Categories Of Difficulties Research Articles

Daily Life Experiences of People with Dementia with Lewy Bodies: A Qualitative Study

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common cause of dementia and is associated with unique difficulties due to its characteristic symptoms. This study aimed to identify daily life changes experienced by people with DLB due to characteristic symptoms other than visual hallucinations. Semi-structured interviews and content analyses were conducted on 13 people with DLB and their 17 family members. Qualitative content analysis identified three categories of difficulties experienced by people with DLB in daily life: body discomfort, obstacles in daily life, and psychological pain. Participants experienced not only physical changes due to symptoms such as cognitive fluctuations, parkinsonism, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder but also psychological pain related to daily life difficulties. This suggests the need for care that appreciates the unique experiences of people with DLB and includes psychological care to develop appropriate individual coping strategies, rather than focusing solely on alleviating physical symptoms.

“Green guidance”: which interventions for which problems?

AbstractRecently, career practitioners have been encouraged to help clients make career choices that are both environmentally and socially sustainable. However, to date, the career difficulties associated with this “green guidance” process have not been delineated. On the basis of the career development obstacles identified in the relevant literature, this article introduces a nonexhaustive typology of issues specific to the consideration of ecological and human factors in the context of career counseling. For each category of difficulty, examples are provided and practical suggestions are proposed. The contributions and limitations of this exercise are discussed, especially regarding its clarification of the role of career practitioners in promoting sustainability.

No pain, no gain: The structure and consequences of question difficulty in a management accounting course

An unrecognized choice made by accounting instructors is the degree of difficulty presented to students. Even if assessment is limited to multiple-choice materials, instructors can pick questions that vary from easy to very difficult. To do this, instructors depend on difficulty classifications provided by textbook authors and publishers. Using computer captured results from student efforts, this paper tests the integrity of these difficulty categories. This effort considers the impact of different grade consequences, different scoring systems, student aptitude and prior question exposure. The extent difficulty levels translate into student success variation is reported. The results generally support the publisher’s classifications. Nonetheless, interesting variations in the degree of these differences can be attributed to the context and consequences of question answering, as well as to the type of student asked to answer.

Snooze it or Lose it: Understanding Sleep Disturbance and Injuries in Soccer and Basketball Student-Athletes.

To assess the sleep characteristics of collegiate soccer and basketball student-athletes and explore the associations between sleep and injury risk. Cohort study. NCAA D1 and NAIA Tier 1. One hundred eighty-one collegiate soccer and basketball student-athletes (42% female; mean age: 20.0 ± 1.7 years). Questionnaires were administered during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 preseason, collecting demographic, injury history, medical history, and sleep information, including sleep difficulty category scores of 0 to 4 (none), 5 to 7 (mild), and ≥8 (moderate/severe) and other sleep disturbance measures derived from the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), including insufficient sleep duration (<7 hours of sleep) and poor subjective sleep quality. All-complaint knee and ankle injuries. According to the ASSQ, 25.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.9-34.3) of the student-athletes had mild sleep difficulty and 12.7% (95% CI, 7.3-20.1) had moderate/severe sleep difficulty. 36.1% (95% CI, 29.1-43.6) had insufficient sleep duration. 17.1% (95% CI, 11.7-23.7) were not satisfied with the quality of their sleep (poor sleep quality), and 13.8% (95% CI, 9.1-19.7) had an "eveningness" chronotype. Based on multivariable logistic regression models, student-athletes with poor sleep quality had significantly higher odds for injury (OR: 2.2, 95% CI, 1.04-4.79, P = 0.039). Clinically relevant dysfunctional sleep patterns are prevalent among collegiate soccer and basketball student-athletes. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with injury risk among student-athletes. Findings suggest a substantial sleep problem in collegiate soccer and basketball student-athletes and warrant that student-athletes are regularly screened and timely interventions applied.

Assessment of Early Childhood Teachers' Competencies for Care and Education of Toddlers

Contemporary trends in the education and care of toddlers shed light on the specific competencies of early childhood teachers. The aim of this empirical qualitative study with elements of a comparative approach is to investigate, look at and understand the perspective of early childhood teachers about their own competencies for working in toddler groups in kindergartens in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the Republic of Slovenia. We collected the data needed for the research in 2022 from 91 respondents using a self-created structured online interview in written form. Through the thematic analysis of the content of respondents' answers and the theoretical setting of the concept of early childhood teachers' competencies, nine categories of difficulties and six categories of advantages related to their competencies were distinguished. The findings of this study point to the fact that early childhood teachers for toddlers do not assess their own competencies as optimally developed.

