Catalytic Membrane Research Articles

Overcoming the permeability-selectivity challenge in water purification using two-dimensional cobalt-functionalized vermiculite membrane

Clean water and sanitation are major global challenges highlighted by the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Water treatment using energy-efficient membrane technologies is one of the most promising solutions. Despite decades of research, the membrane permeability-selectivity trade-off remains the major challenge for synthetic membranes. To overcome this challenge, here we develop a two-dimensional cobalt-functionalized vermiculite membrane (Co@VMT), which innovatively combines the properties of membrane filtration and nanoconfinement catalysis. The Co@VMT membrane demonstrates a high water permeance of 122.4 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the VMT membrane (1.1 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1). Moreover, the Co@VMT membrane is applied as a nanofluidic advanced oxidation process platform to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degradation of several organic pollutants (dyes, pharmaceuticals, and phenols) and shows excellent degradation performance (~100%) and stability (for over 107 h) even in real-world water matrices. Importantly, safe and non-toxic effluent water quality is ensured by the Co@VMT membrane/PMS system without brine, which is totally different from the molecular sieving-based VMT membrane with the concentrated pollutants remaining in the brine. This work can serve as a generic design blueprint for the development of diverse nanofluidic catalytic membranes to overcome the persistent membrane permeability-selectivity issue in water purification.

StRAB4 gene is required for filamentous growth, conidial development, and pathogenicity in Setosphaeria turcica.

Setosphaeria turcica, the fungal pathogen responsible for northern corn leaf blight in maize, forms specialized infectious structures called appressoria that are critical for fungal penetration of maize epidermal cells. The Rab family of proteins play a crucial role in the growth, development, and pathogenesis of many eukaryotic species. Rab4, in particular, is a key regulator of endocytosis and vesicle trafficking, essential for filamentous growth and successful infection by other fungal pathogens. In this study, we silenced StRAB4 in S. turcica to gain a better understanding the function of Rab4 in this plant pathogen. Phenotypically, the mutants exhibited a reduced growth rate, a significant decline in conidia production, and an abnormal conidial morphology. These phenotypes indicate that StRab4 plays an instrumental role in regulating mycelial growth and conidial development in S. turcica. Further investigations revealed that StRab4 is a positive regulator of cell wall integrity and melanin secretion. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes highlighted primary enrichments in peroxisome pathways, oxidoreductase and catalytic activities, membrane components, and cell wall organization processes. Collectively, our findings emphasize the significant role of StRab4 in S. turcica infection and pathogenicity in maize and provide valuable insights into fungal behavior and disease mechanisms.

Multi-channel ceramic catalytic membrane microreactors for highly efficient heterogeneous catalysis

Multi-channel ceramic catalytic membrane microreactors are highly efficient reactors, combining reaction and separation in a single unit. However, the synthesis of multi-channel ceramic catalytic membranes with well-distributed active components keeps a great challenge. Here, we report a flow-induced layer-by-layer assembly of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) followed by pyrolysis that generates highly active and well-distributed Co@N-doped carbon (Co@CN) catalytic materials inside the ceramic membrane (CM) pores, which creates abundant microreactors with enhanced mass transfer efficiency. The pyrolysis temperature, concentration of Co2+, and number of solution cycles are determined as pivotal factors on the microstructures and catalytic performance of the catalytic membranes. The catalytic membrane, Co@CM-550-0.06-2, exhibits outstanding performance in the reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol, achieving full conversion within 25 min and maintaining stability over 5 h of continuous operation. The developed multi-channel ceramic catalytic membrane microreactors can be readily scaled up, and have great application potentials in heterogeneous catalysis.

