Catalytic Steam Reforming Of Ethanol Research Articles

Ethanol steam reforming for hydrogen production over cobalt catalyst supported on the cerium oxide prepared via the one-step hard template method

This study describes a cobalt catalyst supported on highly porous cerium oxide beads (CeO2-XAD) prepared via the one-step hard template method (using resin Amberlite® XAD7HP as a template) for catalytic steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) for hydrogen production. For comparative purposes, Co catalyst supported on a commercial CeO2 is discussed (Co/CeO2-COM). Comprehensive studies, including TEM, XPS and H2-TPR analysis, reveal that the bare CeO2-XAD consists of tiny particles with highly damaged surfaces, which contain various forms of oxygen. The hierarchical structure of the support beads, fixed after calcination, ensures high mesoporosity favouring the formation of small, evenly dispersed Co3O4 crystallites on CeO2-XAD (∼3 times smaller than in Co/CeO2-COM), which then, after reduction, transformed into fine, homogenously dispersed Co particles that strongly interact with the support. Consequently, the Co catalyst supported on CeO2-XAD exhibits high catalytic activity in SRE (much higher than Co/CeO2-COM). Although both catalysts deactivate during SRE due to carbon deposition the process is less severe for the catalyst with smaller Co crystallites and nanostructured support. This study reveals the huge role played by the appropriate morphology and nanostructure of the catalyst support in SRE since they affect not only the ethanol conversion efficiency but also increase the selectivity of the process and thus limit the deactivation of the catalyst.

Recent advances in hydrogen production through catalytic steam reforming of ethanol: Advances in catalytic design

AbstractCatalytic reforming is a promising technology for producing renewable fuels; however, developing highly stable, efficient, green, and economical metallic catalysts that reduce metal sintering and carbon formation while improving catalyst activity, selectivity, and stability remains a major issue. In this regard, numerous studies have been documented in the past couple of decades evaluating the effects of various supports and promoters using ethanol as a co‐reactant in the catalytic steam reforming to produce energy‐efficient gaseous fuel, that is, hydrogen. This review article compiles research work focused on the catalytic reforming of ethanol reported in the last decade. Also, the outcomes of experimental studies have been presented and discussed for parametric analysis as case studies. The review shows that ethanol conversion, hydrogen selectivity, and catalyst stability are strongly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the catalyst, synthesis method, support choice, promoters, temperature, pressure, steam‐to‐ethanol ratio, and hourly space velocity. Noble metals (e.g., Pt, Rh, Ru, Pd, and Au), transition metals (e.g., Ni, Co, and Cu), and bimetallic composites were the most used catalysts in ethanol‐steam reforming reactions. Also, proper selection of support and promoter plays a significant role in modifying catalyst morphology, surface area, and particle size, enhancing selectivity, and reducing catalyst carbon deposition.

Steam reforming of ethanol by non-noble metal catalysts

Catalytic steam reforming of ethanol (CSRE) is an attractive mode of producing hydrogen as an environmentally-friendly energy carrier. Ethanol can be produced from first-generation fermenting of cheap carbohydrates (e.g. non-food cassava and agricultural residues), and second-generation fermenting of biomass. The catalytic conversion of ethanol requires an appropriate catalyst, operating temperature, and reaction time. Supported noble metal catalysts were previously used. The present work uses novel non-noble catalysts. The most efficient catalysts were impregnated in α-Al2O3 and fully characterized. The catalytic experiments were conducted between 500 °C and 600 °C in either electrically-heated fixed bed reactors, or in a solar-heated fluidized bed reactor. The main reaction products were H2 (approximately 5.5 mol H2/mol ethanol), CO, CO2 and CH4. Deactivation of the Co/α-Al2O3 catalyst was not observed. Negligible amounts of acetone and acetaldehyde were detected. A maximum hydrogen yield of over 95% was achieved. Pilot-scale investigations were started.

