Moral Categories Research Articles

Fear of Tautology as an Aesthetic and Ethical Category

Fear of Tautology as an Aesthetic and Ethical Category

Pedagogical monitoring of the moral culture of a preschool child

The paper is devoted to the problem of complex pedagogical monitoring of the development of moral culture of preschool children. The issues addressed in the paper are updated by the contradiction existing in psychological and pedagogical research between the extensive attention of science to the issues of moral education, the moral development of the personality and the uncertainty of the assessment criteria and the corresponding means of pedagogical monitoring of the development of moral culture among preschoolers. The options for monitoring the moral culture of children proposed by researchers do not reflect a general understanding of moral culture, focusing on its individual aspects (national values, Orthodox moral categories, various moral qualities, etc.), which is undoubtedly significant for science and practice. However, the tasks of preschool education, dictated by modern standards, require a qualitatively new approach to a holistic and comprehensive assessment of the results of the education of moral culture, which emphasizes the need to create, describe and empirically test a model of integrated pedagogical monitoring of the development of moral culture among preschoolers. Within the framework of the model of complex pedagogical monitoring of the development of moral culture among preschoolers described in the paper, a three-stage monitoring procedure is proposed. It allows to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the moral development of children according to cognitive, emotional-evaluative and behavioral criteria. Empirical testing has shown that the proposed monitoring procedure corresponds to the solution of the tasks set, makes it possible to assess both individual criteria and the general level of development of the moral culture of preschoolers, and the results obtained are correlated with expert assessments and observations of teachers and educators.

Educating a virtuous student as a multifaceted process

The relevance of the topic of the paper is motivated by the importance of finding ways to preserve the highest moral values in the minds of the younger generation, and the development of moral feelings. The paper argues that one of the possible ways to preserve traditional values is education of a virtuous person. The author motivates the social relevance of educating such a person by the fact that a virtuous way of life, the persons virtues are not innate. It is shown that a virtuous person is a moral person who cares about his spiritual qualities, or virtues, the essence of which is the ability to feel ashamed. The author points out that the development of the concept of virtue is carried out mainly by ethics that this concept is interpreted ambiguously and is not identical to the concept of moral quality used in pedagogical research on education. Various interpretations reflect the complex nature of the phenomenon and, accordingly, suggest the multifaceted nature of the process of educating a virtuous student. Each meaning of the concept of virtue corresponds to a specific area of the teachers activity in educating a virtuous student: a) improvement of moral qualities (virtue in the sense of moral quality); b) improvement of value orientations (virtue in the sense of value); c) raising moral awareness (virtue in the sense of the concept of moral awareness, the concept of morality); d) raising ethical awareness of young students (virtue in the sense of the category of ethical awareness, the category of ethics). The integrity of the teachers activity in educating a virtuous student as a multifaceted process is due to the dominance of the value approach: the sense of value has a moral quality, the category of ethics and the concept of morality, and the students focus on values forms his/her value orientations.

Problems of Definition of Freedom Through the Concept of Responsibility

The subject of the study is the cognitive relationship between the concept of responsibility and the idea of freedom. The objects of research are the philosophical categories of responsibility and freedom. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the epistemological disparity of these categories, the difference in their specificity as concepts, as well as the features of responsibility and freedom in the role of effective phenomena. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the possibility of defining or objectifying freedom through the concept of responsibility in those areas where such interaction is most evident, namely: at the intellectual, metaphysical, social levels and in the field of personal being. The main conclusion of the study is: responsibility is a psychological modification of the category of necessity, which returns to the classical antinomy "necessity-freedom" and does not allow making responsibility an epistemological correlate of freedom. This theoretical conclusion is supported by an analysis of the effect of responsibility on freedom in all spheres of human existence considered in the study, where responsibility does not define freedom, but, on the contrary, levels it. The main contribution of the author to the study is that responsibility is considered not as a moral category, but as a structural phenomenon defined through the concept of "whole". The novelty of the research lies in the author's attempt, being in the field of ethics, to separate responsibility and freedom as essentially different and not having a linear cognitive connection concepts.

