Abstract
We developed a culturally-specific Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to the Ethiopian context and evaluate its validity in comparison to two 24-h dietary recalls (24-HRs) of food and nutrient intake. To evaluate the validity of a culturally-specific FFQ against two 24-HRs, we used a paired t-test, Wilcoxon-signed-rank test, Correlation coefficients, cross-classification, κ and Bland-Altman analysis. The FFQ was obtained 15 d after the second 24-HR was completed. A total of 105 adults, of which 43 (41 %) were men and 62 (59 %) women, aged 20-65 years participated in this present study. Mean energy and macronutrient intake obtained from the FFQ were significantly higher than those obtained from the mean of two 24-HRs. For energy and nutrient intakes, the crude correlation ranged from 0⋅05 (total fat) to 0⋅49 (vitamin B1). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from to 0⋅10 (total fat) to 0⋅80 (vitamin A). For the majority of food groups, no significant difference was observed in the median intake of food and nutrients. Crude correlation for food groups ranged from 0⋅12 (egg) to 0⋅78 (legumes). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from 0⋅24 (egg) to 1⋅00 (meat/poultry/fish and dairy). The FFQ is valid to assess and rank individuals in terms of intake of most food groups according to high and low intake categories.
Highlights
Nutritional epidemiology, principally dietary intake assessment, plays an essential role in chronic disease studies and general public health concerns[1,2,3]
In Ethiopia, data relating to dietary quality remain sparse, a finding from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) estimated that the number of deaths attributable to dietary factors was 60 402 in 2016(6)
We evaluated the performance of the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) against two 24-h recall (24-HR) using several statistical tests
Summary
Nutritional epidemiology, principally dietary intake assessment, plays an essential role in chronic disease studies and general public health concerns[1,2,3]. In Ethiopia, data relating to dietary quality remain sparse, a finding from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) estimated that the number of deaths attributable to dietary factors was 60 402 in 2016(6). The proportion of NCD deaths associated with low fruit consumption slightly increased from 11⋅3 % in 1990 to 2016 11⋅9 % During this time period, the rate of burden of disease associated with poor diet (diet low in fruits, vegetables, whole grain, nuts and seeds, milk, fibre, calcium, seafood ω-3, polyunsaturated fatty acids; diet high in red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, trans fatty acids and sodium) slightly decreased; the contribution of poor diet to NCDs remained stable[6]
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