Catalytic Steam Reforming of Ethanol to Produce Hydrogen: Modern and Efficient Catalyst Modification Strategies

AbstractHydrogen is regarded as one of the most promising renewable energy that carriers with a high heating value for replacing fossil fuels and meeting clean energy requirements. Steam reforming has shown considerable promises in the creation of hydrogen. Many studies on catalytic steam reforming of ethanol have been published. Hence, developing efficient and stable catalysts capable of producing large H2 yields and ethanol conversion is a crucial step. Nickel is an essential industrial catalyst because it enhances hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions by promoting the scission of C−C bonds. Many studies have been conducted by employing noble metal‐based catalysts to reduce coke deposition and enhance metal stability against sintering since they are known to successfully break the C−C bond, resulting in less carbonaceous deposits and hence more stable catalysts. To avoid carbon production, alkaline promoters, and bimetallic heterogeneous catalysts are commonly utilized in catalysis. However, because huge amounts of by‐product CO2 produced by SRE courses are usually regarded as the primary cause of hydrogen purity degradation, it is recommended to remove CO2 in‐situ to achieve high hydrogen production.

Concentrated Platinum‐Gallium Nanoalloy for Hydrogen Production from the Catalytic Steam Reforming of Ethanol

AbstractThe steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) is a key process for the production of H2 and other vital hydrocarbons. The present work describes the synthesis of Platinum‐Gallium (Pt−Ga) nanoalloys supported on mesostructured cellular foam (MCF‐17) via ultrasound‐assisted impregnation method. Ga was substituted with Pt in different wt.% i. e. Pt/MCF‐17, Pt99.9Ga0.1/MCF‐17, Pt99Ga1/MCF‐17, and Pt90Ga10/MCF‐17 and was evaluated towards the SRE at a temperature range of 473K‐773 K towards hydrogen (H2), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), diethylether (DEE), ethylene (C2H4), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and ethane (C2H6). The SRE activity and H2 formation rate with Pt90Ga10/MCF‐17 catalyst were observed to be 68.1 % and 3047.2 nmole g−1 sec−1, which is 9.8 and 4.5 times more than the Pt/MCF‐17 counterparts. Moreover, as observed from DRIFTS, NH3‐TPD and XPS studies Ga showed high interaction with Pt in the electron deficit state which resulted in the increased dehydrogenating and acidic properties that resulted in a higher yield of H2.

Elevated-temperature bio-ethanol-assisted water electrolysis for efficient hydrogen production

Steam electrolysis over solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is a promising technique to store renewable power (such as solar and wind power) into hydrogen, and bio-ethanol-assisted steam electrolysis not only increases energy conversion efficiency but also store bio-mass energy into valuable fuels. This study developed SOEC-type reactors for conducting ethanol-assisted water electrolysis for the first time. Conventional catalytic steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production consumes a lot of heat and includes a complicated process, while the ethanol-assisted water electrolysis can achieve thermoneutral operation at the electrolysis potential of 0.36 V and generate heat at the electrolysis potentials of above 0.36 V, simultaneously obtaining pure hydrogen from cathode chamber by one step. Micro-reformer constructed by loading fibrous catalysts within channeled anode supports performed efficient ethanol reforming to facilitate fuel oxidation on anode and hence promote steam electrolysis on cathode. Employing Ni-based materials for both anode and cathode enables the co-sintering of three layers of SOEC components, resulting in low cell resistances and stable electrolysis at a record high current density of 3.0 A cm−2 under a low overall cell voltage of less than 1.3 V. Therefore, this study has demonstrated an efficient way to generate green hydrogen energy from renewables.

Ni-Cu bimetallic catalysts on Yttria-stabilized zirconia for hydrogen production from ethanol steam reforming

One of the key challenges in catalytic ethanol steam reforming (ESR) is the ease of deactivation of the catalysts caused by metal sintering and carbon deposition. In this study, bimetallic Ni-Cu catalysts supported on Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) have been prepared for ESR. Bimetallic Ni-Cu catalysts were active for ESR and the addition of Cu can improve the Ni performance and stability of the catalysts in ESR. Adding a small amount of Cu to the catalyst successfully led to formation of Cu-Ni alloy, which is efficient for improving reducibility of the catalyst. However, high Cu content limited the activity of the catalysts due to the lack of exposed active sites of Ni and Cu. In ESR, Ni was proposed to be responsible for CC bond cleavage while Cu was for the promotion of WGS. YSZ has very limited role in reducing coke formation as the catalyst support though it has high surface oxygen mobility, which is indicated by the serious deactivation by coke formation on Ni/YSZ monometallic catalyst. However, Cu addition on bimetallic Ni-Cu catalysts is proved to be effective to improve stability of the catalysts by reducing coke deposition. Among all the catalysts, Cu1Ni9/YSZ exhibited superior performance and stability with negligible activity loss during 20 h ESR reaction at 450 °C and 650 °C, respectively.