An Inaugural Address by the Committee

An Inaugural Address by the Committee Anthony Madrid (bio) 1 The purpose of this feature will be to present to the public the recent findings of ABR's Society for the Unearthing of Treasurable Literary Relics. We are calling our series "Lost and Found" to get across our feeling of recovery, in the legal sense of the word—the getting back what was always ours, but which had been misplaced. We also wanted to evoke a sense of motley. I, the President of the Society, am delighted to report that our 2022 Expedition into the Interior has been exceptionally successful, so far. We've spared no expense, whether in terms of money, time, or spirit, to read texts that no one has read in thousands of years, and to extract therefrom whatever might compel you to read them. Or at least put 'em on your list. The present "episode" is only an introduction, sketching our methods and aims. Starting with the next issue of ABR, you'll hear from one of our Senior Researchers on a literary artifact that's been lost to view for a long time but which has nonetheless enchained his attention. I'm about to "hand over the mic" to that researcher, but before I do, I wish to take a moment to invite readers of ABR to send the Society suggestions, care of Editor-in-Chief Jeffrey Di Leo, for "Lost and Found" reading projects. These suggestions needn't be reasonable. None of this is going to be reasonable. 2 Our President has just mentioned we are open to suggestions. To give you some idea of the parameters involved, let me reveal to you some teaser highlights of materials already in our queue. This will help you identify the kind of thing we have in our sights. [End Page 75] • The special file that James Boswell kept on Samuel Johnson, called the "Tacenda" file, detailing Johnson's frustrated erotic energies when he was first married, as reported by Elizabeth Desmoulins, who had been his (and his wife's) servant. • The Salernitan Questions—a set of unanswerable-at-the-time scientific questions that circulated among medical students in Renaissance Italy. The collection is only a few pages long, and is strikingly poetic. Aristotle and his students produced a vast book of these things, and started a tradition … • The history of translations into English of the pre-Islamic Muʿallaqat, a set of seven "odes" that are among the most famous poems in Arabic. No English translation of any of them is even tolerable. Why. • Medieval Irish Dishonoring Law and its relation to certain satirical Irish-Gaelic quatrains preserved in manuscript. Mockery considered as an aesthetic and moral category. • The particular English version of Lucretius's De Rerum Natura (the 1717 edition of the Thomas Creech translation) used by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. The special significance of Creech's handling of the material and the prosody. • The American poet Sara Teasdale and her relation to the Italian arts power couple Eleonora Duse and Gabriele D'Annunzio, with special reference to the most narcissistic novel ever written in any language, D'Annunzio's Il Fuoco (1900). • Classic Shakespeare reference books, like Abbott's A Shakespearian Grammar (1870) and Tilley's Dictionary of the Proverbs in England in the Sixteenth and Seventeen Centuries (1950), which, though old, are still cited in every single college edition of the plays, and are themselves literature, if anyone but knew it. • Pearl Buck's translation of the Ming dynasty romance Shui Hu Zhuan (All Men Are Brothers, 1937), compared to various modern treatments. Get the picture? We actually did come on this show to make friends. We're out here, every minute, air tanks strapped to our backs, reading stuff that one [End Page 76] might see casually quoted by somebody like Jorge Luis Borges. We basically want to come off like him. And we want to bring you along, if you're into it. Melville's epic poem Clarel. Nobody, but nobody, has read that. You can be a pretty big Melville fan and not even know what happens in Clarel. It would be cool to be able to weigh in...

Combination ‘New Sincerity’ in Lexicographic Aspect

The question of the lexicographic description of idiomatic expressions with a new component in the composition, which have become widespread both in the texts of the official media and on other Internet resources, is considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the lexicographic practice of fixing neologisms in explanatory dictionaries of various types. It is noted that expressions built according to the “new + noun” model: new sincerity, new reality, new sociality, new normality, new romance, etc., include the second component, which names the phenomenon of socio-cultural or moral spheres, which has long been known by native speakers. Using the example of the idiom new sincerity and the lexeme sincerity, it is shown that the semantic scope of the meanings of these language units differs significantly. The authors come to the conclusion that the lexeme sincerity names a property inherent in a person, is evaluated by native speakers as an ethical category, and is often used in a number of nominations of other traditional values, such as courage, honesty, nobility, etc. It is proved that the expression new sincerity, denoting, same as sincerity, the openness of a person, first of all indicates not the property of the communicant, but his goal — to attract the attention of other people in the public space with the frankness of self-expression.