Cathodic membrane with confined interlayer spacing for efficient electrocatalytic dehalogenation of antibiotics

Conventional catalytic membranes often exhibit inadequate catalytic efficiency due to limited retention time for pollutants during filtration. In this study, a single-atom catalyst (Ni-NG) was prepared by dispersing single nickel atoms onto nitrogen-doped graphene oxide sheets. Subsequently, under controlled conditions, the assembly of Ni-NG with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets led to the fabrication of efficient electrocatalytic cathodic membranes (ECMs). The ECMs were designed to concentrate and dehalogenate antibiotics simultaneously by utilizing the confined single nickel atoms within the multilayered ECMs through electrocatalytic reduction. Remarkably, complete degradation of chloramphenicol (CAP, 20 mg L−1) in the solution was achieved within a remarkably short time of 3.0 ms by ECM8 which had an area of 7.1 cm2 and comprised Ni-NG (16.9 μg) and rGO (16.9 μg), with an interlayer spacing of 0.37 nm, during filtration (40 L m−2 h−1). The reaction rate constant (k) for CAP degradation by ECM8 was approximately 3 × 108 min−1, surpassing the highest value in the literature. Furthermore, the ECM demonstrated both high energy efficiency and stability, highlighting the great potential for practical applications. The electrocatalytic cathodic membrane, designed to primarily concentrate pollutants in confined interlayer spaces through the sieving effect, shed lights on the highly efficient dehalogenation of organic compounds in pharmaceutical salt-laden wastewater.

A two dimensional Co(OH)2 catalytic gravity-driven membrane for water purification: a green and facile fabrication strategy and excellent water decontamination performance.

Cobalt-based materials are reported to be the most efficient catalysts in sulfate radical advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). A green and facile method was developed in this work to prepare uniform Co(OH)2 hexagonal nanosheets, which was void of any organic solvents via mere ambient temperature stirring. The obtained nanosheets were assembled into a catalytic gravity-driven membrane, through which the removal efficiency of a typical pharmaceutical contaminant, ranitidine (RNTD), could reach ∼100% within 20 min. Meanwhile, the catalytic membrane also demonstrated effective removal performance towards various pollutants. In order to augment the long-term stability of catalytic membranes, Co(OH)2/rGO composites were fabricated using the same strategy, and a Co(OH)2/rGO catalytic membrane was prepared correspondingly. The Co(OH)2/rGO membrane could maintain a ∼100% removal of RNTD over a constant reaction period lasting for up to 165 hours, which was approximately 11 times that of the sole Co(OH)2 membrane (15 h). Analysis of element chemical states, metal ion concentration in filtrates, and quenching experiments suggested that the combination with rGO could promote the electron transfer to accelerate the Co(II) regeneration, restrain the cobalt dissolution to alleviate the active site loss, and contribute to the production of 1O2via synergistic effects of oxygen-containing groups in rGO. Toxicity assessment was performed on RNTD and its degradation intermediates to confirm the reduction in ecotoxicity of the treated feed. Overall, this work not only offered guidance for the application of nanosheets in AOP membranes, but also had implications for the environmentally-friendly preparation protocol to obtain functional metal hydroxides.

In situ confined encapsulation of ultrafine Fe2O3 nanoclusters in N/S co-doped graphene-based membranes for continuous chemical conversion.

Membranes with catalytic function can provide an effective approach for simultaneously transforming reactants to industrial chemicals and separation. However, rational design of stable and high-quality catalytic membranes with controlled structure remains a big challenge. We report a strategy for in situ confined encapsulation of ultrafine Fe2O3 nanoclusters in nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene-based membranes for continuous chemical conversion. By manipulation of the active ferric catalytic center and surrounding coordination atoms in doped rGO nanosheets, multiple coordination structures were provided to achieve improved catalytic properties. Angstrom-level confined interlayer structure (∼8 Å) was constructed by external pressurization of Fe/NS-rGO nanosheets on membrane substrate, and the adsorption energy of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) molecule between Fe/NS-rGO layers was much stronger than that in traditional nanometer-level confined space due to extra interactions, achieving the catalytic efficiency with a high Turnover Frequency (TOF) value (1596.0 h-1). The prepared ultrathin Fe/NS-rGO catalytic membrane also exhibited excellent water flux and rejection rate for small dye molecules, as well as long-term separation activity toward naphthol green B (NgB) for at least 130 h. The progress offers a viable route to the rational design of high-quality catalytic membranes with tailored structures and properties for wide applications.

MFI nanosheets: a rising star in zeolite materials

MFI nanosheet zeolites, which integrate dual merits of hierarchical zeolites and nano zeolites, with an optimal diffusion efficiency, are regarded as a highly desired material for catalytic reactions and membrane separation.

