Categories Of Intake Research Articles

Citrus fruit intake and lung cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies

ObjectiveTo explore the hypothesis that Citrus intake may reduce the risk of lung cancer. DesignMeta-analyses of Dichotomy and dose-response relationship. Data sourcesWe searched online literature databases including PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library to screen relevant articles available up to 27 July 2020. Search terms included (i) Citrus, Fruit, Diet, Dietary; (ii) cancer, neoplasm, tumor (iii)lung; (iv)case-control, cohort, prospective. Study selectionThe selection of studies and the meta-analysis were carried out by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The following inclusion criteria were chosen: (i) epidemiological studies with case-control or cohort design; (ii) human participants; (iii) studies investigated the relationship between Citrus fruit intake and lung cancer risk; (iv) if data were duplicated in more than two studies, we brought the most recent or all-sided study into this analysis. We collected all full-text articles that met the inclusion criteria. We applied the following exclusion criteria to the full-text articles, including possible articles listed by manual search: (i) there was no represented odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) estimate and its corresponding 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) (or data to calculate them) for the highest versus lowest levels of Citrus fruit consumption (ii) reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses; (iii) there was no data of Citrus fruit intake at the individual level. Data extractionTwo reviewers independently performed the extraction of data from eligible studies. Statistical methodsAdjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % CIs were combined and weighted by the method of “Dersimonian and Laird” to produce pooled ORs using a random-effects model. Moreover, we utilized the method reported by “Longnecker and Greenland” to evaluate linear trends and 95 % CIs by the ORs’ natural logs and corresponding CIs from categories of Citrus intake. Finally, we evaluated the risk of publication bias and selection bias by inspecting for asymmetry in the pre-specified funnel plots of the study OR against the standard error of the OR’s logarithm and by “Egger’s test”. ResultsWe included twenty-one studies in the final review. Pooled analyses suggested that those with the highest Citrus fruit intake compared to the lowest intake had a 9% reduction in lung cancer risk [OR 0.91 (95 % CI 0.84–0.98)]. We found a nonlinear association between Citrus intake and lung cancer risk in the dose-response analysis (p = 0.0054) and that the risk reached the minimum (OR = 0.91) around 60 g/d. However, no obvious dose-response association was observed with intakes above 80 g/d. ConclusionWe found that Citrus fruit intake was negatively associated with the risk of lung cancer. Besides, there was a nonlinear dose-response relationship between Citrus intake and lung cancer risk within a certain range.

Alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes and bleeding in patients with established atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND:Little is known about the association between alcohol consumption and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with established atrial fibrillation (AF). The main aim of the current study was to investigate the associations of regular alcohol intake with incident stroke or systemic embolism in patients with established AF.METHODS:To assess the association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular events in patients with established AF, we combined data from 2 comparable prospective cohort studies that followed 3852 patients with AF for a median of 3.0 years. Patients were grouped into 4 categories of daily alcohol intake (none, > 0 to < 1, 1 to < 2 and ≥ 2 drinks/d). The primary outcome was a composite of stroke and systemic embolism. Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, hospital admission for acute heart failure, and a composite of major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding. Associations were assessed using time-updated, multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models.RESULTS:Mean age (± standard deviation) was 71 ± 10 years (28% were women and 84% were on oral anticoagulants). We observed 136 confirmed strokes or systemic emboli. Compared with nondrinkers, adjusted hazard ratios for the primary outcome event were 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55–1.37 for > 0 to < 1 drinks/d; 0.70, 95% CI 0.39–1.25 for 1 to < 2 drinks/d; and 0.96, 95% CI 0.56–1.67 for ≥ 2 drinks/d (p for linear [quadratic] trend 0.71 [0.22]). There was no significant association between alcohol consumption and bleeding, but there was a nonlinear association with heart failure (p for quadratic trend 0.01) and myocardial infarction (p for quadratic trend 0.007).INTERPRETATION:In patients with AF, we did not find a significant association between low to moderate alcohol intake and risk of stroke or other cardiovascular events. Our findings do not support special recommendations for patients with established AF with regard to alcohol consumption. Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT02105844

The effect of folate intake on ovarian cancer risk: A meta-analysis of observational studies.