Philosophical and Ethical Problems of the Category “Life” in Michael Kozoris’s Novella “Chornohora Speaks”

The article reveals the content of the philosophical and ethical category of “life” in the example of Mykhailo Kozoris’s novella “Chornohora Speaks”. Comprehending the categories of “life” and “death”, the writer in work by depicting the fate of the heroes proves that each of them understands the meaning of his existence in his own way. The heroes of the novella adhere to their own concept of life and strive to achieve world harmony, but the author takes the position that humans are doomed because he cannot predict the course of his existence. The writer reveals to the reader the unique world of Hutsul life, different from the realities of civilized society, but deduces the thesis that despite the unity with the natural world, the heroes do not achieve natural harmony.

Saving the ‘indigenous banks’: moral politics of economic sovereignty in Ghana’s 2017–19 financial crisis

AbstractNine Ghanaian private banks collapsed during the country’s 2017–19 financial crisis. Apart from public audits that revealed liquidity problems and large portfolios of non-performing loans, the crisis generated vibrant debate on ‘indigenous banks’ as integral to national economic sovereignty. At the centre of these debates was a contested central bank-led project to inject equity in five struggling Ghanaian banks through a special purpose vehicle (SPV), Ghana Amalgamated Trust (GAT). Set against the historical dominance of foreign banks in West Africa and Ghana’s recent history of political fault lines, this article explores the moral discourses and popular discontents of harnessing an SPV – a device typically used to isolate financial risk – for a desire for African economic sovereignty. Drawing on banking archives, public debates and fieldwork in a private bank selected as a benefactor of the SPV, I focus on the contests of value that emerge when costly banking sector reforms meet a critical public that doubts the sincerity of politicians and bankers as economic ‘reformers’. Arguing that ‘indigenous banks’ became a moral category that embedded abstractions of finance in a nationalist discourse of affect and sentiment, this article illuminates the long history of centring domestic ownership of financial infrastructures in postcolonial African economic policymaking.

Work and play as moral categories

Work and play as moral categories

Why ‘Indirect Discrimination’ Is a Useful Legal but Not a Useful Moral Concept

A policy (practice, act, etc.) indirectly discriminates against a group, G, if, and only if: (1) it does not reflect an objectionable mental state regarding the members of G; (2) it disadvantages members of G; (3) the disadvantages are disproportionate; and (4) G is a socially salient group. I argue that indirect discrimination is not non-instrumentally morally wrong. Clearly, if it were, that would be because it harms members of G disproportionately, i.e., in virtue of features (2) and (3). Harming members of a group disproportionately does appear non-instrumentally wrong. But it is not easy to provide a plausible explanation for the kind of harm and disproportionality involved here that vindicates this initial appearance. This does not mean the concept of indirect discrimination should be jettisoned. It was originally a legal concept, and in closing I briefly suggest that in law it plays a valuable role, even if it is not a genuine moral category. Legal prohibition is an unreliable guide to what is morally wrong, but it is not supposed to be that anyway.

Листи Григорія Сковороди. Особистісне в контекcті універсального

The article analyzes the letters by Hryhoriy Skovoroda, which are a striking example of the epistolary genre of his time. These texts show the development of Skovoroda’s philosophy in the sphere of everyday life practices. These works were the first to announce and develop the important moral and ethical categories of his science, formulating and testing the leading concepts of Skovoroda’s philosophical system. It’s possible to trace the peculiarities of Hryhoriy Skovoroda’s temperament through his epistolary. This method creates the effect of the living presence of the author, because of the researched philosopher’s letters. The analysis of his letters to friends of different stages of the philosopher’s life testifies to the openness and immutability of his existential principles. The style of Skovoroda’s epistolary has not undergone significant changes for several decades. It is marked by shining Baroque metaphors, wits and aphorisms, imaginary dialogue with the recipient and thinkers of different eras. They also have a noticeable tendency to combine philosophical content with a travesty form, sincerity and respect for the recipients.