Menganalisis Alat Evaluasi Pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Siswa Kelas V di SDN 105292 Bandar Klippa Kecamatan Percut Sei Tuan

The aim of this research is 1) to find out what assessments are used in science subjects at Riigi Algkooli 105292 Bandar Klippa, Percut Sei Tuan District, Class V, 2) to analyze the quality of assessment tools according to the rules. reliability and competence. Class V Science Exam Difficulties and Different Advantages of SD Negeri 105292 Bandar Klippa, Percut Sei Tuan District. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, namely. description of phenomena that occur in reality. All subjects were class V students at SD 105292 Bandar Klippa. As a primary data source, data sources are obtained from teachers and students, and as secondary data sources, documentation and questionnaires. Data was collected through observation, questionnaires and tests. Meanwhile, data analysis was carried out using validation tests, test reliability, difficulty and distinguishing power. Validation was carried out by the researchers themselves and the validation expert group. Based on the results of observations, it is known that the question format used by teachers in evaluating scientific learning is multiple choice questions consisting of 15 questions, filler questions consisting of 10 numbers, and descriptive questions consisting of 10 questions. 15 questions. of 5 questions. The results of the validation test show that not all multiple choice questions are valid, only 4 out of 15 questions are valid. The form has 5 valid questions and all descriptive questions are recognized as valid. Expert validation also showed that of the 4 experts, only 1 expert showed that the results were quite valid, 3 validation experts showed that the questions were less valid. The reliability test shows that the multiple choice questions are not reliable, while the fill-in-the-blank and description questions are considered reliable. The difficulty level test shows that multiple choice questions have 3 categories of difficulty, namely hard, medium and easy questions, while for questions that can be filled in and are descriptive, only 2 categories of difficulty are found, namely. intermediate questions and easy questions. Finally, the differential power test shows that multiple choice questions have 4 different power categories, namely poor, sufficient, good, and very good. Meanwhile, there were excellent results on questions about filling in and describing different styles.

STRUCTURAL AND INTERPRETIVE APPROACHES IN INTRODUCTION, THEME AND VARIATIONS FOR CLARINET AND ORCHESTRA BY GIOACHINO ROSSINI

In this study, we aim to decode and highlight one of the most important works in the study of the clarinet, Introduction, Theme, and Variations for Clarinet and Orchestra, by Gioachino Rossini. In this variation-type piece, G. Rossini optimally combines the problems of virtuosity that unfold over the entire range of the clarinet, with his usual cantability, of a perfect lyricism.With its ambitus, large intervals, and passages of virtuosity in various rhythmic formulas, the work falls into the category of great difficulty and represents a challenge for the soloist. Without being modest, if the piece is studied seriously, with the directions you will find in this study, the work can help clarinetists in their quest for perfection.

Capacitating Pedagogy to Inclusive Excellence through Bienvivance for Zero Waste of Human Resources: European Case Studies during the Lockdown on Vocational Education and Training

The lockdown during the pandemic questioned the learning and working conditions but underlined crucially the teaching pedagogy and new essential teachers’ roles and competencies, and on the whole, the operational framework of education for quality of education for all. The research was carried out through a European Project and gathered at training centers in two countries focusing on learning and pedagogical issues during the lockdown through focus group discussion methodology and labels analysis. If planning, material resources, and health issues came out as relevant difficulty categories, the findings underlined collaborative projects and capacitating pedagogy as efficient and helpful. The findings also questioned the quality-of-life framework at school and the teaching pedagogy and new teachers’ roles as competencies to cope with such a situation to support transformative learning. The outcomes suggested a positive operational framework, the innovative bienvivance paradigm, derived from medical methodology, which can help school organizations by inner development for outer changes to integrate diversity, equity, and educational quality efforts into their missions. It aims at serving inclusive excellence toward human resource sustainability and zero waste of human resources. It can be seen as an effective framework for quality and equity in education. It supports the UN and UNESCO recommendations and the psycho-socio-economic optimization of human resource issues, which are crucial in these human resource mobility and migrations waves, and broadly copes with global changes.