Background:Previous publications studied the correction about folate intake and ovarian cancer risk, with inconsistent results. This meta-analysis aimed to explore the association between folate intake and ovarian cancer risk using the existing published articles.Method:We searched for relevant studies in electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, and Wanfang databases from inception to May 31, 2020. The overall relative risk (RR) and its 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were pooled using a random-effect model.Results:A total of 12 articles with 6304 ovarian cancer cases were suitable for the inclusion criteria. The evaluated of the ovarian cancer risk with total folate intake and dietary folate intake were reported in 6 articles and 10 articles, respectively. Overall, highest category of dietary folate intake compared with lowest category had nonsignificant association on the risk of ovarian cancer (RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.77–1.06). The association was not significant between total folate intake and ovarian cancer risk (RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.89–1.27). The results in subgroup analyses by study design and geographic location were not changed either in dietary folate intake analysis or in total folate intake analysis.Conclusion:Our meta-analysis demonstrates that folate intake had no significant association on the risk of ovarian cancer. Study design and geographic location were not associated with ovarian cancer while some other related factors were not investigated due to the limited information provided in each included study. Therefore, further studies are needed to verify our results.

Coffee and type 2 diabetes risk: Is the association mediated by adiponectin, leptin, c-reactive protein or Interleukin-6? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Coffee and diabetes risk association has been demonstrated in numerous studies; however, the exact mechanism has not been clarified yet. The present meta-analysis was conducted to cover the current knowledge regarding the effect of coffee on Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), in addition to the evaluation of adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels among coffee consumers as relatively possible mediators of this effect. A comprehensive search of the literature was carried out using search engines up to March 2020. The effect sizes were investigated using the standardised mean difference (SMD) and odds ratios (OR) or relative risk (RR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 69 cross-sectional and cohort studies were included and divided as follows: 31 articles for T2D risk, 15 studies for adiponectin, 6 studies for leptin, 12 studies for CRP and 5 studies for IL-6. Overall, coffee consumption was inversely associated with T2D risk with an estimated pooled RR of 0.73 (95% confidence interval [0.68, 0.80] for the highest vs lowest coffee consumption categories. The combined SMD between the different coffee intake categories, showed that coffee consumption was associated with higher adiponectin levels (P=.002), and lower level of leptin (P=.04) and CRP (P=.2), with apparently no change in IL-6 levels (P=.91). The present meta-analysis showed strong epidemiological evidence that coffee consumption is inversely associated with the risk of T2D. Also, adiponectin, leptin concentrations appeared to be potential mediators of the coffee effect on diabetes, while IL-6 levels did not.

The Potential of Multi-Biomarker Panels in Nutrition Research: Total Fruit Intake as an Example.

Dietary and food intake biomarkers offer the potential of improving the accuracy of dietary assessment. An extensive range of putative intake biomarkers of commonly consumed foods have been identified to date. As the field of food intake biomarkers progresses toward solving the complexities of dietary habits, combining biomarkers associated with single foods or food groups may be required. The objective of this work was to examine the ability of a multi-biomarker panel to classify individuals into categories of fruit intake. Biomarker data was measured using 1H NMR spectroscopy in two studies: (1) An intervention study where varying amounts of fruit was consumed and (2) the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS). Using data from an intervention study a biomarker panel (Proline betaine, Hippurate, and Xylose) was constructed from three urinary biomarker concentrations. Biomarker cut-off values for three categories of fruit intake were developed. The biomarker sum cut-offs were ≤ 4.766, 4.766–5.976, >5.976 μM/mOsm/kg for <100, 101–160, and >160 g fruit intake. The ability of the biomarker sum to classify individuals into categories of fruit intake was examined in the cross-sectional study (NANS) (N = 565). Examination of results in the cross-sectional study revealed excellent agreement with self-reported intake: a similar number of participants were ranked into each category of fruit intake. The work illustrates the potential of multi-biomarker panels and paves the way forward for further development in the field. The use of such panels may be key to distinguishing foods and adding specificity to the predictions of food intake.