Electro-driven multi-functional catalysis separation membrane reactor with switchable wettability for efficient water purification

A flow-through catalytic separation membrane reactor with adjustable wettability can achieve efficient and controllable on-demand separation and catalytic purification of wastewater.

Ultrafast degradation of organic pollutants enabled by nanofluidic ZIF-67/GO membranes via efficient nanoconfined peroxymonosulfate activation

Nanofluidic catalytic membranes composed of two-dimensional graphene oxide nanosheets and ZIF-67 crystals swiftly eliminate organic pollutants from wastewater.

Copper single-site engineering in MOF-808 membranes for improved water treatment.

MOF-808, a metal-organic framework containing Zr6O8 clusters, can serve as a secure anchoring point for stabilizing copper single-sites with redox activity, thus making it a promising candidate for catalytic applications. In this study, we target the incorporation of Cu-MOF-808 into a mixed-matrix membrane for the degradation of tyrosol, an emerging endocrine-disrupting compound commonly found in water sources, through Fenton reactions, developing innovative technologies for water treatment. We successfully demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by preparing catalytic membranes with minimal metal leaching, which is one of the primary challenges in developing copper-based Fenton heterogeneous catalysts. Furthermore, we utilized advanced synchrotron characterization techniques, combining X-ray absorption spectroscopy and pair distribution function analysis of X-ray total scattering, to provide evidence of the atomic structure of the catalytic copper sites within the membranes. Additionally, we observed the presence of weak interactions between the MOF-808 and the organic polymer, potentially explaining their enhanced stability.

A CFD model of natural gas steam reforming in a catalytic membrane reactor: Effect of various operating parameters on the performance of CMR

The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier has increased for reasons related to its environmentally friendly characteristics. The most common and low-cost method of producing hydrogen from natural gas (or CH4) is the steam reforming process. The 2-D axisymmetric catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) model is developed for pure hydrogen production from real natural gas (NG) using a Pd–Ru membrane with a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. In this paper, a CFD model is prepared to investigate the performance of a catalytic membrane reactor through natural gas conversion and hydrogen production under various operation parameters, i.e., temperature of reaction in the range of 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 K, gas hourly space velocity GHSV with a range of 500, 700, 1000, 2000, and 3000 h−1, and sweep gas flow rate (Re No.) 1, 50, 100, 150, and 250. The results of the simulation show that the CMR exhibits a high permeation rate of hydrogen on the permeate side (tube side) and achieves a high methane conversion rate of approximately 99.9 % at 1000 K on the retentate side. The hydrogen flux exhibits a decline as the temperature increases from 900 to 1000 K, despite the achievement of complete (NG) conversion. Hence, it can be concluded that the performance of the catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) process exhibits a pattern of increase when the other parameters, such as (GHSV) and (Re.No.), are increased.

Assembly of MOF derived composite catalyst on the PVDF membrane matrix for high-efficient phenol removal

Integrating the heterogeneous catalysts with the membrane matrix is a promising approach for wastewater decontamination. In this study, a ZIF-67 derived cobalt‑manganese spinel catalyst MnCo2O4.5@Carbon (MCOC) was prepared using a one-pot pyrolysis process and was then blended with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane through the phase inversion method. The introduction of the MCOC catalyst not only improved the permeance of the membrane but also constructed active reaction sites within the membrane matrix. As a result, the PVDF/MCOC membranes exhibited both satisfactory degradation capabilities by activating peroxymonosulfate and favorable permeation performance. Remarkably, about 99 % of phenol (20 mg/L) can be removed within 30 min, with a water flux of 649.0 L/m2∙h. Besides, the PVDF/MCOC catalytic membrane possessed favorable anti-fouling properties and stability. The flux recovery rate of the PVDF/MCOC membrane reached 85 % after three fouling/washing cycles, while the phenol removal efficiency remained consistent at 95 % after 5 consecutive cycles. Radical quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis further indicated that sulfate radicals and singlet oxygen were the primary reactive oxygen species in the phenol degradation processes. Consequently, this work highlights an effective method to fabricate a catalytic membrane with high permeance and catalytic efficiency, potentially expanding the application of heterogeneous catalysts in wastewater decontamination.

