Categories Of Writers Research Articles

Lexical verbs of hedging in English research articles by native and non-native speakers

This study aims to compare verb variation and the functions of hedges used in English scientific research articles written by English native speakers (NS) and non-native speakers from Indonesia (NNS). The data were collected from a corpus of 30 international journal articles. The analysis was conducted quantitatively using a normalization system and statistical tests to determine the frequency and distribution of lexical verbs and qualitatively using Palmer’s (2001) and Hyland’s (1996) hedging model to identify the forms and specific functions of the hedges. The findings demonstrate that both NS and NNS used speculative, deductive, quotative, and sensorial verbs as hedges. However, NS used speculative and sensorial verbs more frequently, while NNS used deductive and quotative verbs more frequently. Statistically, the frequency and distribution of hedges in the two categories of writers were not significantly different. Both NS and NNS tend to use lexical verbs to protect themselves as writers by limiting personal commitments and to protect their readers by anticipating rejection based on subjectivity. These findings contribute to the understanding of hedging use in academic writing by NNS from Indonesia and provide implications for English language teaching and learning.

Important Features Selection and Classification of Adult and Child from Handwriting Using Machine Learning Methods

The classification of different age groups, such as adult and child, based on handwriting is very important due to its various applications in many different fields. In forensics, handwriting classification helps investigators focus on a certain category of writers. This paper aimed to propose a machine-learning (ML)-based approach for automatically classifying people as adults or children based on their handwritten data. This study utilized two types of handwritten databases: handwritten text and handwritten pattern, which were collected using a pen tablet. The handwritten text database had 57 subjects (adult: 26 vs. child: 31). Each subject (adult or child) wrote the same 30 words using Japanese hiragana characters. The handwritten pattern database had 81 subjects (adult: 42 and child: 39). Each subject (adult or child) drew four different lines as zigzag lines (trace condition and predict condition), and periodic lines (trace condition and predict condition) and repeated these line tasks three times. Handwriting classification of adult and child is performed in three steps: (i) feature extraction; (ii) feature selection; and (iii) classification. We extracted 30 features from both handwritten text and handwritten pattern datasets. The most efficient features were selected using sequential forward floating selection (SFFS) method and the optimal parameters were selected. Then two ML-based approaches, namely, support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) were applied to classify adult and child. Our findings showed that RF produced up to 93.5% accuracy for handwritten text and 89.8% accuracy for handwritten pattern databases. We hope that this study will provide the evidence of the possibility of classifying adult and child based on handwriting text and handwriting pattern data.

Lyrical Works of Elise Mercer: Toward a Typology of Poets of French Romanticism

As part of the development of the typology of the authors of French romanticism, the creative type represented by the French poetess Élisa Mercœur is determined (Élisa Mercœur, 1809—1835). The relevance of the work is due to the fact that the creation of a typology is a way both to streamline the studied material and to explore new, operating not with a disparate set of facts and subjective opinions, but with generalized conventional concepts. It is noted that the materials about Élisa Mercœur are currently in a state that requires such a typological design. As a result of the study, it was established that the poet, on the one hand, belongs to the category of writers whose biographies are mythologized in a romantic spirit. On the other hand, it is shown that she belongs to a rather numerous category of romantic writers who have creative abilities in the absence of a vivid originality and therefore are intended to popularize the achievements of outstanding authors, practically creating a “language of direction”, but nevertheless developing their own themes (mostly related to the privacy of authors). A typology of creative models of romantic lyrics is proposed in the article; one of the models that combines the authenticity of feelings and moderate complexity of the language of expression is the original work of Élisa Mercœur.

Automatic prediction of age, gender, and nationality in offline handwriting

The classification of handwriting into different categories, such as age, gender, and nationality, has several applications. In forensics, handwriting classification helps investigators focus on a certain category of writers. However, only a few studies have been carried out in this field. Classification of handwriting into a demographic category is generally performed in two steps: feature extraction and classification. The performance of a system depends mainly on the feature extraction step because characterizing features makes it possible to distinguish between writers. In this study, we propose several geometric features to characterize handwritings and use these features to perform the classification of handwritings with regards to age, gender, and nationality. Features are combined using random forests and kernel discriminant analysis. Classification rates are reported on the QUWI dataset, reaching 74.05% for gender prediction, 55.76% for age range prediction, and 53.66% for nationality prediction when all writers produce the same handwritten text and 73.59% for gender prediction, 60.62% for age range prediction, and 47.98% for nationality prediction when each writer produces different handwritten text.