Association between intake of white rice and incident type 2 diabetes – An updated meta-analysis

AimsMeta-analyses on the association between white rice intake and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been inconsistent. Since the last meta-analysis, more studies have been published with inconsistent results. We aimed to examine the rice-T2D association in Asian populations in an updated meta-analysis. MethodsWe systematically searched the Medline and Embase databases between January 2012 (the date of the first meta-analysis) and December 2020 for prospective studies examining T2D risk and baseline rice intake. Random-effects models were applied to pool relative risks (RRs). Meta regression analyses were used to evaluate the influence of sex. ResultsSix articles with eleven comparisons in Asian countries were included in the current meta-analysis. A total of 12,395 incident T2D cases were ascertained from 256,818 participants. The pooled RR was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17–1.33) comparing extreme categories of rice intake with higher heterogeneity (I2 = 88%, P < 0.0001). When stratified by sex, the RR was 1.58 (1.26–1.99) among women and 1.30 (0.85–1.98) among men (P-interaction = 0.42). ConclusionsA positive association between rice intake and incident T2D in Asian populations was found, especially among women.

Frequency of Bowel Movements and Risk of Diverticulitis

The etiology of diverticulitis is poorly understood. The long-held belief that constipation and low-fiber diet are risk factors for diverticulosis has recently been challenged by studies that suggest that more frequent bowel movements predispose to diverticulosis. We aim to prospectively explore the association between bowel movement frequency and incident diverticulitis. We studied participants of the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Health Professional Follow-up Study (HPFS). Participants' medical history, lifestyle factors and diet were used in Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios(HRs) and 95% confidence intervals(CI). In the NHS during over 24 years of follow-up encompassing 1,299,922 person-years, we documented 5,214 incident cases of diverticulitis, and in the HPFS over 14 years encompassing 368,661 person-years of follow-up, we documented 390 incident cases of diverticulitis. We observed an inverse association between the frequency of bowel movements and risk of diverticulitis. In the NHS, compared with women who had daily bowel movements, those with more than once daily bowel movements had a HR of 1.30 (95% CI, 1.19, 1.42) and those with less frequent bowel movements had a HR of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.82, 0.95; p-trend<0.0001). In the HPFS, the corresponding HRs were 1.29 (95% CI, 1.04, 1.59) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.36, 1.03; p-trend=0.003). The association between bowel movements and diverticulitis was not modified by categories of age, BMI, physical activity, laxative use or fiber intake. More frequent bowel movements appear to be a risk factor for subsequent diverticulitis both in men and women. Further studies are needed to understand the potential mechanisms that may underlie this association.

Association between dietary fat intake and odds of Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disorder. (GERD) in Iranian adults

Background:Most information on the association of dietary fat intake and gastro-esophageal reflux disorder (GERD) came from developed countries, where lifestyle and other dietary components might be different from those in developing countries. This cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to investigate the association between dietary fat intake and odds of having GERD in a large group of Iranian population.Study Design:This cross-sectional study was done among 3362 adult population in Isfahan, Iran. Dietary intakes were collected by the use of a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.Methods:Assessment of GERD was done using a validated self-administered questionnaire examining the frequency of heartburn in the last 3 months. Individuals with the presence of heartburn symptoms sometimes, often or always during the last 3 months were defined as having GERD.Results:Participants in the top category of dietary fat intake had higher daily intakes of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients. Dietary intakes of all food groups were also significantly higher among those in the top quintile as compared with those in the bottom category of dietary fat intake (P < 0.001 for all). There were no significant associations between dietary fat intake and incidence of GERD in general population. Crude and multivariable-adjusted models revealed no significant associations between dietary fat intake and having GERD in either gender.Conclusions:We found no significant association between dietary fat intake and odds of having GERD in this population. Further studies, in particular of prospective designs, are warranted to clarify this association.