Electrifying Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ for focalized heating in oxygen transport membranes

Industry decarbonization requires the development of highly efficient and flexible technologies relying on renewable energy resources, especially biomass and solar/wind electricity. In the case of pure oxygen production, oxygen transport membranes (OTMs) appear as an alternative technology for the cryogenic distillation of air, the industrially-established process of producing oxygen. Moreover, OTMs could provide oxygen from different sources (air, water, CO2, etc.), and they are more flexible in adapting to current processes, producing oxygen at 700–1000 °C. Furthermore, OTMs can be integrated into catalytic membrane reactors, providing new pathways for different processes. The first part of this study was focused on electrification on a traditional OTM material (Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ), imposing different electric currents/voltages along a capillary membrane. Thanks to the emerging Joule effect, the membrane-surface temperature and the associated O2 permeation flux could be adjusted. Here, the OTM is electrically and locally heated and reaches 900 °C on the surface, whereas the surrounding of the membrane was maintained at 650 °C. The O2 permeation flux reached for the electrified membranes was ∼3.7 NmL min−1 cm−2, corresponding to the flux obtained with an OTM non-electrified at 900 °C. The influence of depositing a porous Ce0.8Tb0.2O2−δ catalytic/protective layer on the outer membrane surface revealed that lower surface temperatures (830 °C) were detected at the same imposed electric power. Finally, the electrification concept was demonstrated in a catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) where the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) was carried out. ODHE reaction is very sensitive to temperature, and here, we demonstrate an improvement of the ethylene yield by reaching moderate temperatures in the reaction chamber while the O2 injection into the reaction can be easily fine-tuned.

Fabrication of bimetallic Co/Ni composite oxides on Ni-foam as a highly active monolithic membrane catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol

The development of highly active non-noble metal catalysts is the prerequisite for the practical application of the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) into 4-aminophenol (4-AP) by NaBH4. In this work, inexpensive Co/Ni bimetallic composite oxide integral membrane catalysts with different metal-ion molar ratios towards 4-NP reduction were grown on the nickel foam (NF) substrate by a facile oxalate-pyrolysis method. Benefiting from the synergistic effect between Co and Ni elements, special crystalline phase of NiCo2O4 with high electron transfer capacity and uniform nanoflake array structure, the NF-based monolithic membrane catalyst with a Co/Ni molar ratio of 2:1 (Co2Ni1) exhibited the optimal activity for the catalytic reduction of 4-NP. A reduction ratio of 96.71% for 250 mL of 4-NP with an initial concentration of 15 mg/L could be reached within 25 min under the reaction conditions as follows: two pieces of Co2Ni1 catalytic membranes (20 × 40 mm2), 0.015 mol/L NaBH4 and a temperature of 25 °C. The corresponding kinetic reaction rate constant was 0.1410 min−1, which was 2.0 and 15.5 times higher than that of pure Co3O4 and NiO. Moreover, the activation energy, enthalpy and entropy for the reaction were calculated as 17.44 kJ/mol, 14.97 kJ/mol and −210.61 J•mol−1•K−1, respectively. Notably, the reduction rates of 4-NP remained at around 97% during thirteen consecutive catalytic runs, indicating the good reusability of the Co2Ni1 integral membrane catalyst. These results show that NF-based Co/Ni composite oxide membrane is a promising integral catalyst for converting of 4-NP into 4-AP owing to its excellent properties and easy recovery feature.

Can we reversely filtrate the catalytic membrane when treating algae-laden water?