AN EFFICIENT POST PROCESSING ALGORITHM FOR ONLINE HANDWRITING GURMUKHI CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING SET THEORY

In this paper, a post processor for accuracy of character recognition of real-time online Gurmukhi script has been developed. Our analysis is based on dataset consisting of 184 samples of each 45 characters of Gurmukhi script collected from four different categories of writers. Based on this extensive study, we propose an efficient algorithm for online handwritten Gurmukhi character recognition that achieves promising recognition accuracy of 95.6% for single character stroke sequencing. Beside character recognition the contribution in this paper is summarized in two folds as (i) the proposed scheme resolves stroke sequencing, (ii) overwritten strokes are identified and resolved. Moreover, for every stroke, complexity of adding new stroke for Gurmukhi character formation has been computed to be O(n).

In search of a 'crude fancy of childhood': deconstructing mercantilism

This paper argues against the unity of ‘mercantilism’, refuting a rational reconstruction that underestimates both the diversity of early modern European economists and their writings, and the depth of their analyses. Beginning with a brief examination of the origins of ‘mercantilism’ and the evolution of perceptions of it, we examine the various readings proposed of ‘mercantilist’ writings (classical ‘reconstruction’, the German historical school and then contemporary work). The ‘deconstruction’ undertaken here does not aim to demonstrate that pre-classical writings were devoid of any conceptualisation or internal coherence. However, contemporary readers must make some effort to grasp the concepts used and engage with the proposals made. To this end it might be useful to propose an initial classification of authors based on their social position. The paper identifies different categories of writers and proposes new combinations of authors, reflecting the range of economic, and especially monetary, thinking of the period, with reference to the position of those authors relative to the spheres of government in Europe. This categorisation takes account of the social position of the authors, so as to identify any implications it might have for their concerns and their proposals. We first identify three categories of writers who are generally outside those spheres (late scholastics, economic philosophers and pamphleteers); then two categories of ‘insiders’ (officers of the mint and treasury administrators). The closeness of authors to the regime significantly influenced their writings.

Meaning making: What reflective essays reveal about biology students’ conceptions about natural selection

The process of reflective writing can play a central role in making meaning as learners process new information and connect it to prior knowledge. An examination of the written discourse can therefore be revealing of learners’ cognitive understanding and affective (beliefs, feelings, motivation to learn) responses to concepts. Despite reflective writing being an important learning tool, the role of this genre in upper-division college biology courses has not been well studied. This paper examines how nineteen physiological ecology students wrote about their understanding of natural selection and adaptations in ten reflective essays and describes how a model of student meaning making was developed. Qualitative essay analysis (through a triangulation of data: class observations; essays; and transcribed interviews) revealed that students could be classified into four categories of writers: subjective (personal, affective connections); objective (conceptual, cognitive connections); authentic (both affective and cognitive connections); and superficial (no supportive connections or claims). In-depth case studies illustrating these four categories are presented. Implications for college science instruction are discussed.

Opening Day: The Story of Jackie Robinson's First Season (review)