Utilizing an electronic feeder to measure individual mineral intake, feeding behavior, and growth performance of cow-calf pairs grazing native range.

Crossbred Angus cow–calf pairs (n = 28 pairs) at the Central Grasslands Research Extension Center (Streeter, ND) were used to evaluate an electronic feeder to monitor individual mineral intake and feeding behavior and their relationship with growth performance and liver mineral concentrations. Cows and calves were fitted with radio frequency identification ear tags that allowed access to an electronic feeder (SmartFeed system; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) and were provided ad libitum minerals (Purina Wind and Rain Storm, Land O’Lakes, Inc., Arden Hills, MN). Mineral intake, number of visits, and duration at the feeder were recorded over a 95-d monitoring period while pairs were grazing native range. Liver biopsies were collected from a subset of cows on the final day of monitoring and analyzed for mineral concentrations. Data were analyzed with the GLM procedure in SAS for mineral intake and feeding behavior with age class (cows vs. calves), intake category (high vs. low), and the interaction between class and category in the model. Correlations were calculated among cow feeding behavior and calf intake and growth performance with the CORR procedure, and a comparison of liver mineral concentrations among cows of high (>90 g/d; average 125.4 g/d) and low (<90 g/d; average 33.5 g/d) mineral intake was performed using the GLM procedure. High-intake calves (>50 g/d; average 72.2 g/d) consumed greater (P < 0.001) amounts of minerals than low-intake calves (<50 g/d; average 22.2 g/d) intake calves. Cows and calves attended the mineral feeder a similar (P = 0.71) proportion of the days during the experiment (overall mean of 20%, or once every 5 d). On days calves visited the feeder, they consumed less (P < 0.01) minerals than cows (222 ± 27 vs. 356 ± 26 g/d, respectively). Over the grazing period, calves gained 1.17 ± 0.02 kg/d, whereas cows lost 0.35 ± 0.02 kg/d. Calf mineral intake was correlated with cow duration at the mineral feeder (r = 0.403, P = 0.05). Cows with high mineral intake had greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of Se (2.92 vs. 2.41 ug/g), Cu (247 vs. 116 ug/g), and Co (0.51 vs. 0.27 ug/g) compared with low mineral intake cows, but liver concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mo, and Mn did not differ (P ≥ 0.22). We were able to successfully monitor individual mineral intake and feeding behavior with the electronic feeder evaluated, and the divergence in mineral intake observed with the feeder was corroborated by concentrations of minerals in the liver.

Lignans intake and enterolactone concentration and prognosis of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Some literature has studied the relationship between lignans intake and its metabolite, enterolactone, and breast cancer survival, but the results are far from consistent and conclusive. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in this situation.Methods: From its inception to August 2020, we conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. This study reported the correlation between lignans intake and serum enterolactone concentrations and prognosis of breast carcinoma. The total hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated, comparing the highest versus the lowest category of lignans intake and serum enterolactone concentrations, using a fixed or random-effects effect model.Results: A total of 6 articles were included in reporting the all-cause mortality (ACM), breast cancer-specific mortality (BCSM), and recurrence of 2668, 1516, and 474 breast cancer patients in 18053 breast cancer patients. In postmenopausal women with breast cancer, lignans intake or enterolactone concentrations were associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (maximum and minimum) (pooled HR = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.58-0.91), as was the association with breast cancer-specific mortality (maximum and minimum) (pooled HR = 0.72, 95% CI, 0.60, 0.87). Stratified analysis showed that exposure type and diagnosis time might be the sources of heterogeneity. In premenopausal women, the relationship seemed to be the opposite, showing an increased risk of all-cause mortality (maximum and minimum) in breast cancer patients (pooled HR = 1.57, 95% CI, 1.11-2.23). No significant association was found between lignans intake or enterolactone concentrations and breast cancer recurrence (pooled HR = 0.91, 95% CI, 0.69, 1.20).Conclusion: This study provides limited evidence that lignans intake and higher serum enterolactone concentrations in postmenopausal women are beneficial to breast cancer patients' prognosis. In premenopausal women, however, the relationship may be reversed.