Improving the Ethical Dimension in the Innovation Process

Large companies' engineering design processes rarely consider the ethical and moral dimensions of innovation projects. This need for ethics is increasingly felt, particularly with the advent of digital technologies. The research mainly focuses on product designers in large companies during the innovation/creativity phase. The authors propose and evaluate the efficiency of a method allowing them to consider ethics from this first stage of product development. A specific database incorporating ethical categories and problems from the early stages of idea generation supports this study. This database is inspired by a research project funded by the European Commission called ETICA. The authors evaluate the proposal with a detailed case study in a large automotive company. This case study highlights the contribution of the extended ethical design method from an ethical point of view and a financial one for the company. They believe that the proposal will boost creativity by addressing innovative product designers' usual fixations.

Editors’ Introduction

As this issue of the Journal of Jewish Ethics goes to press, the editors (and a good portion of the editorial board) have just arrived home from the Society of Jewish Ethics annual meeting in Chicago. For the first time since January of 2020, SJE members met in person, alongside scholars and activists from the Society of Christian Ethics and the Society for the Study of Muslim Ethics. We heard presentations and panel discussions on religious freedom, reproductive ethics, natural law, the politics of repentance, and Jewish ethics in comparative historical perspective, among many others. And although the SJE is a relatively small scholarly society, the lively sounds of spirited conversation and debate at the end of each session suggested a much larger gathering.Like the SJE annual meeting, this journal features some of the most compelling, creative, or, indeed, controversial research in contemporary Jewish ethics—a field that includes serious attention to classical Jewish sources, history, and contemporary ethical and political thought, as well as an ongoing critical evaluation of the relationship between these.The first two articles in this issue consider ethical questions around Covid-19 vaccination, reflecting the amount of scholarship emerging on this most immediate of topics—recognizing too that the tragedies and controversies of Covid-19 may well be relevant to other, as-yet-unseen, future health crises. Ranana Leigh Dine’s essay, “Publicizing the Miracle of Vaccination,” focuses not on the ethics of vaccination itself, but the ethics of sharing one’s own vaccination status through the thoroughly contemporary phenomenon of the “vaccine selfie.” Dine creatively draws on the Hanukkah theme of pirsumei nisa, “publicizing the miracle,” alongside the work of Emmanuel Levinas and Mara Benjamin to argue that the vaccine selfie might contribute to a Jewish “visual ethics” of thanksgiving and embodied obligation. The essay by Zohar Lederman, Shmuel Lederman, and Ghada Majadli, meanwhile, offers a public health analysis of vaccination amid geopolitical conflict, arguing that the state of Israel has a specific ethical obligation to provide Covid-19 vaccines to Palestinians in the Occupied Territories.The second pair of articles in this issue return to major thinkers in modern Jewish philosophy. Simeon Theojaya’s essay considers the source of ethics in Levinas and Kant, noting that both emphasize the pressing nature of ethics even as their philosophical foundations differ, and analyzing Levinas’s notion of “proximity” to the Other as a powerful foundation for ethical response. Vincent Calabrese performs a critical analysis of Abraham Joshua Heschel’s writings on halakhah, or Jewish law, and considers the relationship between such law and contemporary constructive work in Jewish ethics and thought.This issue also features three book reviews on a pleasingly diverse array of topics, from a sweeping overview of Jewish ethical and moral queries to a biography of an influential and violent rabbi. These works, and their thoughtful reviews, testify to the broad spectrum of scholarship that might fall under the category of Jewish ethics. Such ongoing scholarship allows our conversations to continue long after the academic conferences have finished.