Career transition in intercollegiate athletes with above average athletic identity: A qualitative analysis of transition experiences, coping, and the role of religious faith

ABSTRACT Athletes with high athletic identity (AI) experience difficulty with sport retirement (Menke & Germany, 2019); yet qualitative research is lacking on their transition experiences. Moreover, athletic and religious identities may intersect during transition, but little is known on this topic. Current participants were 72 former intercollegiate athletes (69.4% female; Mage = 22.6 years), with above average AI. Thematic analysis on participants’ responses regarding transition experiences yielded higher-order categories of Losses and Difficulties. Participants coped by Filling the Void and Managing Challenges. Themes were compared across high (HRF) and low religious faith (LRF) subgroups. HRF participants most often used Physical Activity to cope while LRF participants Maintained Sport/Competitor Identity. More HRF than LRF participants reported Loss of Identity. Results are discussed using social identity theory and the model of adaptation to retirement among athletes as theoretical frameworks. Suggestions are provided for practitioners to prepare athletes with higher AI for transition.

A survey on 3D object detection in real time for autonomous driving.

This survey reviews advances in 3D object detection approaches for autonomous driving. A brief introduction to 2D object detection is first discussed and drawbacks of the existing methodologies are identified for highly dynamic environments. Subsequently, this paper reviews the state-of-the-art 3D object detection techniques that utilizes monocular and stereo vision for reliable detection in urban settings. Based on depth inference basis, learning schemes, and internal representation, this work presents a method taxonomy of three classes: model-based and geometrically constrained approaches, end-to-end learning methodologies, and hybrid methods. There is highlighted segment for current trend of multi-view detectors as end-to-end methods due to their boosted robustness. Detectors from the last two kinds were specially selected to exploit the autonomous driving context in terms of geometry, scene content and instances distribution. To prove the effectiveness of each method, 3D object detection datasets for autonomous vehicles are described with their unique features, e. g., varying weather conditions, multi-modality, multi camera perspective and their respective metrics associated to different difficulty categories. In addition, we included multi-modal visual datasets, i. e., V2X that may tackle the problems of single-view occlusion. Finally, the current research trends in object detection are summarized, followed by a discussion on possible scope for future research in this domain.

Effects of Caffeinated Coffee on Cross-Country Cycling Performance in Recreational Cyclists.

The ergogenic effects of acute caffeine intake on endurance cycling performance lasting ~1 h have been well documented in controlled laboratory studies. However, the potential benefits of caffeine supplementation in cycling disciplines such as cross-country/mountain biking have been rarely studied. In cross-country cycling, performance is dependent on endurance capacity, which may be enhanced by caffeine, but also on the technical ability of the cyclist to overcome the obstacles of the course. So, it is possible that the potential benefits of caffeine are not translated to cross-country cycling. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of acute caffeine intake, in the form of coffee, on endurance performance during a cross-country cycling time trial. Eleven recreational cross-country cyclists (mean ± SD: age: 22 ± 3 years; nine males and two females) participated in a single-blinded, randomised, counterbalanced and crossover experiment. After familiarisation with the cross-country course, participants completed two identical experimental trials after the ingestion of: (a) 3.00 mg/kg of caffeine in the form of soluble coffee or (b) 0.04 mg/kg of caffeine in the form of decaffeinated soluble coffee as a placebo. Drinks were ingested 60 min before performing a 13.90 km cross-country time trial over a course with eight sectors of varying technical difficulty. The time to complete the trial and the mean and the maximum speed were measured through Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Heart rate was obtained through a heart rate monitor. At the end of the time trial, participants indicated their perceived level of fatigue using the traditional Borg scale. In comparison to the placebo, caffeine intake in the form of coffee significantly reduced the time to complete the trial by 4.93 ± 4.39% (43.20 ± 7.35 vs. 41.17 ± 6.18 min; p = 0.011; effect size [ES] = 0.300). Caffeine intake reduced the time to complete four out of eight sectors with different categories of technical difficulty (p ≤ 0.010; ES = 0.386 to 0.701). Mean heart rate was higher with caffeine (169 ± 6 vs. 162 ± 13 bpm; p = 0.046; ES = 0.788) but the rating of perceived exertion at the end of the trial was similar with caffeinated coffee than with the placebo (16 ± 1 vs. 16 ± 2 a.u.; p = 0.676; ES = 0.061). In conclusion, the intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine delivered via soluble coffee reduced the time to complete a cross-country cycling trial in recreational cyclists. These results suggest that caffeine ingested as coffee may be an ergogenic substance for cross-country cycling.