Development and validation of food frequency questionnaire for food and nutrient intakes of adults in Butajira, Southern Ethiopia.

We developed a culturally-specific Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to the Ethiopian context and evaluate its validity in comparison to two 24-h dietary recalls (24-HRs) of food and nutrient intake. To evaluate the validity of a culturally-specific FFQ against two 24-HRs, we used a paired t-test, Wilcoxon-signed-rank test, Correlation coefficients, cross-classification, κ and Bland-Altman analysis. The FFQ was obtained 15 d after the second 24-HR was completed. A total of 105 adults, of which 43 (41 %) were men and 62 (59 %) women, aged 20-65 years participated in this present study. Mean energy and macronutrient intake obtained from the FFQ were significantly higher than those obtained from the mean of two 24-HRs. For energy and nutrient intakes, the crude correlation ranged from 0⋅05 (total fat) to 0⋅49 (vitamin B1). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from to 0⋅10 (total fat) to 0⋅80 (vitamin A). For the majority of food groups, no significant difference was observed in the median intake of food and nutrients. Crude correlation for food groups ranged from 0⋅12 (egg) to 0⋅78 (legumes). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from 0⋅24 (egg) to 1⋅00 (meat/poultry/fish and dairy). The FFQ is valid to assess and rank individuals in terms of intake of most food groups according to high and low intake categories.

Associations Between Added Sugar Intake and Risk of Four Different Cardiovascular Diseases in a Swedish Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.

Aims: Although diet is one of the main modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease, few studies have investigated the association between added sugar intake and cardiovascular disease risk. This study aims to investigate the associations between intake of total added sugar, different sugar-sweetened foods and beverages, and the risks of stroke, coronary events, atrial fibrillation and aortic stenosis.Methods: The study population consists of 25,877 individuals from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, a Swedish population-based prospective cohort. Dietary data were collected using a modified diet history method. National registers were used for outcome ascertainment.Results: During the mean follow-up of 19.5 years, there were 2,580 stroke cases, 2,840 coronary events, 4,241 atrial fibrillation cases, and 669 aortic stenosis cases. Added sugar intakes above 20 energy percentage were associated with increased risk of coronary events compared to the lowest intake category (HR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.09–1.78), and increased stroke risk compared to intakes between 7.5 and 10 energy percentage (HR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.03 and 1.66). Subjects in the lowest intake group for added sugar had the highest risk of atrial fibrillation and aortic stenosis. More than 8 servings/week of sugar-sweetened beverages were associated with increased stroke risk, while ≤2 servings/week of treats were associated with the highest risks of stroke, coronary events and atrial fibrillation.Conclusion: The results indicate that the associations between different added sugar sources and cardiovascular diseases vary. These findings emphasize the complexity of the studied associations and the importance of considering different added sugar sources when investigating health outcomes.

Fermented and nonfermented soy foods and the risk of breast cancer in a Japanese population-based cohort study.

BackgroundAlthough preclinical studies suggest that fermented soy foods may have a protective effect against breast cancer, no prospective cohort studies have examined this association.ObjectiveOur study examined the association between fermented and nonfermented soy food intake and breast cancer risk using a population‐based prospective cohort study in Japan.MethodsWe included a total of 47,614 women aged 45–74 years in an analysis of the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study (JPHC Study). A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used for the assessment of dietary intake. Breast cancer incidence was analyzed by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsDuring an average of 15.5 years of follow‐up, 825 breast cancer cases were newly identified. We found no association of intake of soy foods with breast cancer risk, regardless of fermentation, with multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the highest quartiles of fermented and nonfermented soy food intake of 0.94 (0.67, 1.32) and 1.15 (0.85, 1.57) compared with the lowest quartile (p for trend = 0.305 and 0.393). Unlike nonfermented soy, higher intake of fermented soy foods was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of nonlocalized breast cancer. The HR and 95% CI in the highest compared to lowest intake category of fermented soy foods was 0.53 (0.28, 0.99) versus nonfermented soy foods 0.85 (0.51, 1.42) (p for trend = 0.026 and 0.797).ConclusionsOur analyses showed that fermented soy foods had no association with overall breast cancer but may be associated with decreased risk of nonlocalized breast cancer.