ВІДПОВІДНІСТЬ МОРАЛЬНИМ НОРМАМ ЯК ВИМОГА ДО ЗМІСТУ НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВОГО АКТА

The article is devoted to the general theoretical research of the issues on conformity of moral norms in the normative legal acts. The importance of the substantive part formation of the legal act is emphasized. The existence of established doctrinal approaches to the relationship between morality and law as regulators of social relations is stated. The criteria for distinguishing between law and morality are highlighted, as well as their common features are described. The object of the study is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966, the Constitution of Ukraine, the Family Code of Ukraine, the Labor Code, the Civil Code as well as the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. It is established that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 often uses the appropriate moral categories: «honor», «dignity», «justice», with an emphasis on «morality» itself. The analysis of doctrinal approaches to the impact of moral norms on the specific areas of law (Constitutional, Family, Labour) is conducted.G. V. Peretiatko distinguishes such forms of influence on lawmaking as direct (the possibility of direct application of moral norms) and indirect (through the moral principles of the lawmaker).Two ways of expressing moral principles in normative legal acts are considered.The author draws attention to the importance of using appropriate doctrinal approaches in practice. Attention is paid to the fact that the relevant moral categories had a direct impact on the formation of the Constitution of Ukraine in 1996, taking into account the progressive trends of European lawmaking. The role of the Law of Ukraine «On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations» (1991), which initiated taking into account the provisions of documents signed under the Helsinki Agreements, is highlighted. The use of various moral categories in the preamble of the Constitution of Ukraine is indicative in terms of legal technique. The problems of various social regulators in labor law are covered. An analysis of the Code of Labor Laws (1971) is conducted. The Code contains the relevant moral categories: «immoral misdemeanour», «moral harm», «integrity», «honesty». The practice of law-making of labor legislation is extensive. There is a necessity to refresh the content of the Code of Labor Laws on correspondence with moral norms. The issues of the substantive part of the Family Code are singled out, taking into account the specifics of the reflection of moral postulates.The Family Code contains the relevant moral categories such as «justice», «good faith» and also general moral principles of society. It is stated that American lawyer Lon Fuller in his work «The Morality of Law» created a peculiar «moral scale»in the context of lawmaking.

Orthodox Tradition in the Linguistic and Poetic Rarity of the Poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Blessed is the Gentle Poet” (to Help the Teacher of Russian Literature)

In the article, considerable attention is paid to the role of the Orthodox component in the creation of artistic images in this work, and the means of poetic expression are also comprehensively studied. The relevance is due to the fact that this poem has not yet been analyzed in terms of identifying the role of the Orthodox spiritual tradition in shaping the ideal of the poet. The goal is to study the linguistic and poetic means of the work, which serve to form the ideal of the poet, taking into account the Orthodox tradition. The novelty of the article lies in the study of these means on the basis of a cultural and dogmatic approach, the essence of which lies in the fact that the religious component is found in the relationship of the author and the characters of his works to enemies and friends, to the Motherland, people, God through the prism of the religious (Orthodox) worldview. Such an approach helps to reveal the implementation of religious and moral categories in the work of the master of the artistic word, taking into account their refraction in accordance with the author’s position. Based on the work done, the following results were obtained. It is established that the composition of the poem has an obvious antonymic character. It was revealed that the expressive background of the poem is created due to expressive tropes that carry a huge charge of generalization, as well as due to phonetic repetitions and forms of the present tense verb. It is determined that in the semantic space of the poem, thematic groups of words are in opposition and enter into mutually exclusive relationships. It is proved that the poem reflects the traditions of the hagiographical genre, expressed in asceticism, deprivation and sacrifice of a true poet. The value of the study is expressed in the possibility of applying the approach used in it to the study of poetic works of both Nekrasov himself and other Russian poets and writers, which will help to identify the switching of religious energy characteristic of the Russian soul to non-religious phenomena and objects.

Диагностика личностных результатов освоения дисциплины «Профессиональная этика»: к постановке проблемы

Introduction. The article considers the possibility and necessity of diagnosing personal results of training in professional ethics at the level of higher education. The author identifies special aspects of penitentiary staff performance which determine professionally significant qualities directly related to ethical standards. The role of professional ethics is noted as a factor that can minimize unfavorable circumstances of service, and prevent professional deformation and personal degradation. Theoretical analysis. Attention is drawn to the specifics of measuring personal training results and to the given characteristics of diagnostic materials and search experiment data. The possibility of setting a task that requires a detailed substantiated answer for the qualitative diagnosis of personal training results is justified. Conclusions. Analysis of the works showed that cadets (full-time students) and correctional officers (extra-mural students) have formed a personal attitude to the main categories of professional ethics. The differences lie in the ranking of ethics functions in performance and the nature of reasoning. These differences may be due to differences in life and professional experience. It is advisable to take into account the data of the search experiment, while preparing the materials of the recording section and organizing training activities of students of subsequent years of recruitment.