Novel efficient {Pt, Ir}/Ce1-xRuxO2 catalysts for catalytic steam reforming of ethanol

{Pt, Ir}/Ce1-xRuxO2, catalysts were prepared to be used in the hydrogen production from the ethanol steam reforming reaction. Initially, the catalytic supports, Ce1-xRuxO2, were synthesized by the sol–gel process. Later, the Pt/Ce0.97Ru0.03O2 and Ir/Ce0.97Ru0.03O2 catalysts were produced through incipient wetness impregnation using high purity compounds as sources of Pt or Ir. These systems were characterized by means of SEM, XRD, TEM, and specific surface area measurements. The catalysts were tested in the ethanol steam reforming reaction at stoichiometric conditions (water/ethanol = 3) in a continuous flow fixed–bed quartz microreactor under atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 300–600 °C. From the results, it follows that the support itself acts as a catalyst for the reaction. The catalytic support (Ce0.97Ru0.03O2) and the catalytic species (Pt, Ir) exhibit sustained conversion during the studied interval of temperature. It was observed that at 600 °C, Pt/Ce0.97Ru0.03O2 and Ir/Ce0.97Ru0.03O2 achieve a (5 H2/ethanol) molar ratio. Stability tests revealed that Pt/Ce0.97Ru0.03O2 and Ce0.97Ru0.03O2 compounds showed an outstanding performance in the ethanol steam reforming reaction for more than 10 h before being deactivated.

Engineering oxygen vacancies and nickel dispersion on CeO2 by Pr doping for highly stable ethanol steam reforming

Catalytic steam reforming of ethanol has drawn great attention for sustainable hydrogen production. This paper describes the development of various CeO2 supported Ni catalysts for efficient steam reforming of ethanol. Different amounts of Pr were doped into ceria using a sol-gel strategy compared with the traditional impregnation method. The physicochemical properties of the fresh and spent catalysts, e.g., Ni dispersion, oxygen vacancies, and metal-support interaction, were well characterized by various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, H2 temperature-programmed reduction, H2 chemisorption, Raman, electron paramagnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Highly dispersed Ni nanoparticles, abundant oxygen vacancies and enhanced metal-support interaction have been achieved by properly doping of praseodymium (Pr) and the sol-gel preparation. The origin of abundant oxygen vacancies in Pr-doped CeO2 supported Ni catalyst has been revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Active and stable steam reforming of ethanol have been achieved on CeO2 supported Ni with suitable Pr doping. Complete conversion of ethanol has been maintained for more than 7200 min without any activity loss at 600 °C and atmospheric pressure with H2O/C2H5OH of 4 and C2H5OH-H2O gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 44,240 ml/gcat h−1 when Ni was loaded on 20%-Pr doped ceria (10Ni-CePr0.20). The rate of coke deposition on the optimal catalyst was as low as 0.00056 gc/gcat·h.

Dynamic Reorganization of Bimetallic Nanoparticles under Reaction Depending on the Support Nanoshape: The Case of RhPd over Ceria Nanocubes and Nanorods under Ethanol Steam Reforming

Bimetallic catalysts exhibit high performance compared to that of their monometallic counterparts in a wide range of catalytic reactions. Both geometric and electronic phenomena yield unique properties that cannot be reproduced by other means. Bimetallic nanoparticles reorganize dynamically under reaction conditions, usually forming complex core–shell distributions of metals and oxidation states. This reorganization is even more complex in the presence of a reducible support. Here we show by operando ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) that the shape of the support also plays a crucial role in the reorganization of bimetallic nanoparticles, which has important consequences for catalytic performance. We have monitored the surface composition and oxidation states of preformed Rh0.5Pd0.5 model nanoparticles of 4 nm in size supported over CeO2 nanocubes and CeO2 nanorods during the catalytic steam reforming of ethanol (ESR) at 823 K. Over Rh0.5Pd0.5/CeO2-nanocubes, both rhodium and pall...