Predictive effect of salt intake on patient and kidney survival in non-dialysis CKD: competing risk analysis in older versus younger patients under nephrology care.

The optimal level of salt intake remains ill-defined in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients under regular nephrology care. This unanswered question becomes critical in older patients who are exposed to higher risk of worsening of cardiorenal disease due to volemic changes. In this pooled analysis of four prospective studies in CKD, we compared the risk of all-cause mortality and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) between patients ≤65 and >65 years of age stratified by salt intake level (<6, 6-8 and >8 g/day) estimated from two measurements of 24-h urinary sodium. The cohort included 1785 patients. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was 37 ± 21 mL/min/1.73 m2 overall, 41 ± 25 in younger patients and 34 ± 16 in older patients (P < 0.001). The median 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 143 mEq [interquartile range (IQR) 109-182] in all, 147 (112-185) in younger patients and 140 (106-179) in older patients (P = 0.012). Salt intake was ≤6, 6-8 and >8 g sodium chloride/day in 21.9, 26.2 and 52.0% of older patients and 18.6, 25.2 and 56.2% in younger patients, respectively (P = 0.145). During a median follow-up of 4.07 years we registered 383 ESKD and 260 all-cause deaths. In the whole cohort, the risks of ESKD and all-cause death did not differ by salt intake level. In older patients, ESKD risk [multi-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI)] was significantly lower at salt intakes of 6-8 g/day [HR 0.577 (95% CI 0.361-0.924)] and >8 g/day [HR 0.564 (95% CI 0.382-0.833)] versus the reference group (<6 g/day). Mortality risk was higher in older versus younger patients, with no difference across salt intake categories. No effect of salt intake on ESKD and mortality was observed in younger patients. CKD patients under nephrology care show a moderate salt intake (8.4 g/day) that is lower in older versus younger patients. In this context, older patients are not exposed to higher mortality across different levels of salt intake, while salt intake <6 g/day poses a greater risk of ESKD.

Salt-reduction strategies may compromise salt iodization programs: Learnings from South Africa and Ghana

ObjectivesUniversal salt iodization has been adopted by many countries to address iodine deficiency. More recently, salt-reduction strategies have been widely implemented to meet global salt intake targets of <5 g/d. Compatibility of the two policies has yet to be demonstrated. This study compares urinary iodine excretion (UIE) according to 24-h urinary sodium excretion, between South Africa (SA) and Ghana; both countries have implemented universal salt iodization, but in Ghana no salt-reduction legislation has been implemented. MethodsParticipants from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health Wave 3, with survey and valid 24-h urinary data (Ghana, n = 495; SA, n = 707), comprised the sample. Median 24-h UIE was compared across salt intake categories of <5, 5–9 and >9 g/d. ResultsIn Ghana, median sodium excretion indicated a salt intake of 10.7 g/d (interquartile range [IQR] = 7.6), and median UIE was 182.4 µg/L (IQR = 162.5). In SA, both values were lower: median salt = 5.6 g/d (IQR = 5.0), median UIE = 100.2 µg/L (IQR = 129.6). UIE differed significantly across salt intake categories (P < 0.001) in both countries, with positive correlations observed in both—Ghana: r = 0.1501, P < 0.0011; South Africa: r = 0.4050, P < 0.0001. Participants with salt intakes <9 g/d in SA did not meet the World Health Organization's recommended iodine intake of 150 µg/d, but this was not the case in Ghana. ConclusionsMonitoring and surveillance of iodine status is recommended in countries that have introduced salt-reduction strategies, in order to prevent reemergence of iodine deficiency.