During catalytic membrane filtration, algal cells and macromolecules in environmental aqueous conditions load on the surface of the catalytic material, leading to progressive deactivation of the catalytic membrane. Here, we synthesized catalytic membranes with outstanding water flux by anchoring catalyst (δ-MnO2 and sulfur-doped g-C3N4) on homoporous base membranes and immobilizing them by PIP-TMC interfacial polymerization. And the reverse filtration was used to pre-remove the hard-to-degrade foulings such as algal cells to enhance the degradation performance and antifouling performance of the catalyst membrane. The presence of reverse pre-filtration endowed the catalytic membrane to obtain 1.5 times higher water flux than normal filtration, reducing the contact of foulings with the catalyst and improving the catalytic efficiency and stability. Therefore, the operating conditions of the catalytic layer were optimized to obtain higher degradation rates and maintain long-term catalytic activity compared to normal filtration. Also, in the treatment of algae-laden water, reverse filtration allowed algal cells to be separated due to pore size sieving and catalytic material space, avoiding cell fragmentation and release of extracellular polymers caused by activated generated reactive oxygen species. In the catalytic removal of the refractory pollutants (APAP and SMX), the SK25 membrane was able to remove 100 % of the performance with degradation rates up to 0.36 mol·L−1·s−1. This study proposes a novel strategy for catalytic membrane filtration and promotes the application of catalytic membrane filtration technology in practical environmental problems.

Coagulation/co-catalytic membrane integrated system for fouling-resistant and efficient water purification

Low-pressure catalytic membranes allow efficient rejection of particulates and simultaneously removing organics pollutant in water, but the accumulation of dissolved organic matters (DOM) on membrane surface, which cover the catalytic sites and cause membrane fouling, challenges their stable operation in practical wastewater treatment. Here we propose a ferric salt-based coagulation/co-catalytic membrane integrated system that can effectively mitigate the detrimental effects of DOM. Ferric salt (Fe3+) serving both as a DOM coagulant to lower the membrane fouling and as a co-catalyst with the membrane-embedded MoS2 nanosheets to drive perxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and pollutant degradation. The membrane functionalized with 2H-phased MoS2 nanosheets showed improved hydrophilicity and fouling resistance relative to the blank polysulfone membrane. Attributed to the DOM coagulation and co-catalytic generation of surface-bound radicals for decontamination at membrane surface, the catalytic membrane/PMS/ Fe3+ system showed much less membrane fouling and 2.6 times higher pollutant degradation rate in wastewater treatment than the catalytic membrane alone. Our work imply a great potential of coagulation/co-catalytic membrane integrated system for water purification application.

Chalcopyrite functionalized ceramic membrane for micropollutants removal and membrane fouling control via peroxymonosulfate activation: The synergy of nanoconfinement effect and interface interaction

This work developed a novel chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) incorporated catalytic ceramic membrane (CFSCM), and comprehensively evaluated the oxidation-filtration efficiency and mechanism of CFSCM/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for organics removal and membrane fouling mitigation. Results showed that PMS activation was more efficient in the confined membrane pore structure. The CFSCM50/PMS filtration achieved almost complete removal of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) under the following conditions: pH = 6.0, CPMS = 0.5 mM, and C4-HBA = 10 mg/L. Meanwhile, the membrane showed good stability after multiple uses. During the reaction, SO4•− and •OH were generated in the CFSCM50/PMS system, and SO4•− was considered to be the dominant reactive species for pollutant removal. The roles of copper, iron, and sulfur species, as well as the possible catalytic mechanism were also clarified. Besides, the CFSCM50/PMS catalytic filtration exhibited excellent antifouling properties against NOM with reduced reversible and irreversible fouling resistances. The Extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory analysis showed an increased in repulsive energy at the membrane-foulant interface in the CFSCM50/PMS system. Membrane fouling model analysis indicated that standard blocking was the dominant fouling pattern for CFSCM50/PMS filtration. Overall, this work demonstrates an efficient catalytic filtration process for foulants removal and outlines the synergy of catalytic oxidation and interface interaction.

High efficiency manganese cobalt spinel structure catalytic ozonation ceramic membrane for in situ BPA degradation and membrane fouling elimination