Reviewed by: Opening Day: The Story of Jackie Robinson’s First Season Steve Treder Jonathan Eig. Opening Day: The Story of Jackie Robinson’s First Season. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. 323 pp. Cloth, $26.00. This is a truly great era in which to be a baseball fan. I know, there are plenty of downsides to today's baseball experience. There's the overhyped, oversaturated media coverage; there's the insipid, loud music blaring from ballpark speakers; there's interleague play and the designated hitter; there's too much Joe Buck and Thom Brenneman and too little Jon Miller and Vin Scully; there's the ugly, self-righteous, and spectacularly hypocritical steroids scandal; and, of course, there's Bud Selig. [End Page 121] I know all that. But against all that we have the upsides too. We have players from multiple continents performing at a skill level never matched in history; we have the near-extinction of artificial turf; we have resurgent and prosperous Minor League ball; we have SABR and baseball-reference.com and NINE; and we have an ever-expanding library of great baseball writing, being richly nourished by the work of Jonathan Eig. I think the upsides have it. It used to be the case that popular baseball biographies and histories were written only by "baseball writers," that is, newspaper beat scribes who earned enough seniority and following to snag a book contract. Not that some of these writers and their books weren't first rate, but the candid fact is that most weren't: the great majority of biographies and histories produced by this category of writers were on the shallow side, tending to fawn on their subjects, betraying more of a fan's passion than a scholar's insight. But recent years have provided us with something new. In the 1990s, the late David Halberstam, the hugely famous Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist and author, turned his attention to the subject of baseball in two histories, Summer of '49 and October 1964. In 2006 David Maraniss, a Washington Post editor and highly regarded political reporter (indeed, a Pulitzer winner himself), a biographer of both Bill Clinton and Al Gore, produced Clemente: The Passion and Grace of Baseball's Last Hero, the first worthy biography of Roberto Clemente. All three were popular successes. None was a great book: I found them to be more ambitious in scope than fulfilling in execution. But the fact is that all three were ambitious in scope, certainly more so than the typical, traditional sports book; though flawed in some respects, they were intellectually serious works, transcending the established limits of the genre. Enter Jonathan Eig: the former executive editor of Chicago magazine and a senior writer for the Wall Street Journal, he isn't a "baseball writer" either. Eig ventured into the baseball field in 2005 with his biography of Lou Gehrig, Luckiest Man. That was a terrific piece of scholarship and writing: one might have thought there was nothing new to learn about the legendary "Iron Horse," but through unprecedented access to Gehrig's personal correspondence, Eig taught us a great deal. Eig has followed up that triumph with another. Here again we have a subject that might be seen as played-out: just what hasn't been written about Jackie Robinson? But again Eig has picked up a hard nut and cracked it open with exquisite skill. Essentially, Eig has revealed secrets about this towering figure that were hiding in plain sight. Rather than a full-fledged Robinson biography or a sweeping examination of his place within the broader Civil Rights/U.S. history realms, Eig focuses on the events of the 1947 baseball season itself. [End Page 122] It was, after all, those precise events that unfolded from April through October in 1947—and most critically, those that transpired in the spring, in the first tense and uncertain days of Robinson's introduction to the Major Leagues—upon which hinged all the rest of Robinson's amazing and far-reaching contribution to baseball, to the United States, and to, as Roger Kahn put it in The Boys of Summer, "all the family of man." And for those...

Translating Bilinguality

Translation is often defined as interlingual transfer, with correspondences sought between two languages. But what if the original text is written in more than one language? This paper addresses a number of situations where bilinguality impacts on the translation process and problematizes conventional concepts of translation. Several categories of examples are discussed. The first of these involves texts (by Tolstoy and Hemingway) into which isolated stretches of a second language are incorporated. Then there are fictional works where a second language is extensively deployed, but already translated for the reader. Examples are works by Buck, Clavell and Maugham, where Chinese characters are made to speak English and the novelists have to play the role of translators. Finally, there are ‘postmodern’ texts wherein the author inhabits, as it were, two linguistic realms: those of his or her mother tongue and the acquired tongue. The discussion here will revolve around two distinct groups of writers: those who are competent in more than one language and blend the features of two or more languages in their work (like James Joyce) and those who are proficient in one language but have ‘mother-tongue’ knowledge about another (like Maxine Hong Kingston). A close examination of works by the last category of writers in translation reveals the limits of existing translation theories which are based on a bilingual, one-to-one model and which do not take into consideration features of ‘interlinguality’ and ‘intralinguality’ within texts.

Bibliographie Kateb Yacine (review)