Dietary intake of polyphenols and total antioxidant capacity and risk of prostate cancer: A case-control study in Iranian men.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes, globally, of cancer-related mortality. Previous studies have reported an inverse relationship between some food items or dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk. Polyphenols, as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory dietary components, have been associated with a reduced risk of PCa, whilst dietary indices such as total antioxidant capacity are good predictors of PCa risk. The purpose of this study was to conduct a case-control study on the association between polyphenol intake and DTAC (dietary total antioxidant capacity) and PCa risk in men. 205 hospital-based controls and 97 newly diagnosed PCa patients were asked about their dietary intakes using a validated questionnaire. The polyphenol contents (flavonoids, lignans, stilbenes and phenolic acids) of foods and beverages were calculated. TAC was obtained using a comprehensive database consisting of the total antioxidant content of more than 3000 food and beverages. Logistic regression was used to determine the odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CI), of PCa according to categories of polyphenol intake and TAC. When comparing the highest and the lowest tertile of total polyphenol (OR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03-0.41), lignans (OR: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.04-0.41), phenolic acids (OR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.05-0.57) and some flavonoid subgroups intake including flavan-3-ols (OR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.08-0.67), flavanones (OR: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.03-0.31) and flavones (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.12-0.87), we observed a significant decreasing trend in the risk of PCa (p for trend<0.05). The results suggest that the consumption of some polyphenols can significantly reduce the risk of PCa.

Associations of Non-Alcoholic Beverages with Major Depressive Disorder History and Depressive Symptoms Clusters in a Sample of Overweight Adults.

Background: Meta-analysis of observational studies concluded that soft drinks may increase the risk of depression, while high consumption of coffee and tea may reduce the risk. Objectives were to explore the associations between the consumption of soft drinks, coffee or tea and: (1) a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) and (2) the severity of depressive symptoms clusters (mood, cognitive and somatic/vegetative symptoms). Methods: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis based on baseline and 12-month-follow-up data collected from four countries participating in the European MooDFOOD prevention trial. In total, 941 overweight adults with subsyndromal depressive symptoms aged 18 to 75 years were analyzed. History of MDD, depressive symptoms and beverages intake were assessed. Results: Sugar-sweetened soft drinks were positively related to MDD history rates whereas soft drinks with non-nutritive sweeteners were inversely related for the high vs. low categories of intake. Longitudinal analysis showed no significant associations between beverages and mood, cognitive and somatic/vegetative clusters. Conclusion: Our findings point toward a relationship between soft drinks and past MDD diagnoses depending on how they are sweetened while we found no association with coffee and tea. No significant effects were found between any studied beverages and the depressive symptoms clusters in a sample of overweight adults.

Dietary Habits and Risk of Esophagitis and Barrett's Esophagus: A Multicenter Italian Case-Control Study.

Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophagitis share potentially modifiable risk factors such as obesity, smoking, and alcohol. The role of diet on BE and esophagitis is still debated. The objective of this study was to examine the association between some dietary habits and the risk of BE and esophagitis in Italy. A multicenter case-control study involving 1285 individuals was carried out in 12 areas. Patients with a new diagnosis of BE (320) or esophagitis (359) and a group of endoscopic controls (606) were included. Information on personal history and dietary habits was collected using a structured questionnaire. No clear monotonic significant dose-response relationship was found for most of the considered food items. Nevertheless, the most extreme consumption category of red meat, cold cuts, dairy products, and fried foods showed esophagitis risk excesses varying from 19 to 49%. A higher fat rich diet seemed to increase risk by 49% for BE and 94% for esophagitis. A downward tendency in esophagitis (-27%) and BE risk (-20%) was found associated with higher frequency of fresh fruit intake. In addition, a statistically significant twofold increased risk for both BE and esophagitis was found for subjects eating late evening snacks more than once every three days in comparison with the lowest intake category (no consumption). BE and esophagitis patients appeared to be more likely than controls to follow a diet rich in fats and poor in fruit and vegetables. Late evening snacks were found to be associated with both disorders.