Cycling tourism in the cross-border part of the Carpathians on the example of the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve «Eastern Carpathians»: current state and development prospects

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Bicycle tourism is recognized as one of the sustainable types of tourism due to its safety for the environment. In recent years, its attractiveness is growing, which is due to the formation of healthy and helpful habits in the development of the personality in combination with the realization of cultural-cognitive, sports, emotional, educational, and other motives of the trip. Restrictions on international travel caused by the COVID-19 pandemic make bicycle tourism one of the available leisure and active recreation types. For the development of bicycle tourism, nature conservation areas of the border are actively involved, however, the analysis of recent publications shows that the problem of combining nature protection and their recreational functions is not yet sufficiently resolved, and the issues of bicycle infrastructure development and popularization of bicycle tourism require more attention in terms of the implementation of the sustainable development concept in Ukraine. The purpose of the work is to study the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve «Eastern Carpathians» of the Ukrainian-Polish-Slovak border to use its territories in the organization of bicycle tourism and to study the international experience of popularizing bicycle tourism and the possibility of its implementation in Ukraine. According to the research results, it was established that the Ukrainian Carpathians have all the necessary conditions for the development of cycling tourism, which is implemented with the support and assistance of the European Union. Every year in the Ukrainian Carpathians there are more and more bicycle routes of different difficulty categories: from calm easy routes along the banks of rivers to breathtak- ing bicycle routes with sharp ascents and descents, in total there are about 50 bicycle routes, most of the routes have markings and accesses for downloading in GPS trackers. The development of bicycle tourism in the Carpathians is supported by many projects, in particular, the projects «VeloKraina», «Velokarpattia»: development of infrastructure for bicycle tourism in the Lviv Region», «VeloKosiv», «Green Route», «EvroVelo» and others, which are accompanied by the development of infrastruc- ture and intensive development of bicycle tourism in the Carpathian region and its popularization among Ukrainian and foreign tourists. In general, the Carpathian region has great potential for the development of cycling tourism, and the territory of the Eastern Carpathians transboundary biosphere reserve has dozens of paved routes for cyclists of various levels of difficulty, ranging from easy infrastructure for beginners to difficult mountain routes for professionals. Most of the cycling routes are laid along the borders with Ukraine and Slovakia, some routes run through the territory of Poland and Slovakia, but none of them unites the territory of Ukraine, Poland, and Slovakia. Therefore, we propose to extend the cycle route SNINA-SŁOWAC- JA (Poland-Slovakia) to the Uzhan National Nature Park and unite the territories of three countries (Ukraine, Poland, and Slovakia) within the International Biosphere Reserve «Eastern Carpathians». In addition, to extend the Trasa Torfowisko Tarnawa–Błękitna Aleja cycle track on the territory of the «Sianu Valley» Landscape Park, which is also expedient to combine with the territory of the «Nadsyan» regional landscape park, located in the southwestern part of the Lviv region, within the Sambir district, near the border with Poland. Since the full-scale invasion of Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine, there are of course no safe places for recreation, however, it is relatively safe in the Carpathians, because it is far enough from the zone of active hostilities, there are no military facilities and critical infrastructure there. In general, almost all hiking and cycling routes and all types of active recreation are currently available in the Carpathians, and the spread of bicycle tourism, the construction of bicycle paths, and the development of new bicycle routes in the Carpathians will contribute to the formation of significant socio-economic and ecological advantages in the country.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

How are online and face-to-face psychotherapy perceived by clients? A metaphor analysis

Studies about online psychotherapy have gained momentum as the coronavirus pandemic has had an impact on conducting them face to face. The effectiveness and therapeutic alliance in online psychotherapy have been examined and sometimes compared with face-to-face psychotherapy. In these studies, it was seen that mainly quantitative methods were used. Exploratory qualitative research is needed to refine the literature on online psychotherapy. For this purpose, in this study, data obtained from clients who received face-to-face or online psychotherapy were analyzed using the metaphor analysis method, which is one of the descriptive phenomenological approaches. According to the data obtained from 116 people, nine different categories of metaphors related to online and face-to-face psychotherapy were obtained. The most frequent metaphors about online psychotherapy belonged to categories of convenience, artificiality, similarity to face-to-face psychotherapy, and ineffectiveness. The frequent metaphors about face-to-face psychotherapy belonged to categories of contact, effectiveness, reality, and difficulty. When the participants were divided into two groups according to their age, the opinions about online psychotherapy differed in the two age groups. Similarly, the opinions of people who received psychotherapy with different methods differed for the online psychotherapy. Clinical implications and limitations were discussed.