In recent years, micropollutants contamination in aquatic environments has received increasing attention. Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting compound, has emerged as a substantial threat to water safety owing to its widespread presence in various aquatic environments. To address this issue, this study focused on the development of ceramic membranes incorporating manganese-cobalt oxides (MCOs) to catalyze the ozone-based degradation of BPA. The catalytic layer was prepared by hydrothermal in-situ growth method, which enhanced BPA degradation during water treatment and improved the ceramic membrane’s resistance to contamination. Moreover this study investigated the synergistic effect of catalytic ozone oxidation in mitigating ceramic membrane pollution and degrading micropollutants. The catalytic mechanism and the contamination modeling were examined systematically to determine the mechanism of micropollutant contamination on ceramic membranes. The experimental results showed that the modified ceramic membrane exhibited a higher BPA removal efficiency (90.6%) and flux recovery (99.5%) than the unmodified membrane (64.2% and 79%, respectively). Furthermore, the MCOs-modified ceramic membrane (CCM) effectively enhanced the generation of hydroxyl radicals during ozonolysis. This enhancement resulted in better degradation of organic pollutants in water, thus improving the quality of the treated water. The combination of ceramic membrane catalytic separation with ozone oxidation technology offers a potential solution for the degradation of emerging pollutants and the mitigation of ceramic membrane pollution.

Synthesis of sulfonated graphene oxide loaded polyvinyl alcohol membranes for esterification of ethyl propionate in a pervaporative catalytic membrane reactor system: Experimental and modelling

Ethyl propionate was produced using pervaporative catalytic membrane reactor-separator (PCMR) system. The reaction and separation were carried out by sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) incorporated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes. The catalyst was prepared by sulfonation of graphene oxide using chlorosulfonic acid to achieve the desired degree of sulphonation. The catalyst and membranes were characterized by various techniques like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Energy dispersive fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), etc. Various parameters including catalyst loading, reaction time, reaction temperature, molar ratio, downstream pressure, etc. were studied. The PVA membrane crosslinked with fumaric acid was synthesized with different SGO catalyst loading. The prepared membrane was used to perform esterification of ethyl propionate in batch mode with PCMR system. Modelling and simulation studies were carried out to compare the experimental and predicted results. The heterogeneous Eley-Rideal kinetic model was fitted to obtain the conversion values with time and compared with the experimental results. Compared to the batch reactor the conversion was 17–41 % more in PCMR for different molar ratios and temperatures. The water flux was varied from 1.92 to 8.8 mol /m2h with time. Maximum conversion (98 %) occurred at higher temperatures, about 90 % conversion was achieved in the study at 60 ℃ in 8.5 h. The highest selectivity of water was obtained as 145 at a pressure of 6 mmHg with the hydrophilic PVA membrane.

Strong enhancement on electron transfer pathway of peroxymonosulfate activation for rapid organic pollutant degradation in wastewater by iron encapsulated into nitrogen-doped carbon: Iron-cores as electron supply stations

Developing high-performance non-radical degradation systems is a valuable strategy to solve the inefficiency of free radical systems in complex aqueous conditions. In this paper, nitrogen-doped carbon materials encapsulating iron-based nanoparticles (Fe@CPAnPyX) were prepared by carbonizing polyaniline-polypyrrole copolymer precursors. Fe@CPAnPyX exhibited outstanding peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalytic activity and could rapidly degrade 97.40 % of 2,4-dicholophenol (100 mg/L) within 6 min, with kinetic constant reaching 17.2 times than that of CPAnPyX without iron. Adequate reaction pathway investigations showed that, unlike most reported Fe-carbon composites, the Fe@CPAnPyX/PMS system is dominated by electron transfer pathway (97.60 %) after encapsulation of iron-based nanoparticles. The antitheses analysis, structure–activity relationship analysis and density functional theory calculations validated that the N-doped carbon shell, rich in defect and graphitic nitrogen, is the direct component involved in the reaction, while the internal iron core mainly acts as an auxiliary component significantly facilitating the electron transfer pathway by enhancing the overall conductivity and coulomb field of the material and serving as “electron resupply stations” for the external carbon shell. Benefiting from the enhanced non-radical pathway, the Fe@CPAnPyX/PMS system exhibits wide pH applicability (pH = 3.00–11.00), strong resistance to water matrixes, significant electron-rich pollutants selectivity and good reusability (92.58 % degradation efficiency was maintained in the seventh cycle). A custom-made catalytic membrane device exhibited good sustained operational stability, showing a good practical application prospect. This study provides an effective strategy to significantly enhance the non-free radical pathway of carbon-based materials, which promotes the application of non-free radical systems in complex wastewater.