SOCIAL AND ETHICAL SULTANMAKHMUT TORAIGHYROV’S VIEWS: PROBLEMS OF AUTHORITY AND SOCIETY

The article presents Sultanmakhmut Toraighyrov’s views about authority and society. The historical-philosophical method is used in the research. This method revealed historical prerequisites for the formation of ethical Sultanmakhmut Toraighyrov’s heritage. There is indicated the influence of Abay Kunanbaev’s heritage on Sultanmakhmut Toraighyrov’s views. They had similar ethical categories. There is self-consciousness, dignity, knowledge, self-organization, freedom, universality, and continuity. The philosophical connection between al-Farabi and Abai, Sultanmakhmut Toraighyrov is very interesting. The concept of happiness as general welfare, presented by al-Farabi, is also manifested in Sultanmakhmut’s composition. The state and authority are characterized by the same spiritual connection. Sultanmahmut follows the Eastern tradition, according to which the state is not a mechanism, it is an organism, parts of which are important for the continuation of life. The poet speaks about the ephemeral nature of power. According to Sultanmakhmut Toraighyrov, the implementation of a perfect model of social relations is quite feasible. The “factor of conscience” is the main in order to achieve happiness together.

Sinful Foods: Measuring Implicit Associations Between Food Categories and Moral Attributes in Anorexic, Orthorexic, and Healthy Subjects.

Recently, neurocognitive studies have shown that food categorization is sensitive to both the properties of the food stimuli (e.g., calorie content) and the individual characteristics of subjects (e.g., BMI, eating disorders) asked to categorize these stimuli. Furthermore, groups of patients with eating disorders (ED) were described as relying more on moral criteria to form food categories than were control subjects. The present studies built on these seminal articles and aimed to determine whether certain food properties might trigger moral categories preferentially in subjects suffering from ED and in the general population. Using a Go/No-Go Association Task, Study 1 focused on the extent to which food categories are laden with moral attributes in ED patients compared to control subjects. Study 2 was a follow-up with a different design (an Implicit Association Test), another food variable (calorie content), and two non-clinical subgroups (orthorexic and healthy control subjects). Results revealed for the first time implicit associations between food variables cueing for energy density and moral attributes in the general population, the population suffering from anorexia nervosa, and subjects suffering from disordered eating such as orthorexia nervosa. These findings suggest that moralization of food is a pervasive phenomenon that can be measured with methods reputed to be less vulnerable to self-presentation or social desirability biases.

Феномен сакрализации Земли в религиозных доминантах монгольских народов

The article analyses ethnic stereotypes, moral categories and ethical priorities of Mongolian peoples in the process of adapting Buddhist ideas and practices. In our opinion, the results of their creative activities regarding the phenomenon of the sacralization of the Earth (totemistic, animistic, ritual and symbolic knowledge) clearly manifested in the subsequent forms of their religious cultures, especially in Buddhist practices, modernizing, transforming and evolving in accordance with the social, economic and political demands of society.

Designing the model of professional internal and extra-organizational ethics organization of heads and vice presidents of education districts in Tehran province

Background and purpose: One of the main concerns of efficient managers at different levels is how to create suitable platforms for working human factors to work with a sense of responsibility and full commitment to the issues of society and their profession and to observe the ethical principles governing their jobs and professions. Therefore, the current research aimed to design an extra-organizational professional ethics model for Tehran's deputy heads and vice presidents of education districts. Methodology: The research method was a qualitative combination using the grounded theory method and the structural equation model using a quantitative method. The research population consisted of vice presidents and presidents of education districts in Tehran, 30 people were selected in the qualitative section, and 130 people were selected in the quantitative section from vice presidents and presidents of 22 education districts in Tehran. The research tools were semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires to measure extra-organizational professional ethics. The data were collected in the qualitative part by the grounded theory method and then analyzed by the structural equation model test in Lisrel software. Results: The results of the exploratory analysis yielded the following factors. Three core categories of professional ethics, moral (normative) and moral knowledge; Four cases of causal conditions include: organizational strategies, training, management factors, and resources; Two cases of the phenomenon's contexts; two strategies of institutionalization and evaluation; Two intervening factors are structural factors and organizational procedures and regulations; And a consequence that is the development of individual and organizational professional ethics. Conclusion: The analysis of the relationship path between the variables showed that all the communication paths were significant, and only the path of unnecessary regulations on evaluation and organizational culture on evaluation was not significant. Finally, the tested model showed a good fit in terms of validity.