Reviewed by: Bibliographie Kateb Yacine Aïda A. Bamia (bio) Bibliographie Kateb Yacine, by Charles Bonn et la Coordination internationale des chercheurs sur les littératures maghrébines. Avant-propos de Naget Khadda. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997. 184 pp. ISBN 2-7384-5180-2 paper. It is rather more common in the field of literature to produce bibliographies around a theme, a period, or a literary genre. Charles Bonn has headed many such efforts that resulted in bibliographies that greatly facilitated the work of students as well as researchers. They also provided a convenient check against the duplication of studies on the same topic. Moreover, they allowed a greater communication among researchers in the broadening circle of interest that Maghribi literature is achieving in this last quarter of the twentieth century. It is generally a prolific writer who creates the need, and induces the efforts of researchers to devote a whole bibliography book to a single author. Yet Kateb Yacine does not fall in this category of writers, since his literary production is rather modest. It is important, therefore, to seek the reason that motivated Charles Bonn and his research group to compile a bibliography devoted solely to this Algerian author. Yacine's importance, as every student of Maghribi literature knows, is based on the quality of his work rather than the quantity. It stems from the original and highly symbolic nature of his writings. In their efforts to uncover the significance of his allegories and metaphors, researchers produced an array of critical writings, disproportional to the size of the author's literary production. Kateb Yacine is, in fact, a unique author whose rather difficult and originally structured texts keep researchers on their toes. The explosive nature of his style attracted particular attention as well. It was as if the critics and the researchers reveled in the challenge for the interpretation of the diverse images and figures of speech in Kateb's writings. Prefaced by Naget Khadda, Bibliographie Kateb Yacine is introduced by Charles Bonn, director of the reference bank that served as the base for this bibliography. Bonn has long been working on a computer-based reference project for Maghribi literature known as Limag. It is now a PC program on its way to be posted on the Internet. Bibliographie Kateb Yacine is divided into two major sections, the first listing Yacine's creative work, beginning with his books, followed by his short texts, in periodicals, collections, and [End Page 215] anthologies. Mentioned also are translations of his books as well as second editions. Listed among his writings are his interviews in the press and prefaces he wrote to other books. The second part of the Bibliographie deals with works of criticism on Yacine's writings. The references are organized according to the type of the critical work: dissertations, colloquiums, books, journal articles, and special issues of journals. The publication of Bibliographie Kateb Yacine is an indication not only of the importance of the writer in the field of Maghribi literature, but also a proof of the interest that this whole literature has aroused in the English-speaking world as well as the new place it occupies, at present, in French literary and academic circles. It now stands on its own merit, as an independent literature, and no longer as an appendage of French literature. Yacine, who thirty years ago used to be cited in dictionaries and anthologies of French literature, has finally recovered his identity. Searching for Maghribi writers used to be a real adventure and a courageous endeavor for researchers, as it required efforts similar in many ways to those of an archeologist. They consisted of a meticulous and tedious combing of the pages of dusty and voluminous newspapers and journals. From the Bibliothèque Nationale in Algiers to the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, to the shelves of the Parisian and Algerian bookstores, researchers used to go on a real treasure hunt to locate the books of Maghribi writers. For many of the early researchers, pioneers like Charles Bonn, the road from the tiny library of the Pères Blancs in Algiers where aspiring students consulted Jean Déjeux's collections of rare books, to the...

Sin in Contemporary Literature

“There is … a category of writers who, without being believers, are what the Germans call ‘God-intoxicated. ’ Such people sense, often in an unfocused way, the outspread wing of the avenging angel casting its shadow over their world. … [T]hey do not deal with individual guilt so much as a kind of generalized, universal stain, original sin in the precise theological meaning of that term.”

Symbolism in French literature

To talk of Symbolism in French literature may be ambiguous, as two different categories of writers have been grouped under this generic term: the symbolists stricto sensu, such as Moréas or Viélé-Griffin, who were mostly minor poets, and some great figures of French literature. The aim of this article is to show that, although Symbolism as an organized movement did not produce any important contribution, the nineteenth century witnessed indeed the emergence of a new trend, common to several poets who were inclined to do away with the heritage of the classical school. These poets - of whom Baudelaire, Verlaine, Rimbaud and Mallarmé are the most renowned, although they did not really associate with the symbolist school, created individualistic poetry of the foremost rank.

Towards a decolonized English: South Asian creativity in fiction

ABSTRACT: English is increasingly being used in South Asian countries like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka not only for purposes of higher education and national administration but also for creative purposes. The objective of this paper is to investigate briefly how some South Asian novelists who used English as their chosen instrument of communication are seeking, in the memorable phrase of Salman Rushdie, to ‘decolonize English’ so as to capture the deep structures and lineaments of national cultures and make English a more authentic vehicle of expression of the sensibility and the consciousness of the people. One can identify two categories of writers in South Asia who are using English for creative purposes. First, writers like R. K. Narayan, Kamala Markandaya, Anita Desai and Ahamad Ali who wish to dilate the English language so that it can creatively accommodate South Asian experiences and modes of feeling. Here, the language is extended, expanded, but no structural change is being effected. Second, writers like Raja Rao, G. V. Desani and Salman Rushdie are involved in a process of nativization of English. In them we notice a more conscious linguistic experimentation at several levels. The outcome of this collective effort, it is contended, will lead to a ‘decolonization of English.’ This decolonization of the language goes hand in hand with a desire to make it a more penetrating tool of artistic exploration. It is argued here that in the long run ‘decolonization’ of the language will prove to be its greatest boon.

Henry James and the Economic Motif

Research Article| September 01 1953 Henry James and the Economic Motif Bradford A. Booth Bradford A. Booth Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Nineteenth-Century Fiction (1953) 8 (2): 141–150. https://doi.org/10.2307/3044439 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Bradford A. Booth; Henry James and the Economic Motif. Nineteenth-Century Fiction 1 September 1953; 8 (2): 141–150. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3044439 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentNineteenth-Century Literature Search This content is only available via PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.