diluent for replacement of the commercial diluents.