Ethanol steam reforming on Ni/CaO catalysts for coproduction of hydrogen and carbon nanotubes

Catalytic steam reforming of ethanol is considered as a promising technology for producing H2 in the modern world. In this study, using a fixed-bed reactor, steam reforming of ethanol was performed for production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and H2 simultaneously at 600°C on Ni/CaO catalysts. Commercial CaO and a synthetic CaO prepared using sol-gel were scrutinized for ethanol's catalytic steam reforming. Analysis results of N2 isothermal adsorption indicate that the CaO synthesized by sol-gel has more pore volume and surface area in comparison with the commercial CaO. When Ni was loaded, the Ni/CaO catalyst shows an encouraging catalytic property for H2 production, and an increase in Ni loading could improve H2 production. The Ni/CaO catalyst with sol-gel CaO support has presented a higher hydrogen production and better catalytic stability than the catalysts with the commercial CaO support at low Ni loading. The highest hydrogen yield is 76.8% at Ni loading content of 10% for the Ni/sol-gel CaO catalyst with WHSV of 3.32/h and S/C ratio of 3. The carbon formed after steam reforming primarily consists of filamentous carbons and amorphous carbons, and CNTs are the predominant type of carbon deposition. The deposited extent of carbon on the used Ni/CaO catalyst lessen upon more Ni loading, and the elongated CNTs are desired to be formed at the surface of the Ni/sol-gel CaO catalyst. Thus, an efficient process and improved economic value is associated with prompt hydrogen production and CNTs from ethanol steam reforming.

Thermodynamic and experimental analysis on ethanol steam reforming for hydrogen production over Ni-modified TiO2/MMT nanoclay catalyst

Catalytic ethanol steam reforming (ESR) offers a sustainable and attractive route for hydrogen production, which can be utilized as a substitute for fossil fuels. ESR for hydrogen production involves complex reactions and yield of hydrogen depends upon several process variables such as temperature, molar feed ratio and pressure. In this study, a thermodynamics analysis coupled with experimentation for ESR toward hydrogen production has been investigated. The structured montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay and TiO2 supported catalyst incorporated by nickel (Ni) was developed via a sol-gel and impregnation methods. The catalyst samples were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, BET and TGA to understand crystallinity, surface morphology, pore structure and stability. Initially, thermodynamic analysis was employed to study the effect of reaction conditions on equilibrium product distribution of ESR. The equilibrium concentrations of different compounds were calculated by the method of direct minimization of the Gibbs free energy. Optimum conditions for ESR were found to be; atmospheric pressure, temperatures between 600 and 700 °C and steam to ethanol (S/E) feed molar ratio of 10:1, at which highest hydrogen can be produced with minimum coke formation. Next, catalytic performance of NiO/MMT-TiO2 catalyst for enhanced ESR for hydrogen production was conducted in a tubular fixed bed reactor at 500 °C and atmospheric pressure. Noticeably, Ni-promoted TiO2 NPs found efficient for selective hydrogen production, yet MMT-supported Ni/TiO2 gave much higher ethanol conversion with improved hydrogen yield. Using 12% Ni-10% MMT/TiO2 catalyst, ethanol conversion of 89% with H2 selectivity and yield of 61 and 55%, respectively were obtained. The stability test revealed MMT-supported catalysts maintained activity even after 20 h. By comparing results, it was possible to explain deviations between thermodynamic analysis and experimental results regarding carbon deposition and selective hydrogen production.

Cu promoted Ni-Co/hydrotalcite catalyst for improved hydrogen production in comparison with several modified Ni-based catalysts via steam reforming of ethanol