ДОСВІД НАВЧАННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ДІТЕЙ-БІЖЕНЦІВ У ШКОЛАХ ВАРШАВИ: ВИКЛИКИ ТА ПОТРЕБИ ВЧИТЕЛІВ

The article presents the results of an online survey of 60 teachers from educational institutions in Warsaw who work in classes/groups with a large number of Ukrainian refugee children. The purpose of the study is to identify the difficulties teachers face when working in a multicultural classroom with children who have experienced forced migration, and to identify teachers' needs in order to provide them with appropriate methodological support. Three main categories of difficulties faced by teachers in their work are identified: difficulties in learning, which are manifested in the teaching of the subject, due to the difference in the level of knowledge of Polish and Ukrainian children, in the mastery of special terminology in certain subjects; difficulties in education, when pupils have low motivation to learn, often miss classes, do not make contact due to the language barrier; difficulties in relationships, which are observed due to lack of involvement of parents of Ukrainian children, difficulties for children to reveal their potential. It has been found that teachers need support in terms of methods of education in a multicultural classroom, cooperation with parents, didactic support, and organisation of the work of an educational institution. It is emphasised that the language barrier and learning difficulties can reduce a child’s self-esteem and motivation to learn, which is manifested through lateness to lessons or absenteeism. It is concluded that Polish schools are becoming more and more multicultural, as more and more children with migration experience, including forced migration, study in them; that Polish teachers need additional training courses on how to work in a multicultural classroom and develop multicultural competence in children.

An Innovative Demonstration of Functional Linguistic Ideas for Teaching English in Colleges and Universities Based on Multi-objective Optimization Models

Abstract Aiming at the current characteristics of English teaching in colleges and universities which are too theoretical, this paper combines the ideas of functional linguistics to innovate the teaching method, focusing on constructing a personalized English teaching resources recommendation system to assist English teaching. Among them, in the teaching resources recommendation module, the collaborative filtering algorithm is improved by calculating the learner trust degree and similarity degree, then describing the learner features and learning resources features respectively, constructing the multi-objective optimization function, and solving the optimal value by using the hybrid differential evolutionary algorithm. The constructed English teaching resources recommendation system is applied to actual teaching. For the answer situation of knowledge difficulty category 5, the highest level students can still maintain the average correct rate of 55.21%. In the comparison experiment of innovation effect demonstration, the experimental group and the control group reached statistical significance in fluency index (P=0.038&lt;0.05) and logic index (P=0.001&lt;0.05). This study can promote the practicability of English teaching and increase the effect of cultivating applied talents.

Higher Order Thinking Skill (Hots) Ability Instrument for Theme 2 (Unity in Diversity) in Class VI Elementary School

The lack of focus on HOTS assessment in the education system can lead to a lack of encouragement for students to develop critical, analytical and creative thinking skills. This research aims to develop a HOTS instrument for HOTS abilities for sixth grade elementary school students with theme 2 (Unity in Difference). The development of instruments in this research was guided by the Borg and Gall model. The HOTS instrument developed is a test in essay form. Meanwhile, the object in this research is the quality of the question items. The data collected in this research is data regarding the HOTS ability instrument. The method used to collect data in this research is the test method. Data were analyzed using content validity analysis tests, item validity tests, reliability tests, discrimination tests, and difficulty level tests. The content validity test results tested by five HOTS Instrument experts were declared relevant, the average content validity test results were declared valid, the average instrument validity test results were declared valid, the average instrument reliability test results were at very high criteria, the average results of the power test results which are in the good different power criteria, the average results of the difficulty level scores of the questions which are in the medium level category of difficulty. It was concluded that the HOTS ability instrument for sixth grade elementary school students with theme 2 (Unity in Difference) is suitable for measuring students' HOTS abilities in solving problems and training students to think creatively.