Comparative analyses of enteric methane emissions, dry matter intake, and milk somatic cell count in different residual feed intake categories of dairy cows

This study compared the different residual feed intake (RFI) categories of lactating Holsteins with respect to methane (CH4) emissions, dry matter intake (DMI, kg), milk somatic cell count (SCC, 103∙mL−1), and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB, mmol∙L−1). The RFI was calculated in 131 lactating Holstein cows that were then categorized into −RFI (RFI &lt; 0) vs. +RFI (RFI &gt; 0) and low- [RFI &lt; −0.5 standard deviation (SD)] vs. high-RFI (RFI &gt; 0.5 SD) groups. Milk traits were recorded in 131 cows, whereas CH4 and carbon dioxide were measured in 83. Comparisons of −RFI vs. +RFI and low- vs. high-RFI showed 7.9% (22.3 ± 0.40 vs. 24.2 ± 0.39) and 12.8% (21.1 ± 0.40 vs. 24.2 ± 0.45) decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in DMI of −RFI and low-RFI groups, respectively. Similarly, −RFI and low-RFI cows had lower (P &lt; 0.05) CH4 (g∙d−1) by 9.7% (343.5 ± 11.1 vs. 380.4 ± 10.9) and 15.5% (332.5 ± 12.9 vs. 393.5 ± 12.6), respectively. Milk yield was not different (P &gt; 0.05) in −RFI vs. +RFI and low vs. high comparisons. The −RFI and low-RFI cows had lower (P &lt; 0.05) SCC in −RFI vs. +RFI and low-RFI vs. high-RFI comparisons. The BHB was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in low-RFI compared with the high-RFI group. Low-RFI dairy cows consumed less feed, emitted less CH4 (g∙d−1), and had lower milk SCC and BHB without differing in milk yield.

248 Weight-Based Assessment of Sodium Supplements on Ultramarathon Performance

Sodium supplements are ubiquitous in endurance running. Their impact on hydration, dysnatremia, and running pace, all independently associated with performance, has been the subject of much debate. The objective of the study was to assess the effect of sodium supplementation normalized to body weight, as a predictor of race performance in ultramarathon runners. Prospective observational study during an 80 km (50 mi) stage of a 6-stage 250 km (155 mi) ultramarathon in Chile, Patagonia, Namibia and Mongolia. Finish line hydration status, serum sodium, and questionnaires were gathered to define sodium ingestion categories at 33% and 66% both for weight-adjusted and true total sodium consumption, and analyzed for significant relationships to dysnatremia, hydration, and impact on race performance. Results:266 participants were enrolled, with 218 (82%) with complete sodium supplement rate data, with 174 (80%) with finish line sodium, and 161 (74%) with both pre-race weights and total sodium ingestion allowing for normalization of both total amount (mg/hr) and weight-based (mg/hr/kg) rate of ingestion analysis. Participants were stratified as low (<200 mg/hr; <2.79 mg/hr/kg), medium (200 to 360 mg/hr; 2.79 mg/hr/kg - 4.78 mg/hr/kg), or high (>360 mg/hr; >4.78 mg/hr/kg) sodium intake categories. Sodium intake did not impact the pace (0.99), total race time (p=1), quintile rank (p=0.4), incidence of dysnatremia (p=0.74), or quantity of hydration (p=0.7). These outcomes did not change using binary grouping around the 50% ingestion amount, assessed by temperature of race, or when excluding the 34 (27%) dysnatremic runners. When hydration status was controlled by weight-adjusted normalization of sodium intake, dehydration was found to improve performance with faster times [n = 40 (28.1% ), pace = 9.4 min / km (± 2.1), time = 12.4 hrs (±2.9)] compared to euhydration [n = 62 (43.8%), pace = 10.6 min / km (± 2.8), time = 13.8 hrs (±3.7)] and overhydration [n=40 (28.1%), pace = 13 min / km (± 3.4), time = 17 hrs]. Sodium supplements in ultramarathon runners did not meaningfully impact ultramarathon performance. Those runners who were most dehydrated were found to have improved performance.