Enhanced hydrogen production via catalytic steam reforming of ethanol has a huge potential. In the present investigation, several combinations of mixed metal oxide supported catalysts were evaluated for efficient and economical hydrogen generation from ethanol. The comparison was carried out in terms of ethanol conversion, hydrogen yield and cyclic stability over various catalyst-support systems. Several nickel based supported catalysts namely, Ni/MgO, Ni/Al2O3, Ni/CeO2 and Ni/ZrO2 were studied in this work among which Ni/MgO and Ni/Al2O3 showed satisfactory activity and stability for hydrogen production. Thereafter Ni/hydrotalcite (HTc)-type material was employed to combine features of the above catalysts which showed more than 90% ethanol conversion and yielded 82 mol% of hydrogen at optimized conditions. Finally, a novel combination of Cu promoted Ni-Co/HTc was synthesized and tested for improved hydrogen production. It showed almost complete conversion of ethanol (98.3%) with hydrogen yield of 83% at much lower temperature (673 K). The process conditions were optimized by studying effects of temperature, S/C ratio and GHSV on hydrogen production. Cu-Ni-Co/HTc also remained stable for up to 4 cycles justifying its multi-cycle activity, selectivity and durability. Such novel combination of catalyst-support system assists in improved hydrogen production in a sustainable manner.

Response Surface Methodology and Aspen Plus Integration for the Simulation of the Catalytic Steam Reforming of Ethanol

The steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) on a bimetallic RhPt/CeO2 catalyst was evaluated by the integration of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Aspen Plus (version 9.0, Aspen Tech, Burlington, MA, USA, 2016). First, the effect of the Rh–Pt weight ratio (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) on the performance of SRE on RhPt/CeO2 was assessed between 400 to 700 °C with a stoichiometric steam/ethanol molar ratio of 3. RSM enabled modeling of the system and identification of a maximum of 4.2 mol H2/mol EtOH (700 °C) with the Rh0.4Pt0.4/CeO2 catalyst. The mathematical models were integrated into Aspen Plus through Excel in order to simulate a process involving SRE, H2 purification, and electricity production in a fuel cell (FC). An energy sensitivity analysis of the process was performed in Aspen Plus, and the information obtained was used to generate new response surfaces. The response surfaces demonstrated that an increase in H2 production requires more energy consumption in the steam reforming of ethanol. However, increasing H2 production rebounds in more energy production in the fuel cell, which increases the overall efficiency of the system. The minimum H2 yield needed to make the system energetically sustainable was identified as 1.2 mol H2/mol EtOH. According to the results of the integration of RSM models into Aspen Plus, the system using Rh0.4Pt0.4/CeO2 can produce a maximum net energy of 742 kJ/mol H2, of which 40% could be converted into electricity in the FC (297 kJ/mol H2 produced). The remaining energy can be recovered as heat.

Steam reforming of ethanol over mesoporous Rh/CeZrO2: Mechanistic evaluation using in situ DRIFT spectroscopy

AbstractMesoporous CeZrO2 support was prepared by a homogeneous urea coprecipitation route and loaded with 0.05 g/g (5 wt%) Rh2O3 to prepare supported Rh/CeZrO2 catalyst. The mesoporous nature of the catalyst was confirmed by N2 adsorption‐desorption studies, which revealed a type IV isotherm with a characteristic H2 hysteresis. Rh impregnation led to a decrease in the BET surface area and an increase in the CO uptake, as established by pulse chemisorption studies. Temperature‐programmed reduction (TPR) studies revealed significant alteration in the reducibility of the support due to introduction of the active metal. Catalytic ethanol steam reforming (ESR) over the supported catalyst was performed in a tubular microreactor under varying temperatures and space velocities at a constant ethanol‐to‐water ratio of 1:6. Increasing the temperature was found to positively influence both the conversion and hydrogen selectivity. Mesoporous Rh/CeZrO2 catalyst exhibited almost complete ethanol conversion and 62.9 % H2 selectivity at 600 °C and 0.3 mL · min−1 flow rate. The nature of intermediate species and products formed during ethanol steam reforming was established using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), which brought out the significant role of Rh toward aiding ethanol decomposition. Based on these studies, a plausible mechanism for catalytic ethanol steam reforming over Rh/CeZrO2 was proposed. Time‐on‐stream studies revealed the excellent stability of the catalyst over extended periods. Detailed investigations of the spent catalyst revealed the amorphous nature of coke formed on the surface of the catalyst post‐reforming.