ERROR ANALYSIS IN COMPLETING STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION OF TOEFL TEST

The TOEFL test is commonly regarded as one of the requirements for comprehensive test or graduation for the students in an academic. Therefore, it is the obligation of students to fulfill these requirements and must to prepare more intensively to take the TOEFL test. The purpose of this research was to analyze the Structure and Written Expression of TOEFL and to investigate the underlying causes of the errors or mistakes made by the students. The subject was the students of English Department at Almuslim University. The research used mixed method. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative designs. Data was collected through test and interviews. It can be described that the questions were consisted into three of difficulty category was 55%. While, medium category was 40% and easy category was 5% for students in answering the Structure and Written Expression. In the Structure form indicates the lowest correct answer was 11 and the highest correct answer was 73. The total the correct answer on the structure form was 235, while incorrect answer on the Structure form was 380. Whereas, in the Written Expression form the lowest answer was 45 and the highest correct answer was 92. The total correct answer on Written Expression Form was 29, while the incorrect answer on the Written Expression Form was 740. Based on research finding, it can be concluded that the students encountered similar difficulties when answering the questions in Structure and Written Expression Section of the TOEFL examination.

Predicted models and CCP4.

In late 2020, the results of CASP14, the 14th event in a series of competitions to assess the latest developments in computational protein structure-prediction methodology, revealed the giant leap forward that had been made by Google's Deepmind in tackling the prediction problem. The level of accuracy in their predictions was the first instance of a competitor achieving a global distance test score of better than 90 across all categories of difficulty. This achievement represents both a challenge and an opportunity for the field of experimental structural biology. For structure determination by macromolecular X-ray crystallography, access to highly accurate structure predictions is of great benefit, particularly when it comes to solving the phase problem. Here, details of new utilities and enhanced applications in the CCP4 suite, designed to allow users to exploit predicted models in determining macromolecular structures from X-ray diffraction data, are presented. The focus is mainly on applications that can be used to solve the phase problem through molecular replacement.

A comparative study of workability classes using seven case studies of engineering-geological investigations of sewer systems in Northern Moravia

While the main focus of numerous engineering-geological investigations is to determine load-bearing capacity and settlement in engineering structures, this article aims to point at the specificity of sewer system engineering-geological investigations, which focuses on workability of soils and rocks. The study deals with workability class assessment of seven different sewer system localities. The significance of this research lies in the mutual comparison of workability class assessment of these seven localities in terms of two different workability standards. Each of the standards represents an independent model of assessment and classification of workability. The first standard (CSN 73 1001) classifies soils and rocks into seven workability classes, while the second (EN ISO 14688) comprises only three workability classes. Each of the approaches has its advantages and disadvantages. In comparison to the first one, the second standard permits faster and easier classification of rocks, but may be less fair to investors or developers when considering the real engineering-geological conditions and costs of implementation. Rocks were newly classified into three (easy, medium and difficult) categories of earthwork realization difficulty. In the study, 33 layers were classified in the category of easy realization of earthworks, 8 layers in the category of a medium degree of earthwork realization difficulty, and two layers in the category of a difficult realization of earthworks.

Medically assisted reproduction and mental health in adolescence: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study.

The number and proportion of children conceived through medically assisted reproduction (MAR) is steadily increasing yet the evidence on their mental health in adolescence is inconclusive. Two main mechanisms with opposite effects can explain differences in mental health outcomes by conception mode: while more advantaged parental characteristics could positively influence it, higher parental stress could have a negative influence. Linear and logistic estimations on a longitudinal population-based birth cohort study of 9,897 individuals to investigate whether adolescents conceived through MAR are more likely than naturally conceived (NC) children to experience mental health problems at age 17, as reported by adolescents themselves and their parents. We test whether this association is confounded and/or mediated by parental background characteristics collected when the cohort member was around 9 months old (maternal age, maternal education level, ethnicity, income quintile), family structure variables measured in adolescence (number of siblings in the household at age 15, parental household structure at age 14) or maternal distress at age 14. Children conceived naturally and through MAR self-reported similar mental health outcomes. The only differences between MAR and NC adolescents are in the parental reports, with parents who conceived through MAR reporting their children had 3.82 (95% CI: 1.140 to 11.54) and 2.35 (95% CI: 1.145 to 4.838) higher odds of falling within the high category of SDQ total difficulties and emotional symptoms scales, respectively. The results did not change on adjustment for mediators, such as maternal distress, number of siblings in the household and parental household structure. The results reveal a lack of or small differences in MAR adolescents' mental health outcomes compared to children who were conceived naturally. While the results based on the parental reports could suggest that MAR adolescents are at higher risk of suffering from mental health problems, the differences are small and not supported by adolescents' own reports. The difference between MAR and NC adolescent's parental report might reflect differences in parental concern, their relationship or closeness and can help to reconcile the mixed findings of previous studies.