Catalytic steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production: Brief status

Hydrogen represents a promising fuel since it is considered as a cleanest energy carrier and also because during its combustion only water is emitted. It can be produced from different kinds of renewable feedstocks, such as ethanol, in this sense hydrogen could be treated as biofuel. Three chemical reactions can be used to achieve this purpose: the steam reforming (SR), the partial oxidation (POX) and the autothermal reforming (ATR). In this study, the catalysts implemented in steam reforming of ethanol were reviewed. A wide variety of elements can be used as catalysts for this reaction, such as base metals (Ni, Cu and Co) or noble metals (Rh, Pt and Ru) usually deposited on a support material that increases surface area and improves catalytic function. The use of Rh, Ni and Pt supported or promoted with CeO2, and/or La2O3 shows excellent performance in ethanol SR catalytic process. The ratio of water to ethanol, reaction temperatures, catalysts loadings, selectivity and activity are also discussed as they are extremely important for high hydrogen yields.

Effects of Metal Oxide Support and Non-noble Metal Active Species on Catalytic Steam Reforming of Ethanol for Hydrogen Production

Dependence of hydrogen production via the catalytic steam reforming of ethanol on the metal oxide support and first row transition metal catalyst was investigated. Ni supported on CeO2 was more easily reduced and began to produce hydrogen at a lower temperature than Ni supported on ZrO2, SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO. Ni/CeO2 also maintained a high activity at a constant reaction temperature of 673 K and inhibited carbon deposition. Therefore, CeO2 was adopted as the catalytic support. Compared with Ni/CeO2, Fe/CeO2 and Mn/CeO2 were less active. Contrarily, Co/CeO2 was slightly less active at 673 K, but exhibited a comparable hydrogen yield at 873 K. The Cu/CeO2 system was reduced more readily and produced hydrogen at a lower temperature, but its activity gradually deteriorated by carbon deposition. Thus we concluded that Ni/CeO2 exhibited the best combination of properties with the highest hydrogen yield at 673 K and a long stability.

Experimental and Subsequent Mechanism Research on the Steam Reforming of Ethanol Over a Ni/CeO2 Catalyst

In the present work, ethanol has been selected as a model compound to represent the typical alcohols found in bio-oil. A stable Ni/CeO2 catalyst has been designed for the production of hydrogen from catalytic steam reforming of ethanol in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor. The influence of reaction temperature, liquid hourly space velocity, and steam-to-carbon ratio were investigated. The Ni/CeO2 catalyst performed with high activity for 30 h at optimal conditions and did not show any deactivation. Using density functional theory, the elementary reactions involved in the decomposition of ethanol on the Ni(111) surface have been systematically calculated. The optimal pathway for the ethanol steam reforming reaction process on the surface of the catalyst is proposed.

Production of hydrogen by steam reforming of ethanol over alumina supported nano-NiO/SiO2 catalyst

The production of hydrogen by catalytic steam reforming of ethanol was carried out over alumina supported nano NiO catalyst in silica synthesized using sol–gel method. The catalyst was characterized using SEM, TEM and BET surface area analyzer. The performance of the catalyst in ethanol reforming was investigated using three important operating parameters such as reaction temperature, feed steam to ethanol ratio and space-time. The activity tests were performed in the steam to ethanol molar ratio range of 2:1 to 9:1 and space-time from 2.78 to 9.25kgcatalysthkmol−1 of ethanol fed and in the temperature range of 550 to 700°C. A maximum yield of 4.2mol of hydrogen per mole of ethanol reacted were produced at 650°C. A favorable operating condition was established at 650°C using 8:1 steam to ethanol molar ratio and a space-time of 9.25kgcatalysthkmol−1 of ethanol fed. Under these operating conditions, ethanol conversion, product composition and H2 yield were studied to see the contributions of water–gas shift reaction, ethanol cracking, methane steam reforming and also reverse water–gas shift reaction towards the yield of hydrogen. The kinetic study was performed over a wide range of space-time at different temperatures under negligible diffusional resistance. A power-law model rate equation was derived with acquired experimental data. The kinetic parameter and order of reaction were estimated by non-linear regression method. The activation energy was calculated to be 27kJmol−1. A good agreement was obtained between experimental and model predicted results.

ADVANCES IN ETHANOL REFORMING FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN

Catalytic steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) is a promising route for the production of renewable hydrogen (H2). This article reviews the influence of doping supported-catalysts used in SRE on the conversion of ethanol, selectivity for H2, and stability during long reaction periods. In addition, promising new technologies such as membrane reactors and electrochemical reforming for performing SRE are presented.