Plasma Catalase Research Articles

An association between the level of oxidative stress and the concentrations of NEFA and BHBA in the plasma of ketotic dairy cows.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative status in ketotic cows. We observed changes in the oxidative status and correlations between the oxidative and metabolic status in non-ketotic (n=10), subclinical ketotic (n=10) and ketotic cows (n=10). Plasma samples were analysed by standard biochemical techniques and ELISA to determine traditional metabolic parameters: triglyceride (TG), phosphonium (P), calcium (Ca), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), immune globulin (Ig), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); energy metabolism indices: glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA); and indices of oxidative status: malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), vitamin C, vitamin E, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC). The results of this study showed that plasma glucose levels were lower in ketotic and subclinical ketotic cows than in non-ketotic cows; however, the plasma NEFA and BHBA concentrations were higher. In addition, significant decreases in TC, HDL and VLDL and significant increases in AST, ALT and LDH were observed in the plasma of the ketotic cows. The ketotic cows showed decreased plasma SOD, CAT, vitamin C and vitamin E, inhibited hydroxyl radical capacity and increased plasma H2 O2 and MDA. There were positive correlations between the plasma NEFA and ALT, AST, LDH and MDA and negative correlations between the plasma NEFA and TC, HDL, VLDL, SOD, vitamin C, vitamin E, 1542280 uric acid and inhibited hydroxyl radical capacity. In addition, there were positive correlations between BHBA concentrations and ALT, AST and LDH and negative correlations between plasma BHBA concentrations and TC, HDL, VLDL, vitamin E and inhibited hydroxyl radical capacity. Overall, ketotic dairy cows experience oxidative stress, which is presumably associated with hyperketonemia and higher NEFA.

Effect of soya bean and fish oil inclusion in diets on milk and plasma enzymes from sheep and goat related to oxidation.

This study investigated the effects of dietary inclusion of soya bean oil combined with fish oil (SFO) on the activities of a) superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and glutathione transferase (GST) in blood plasma and b) SOD, GR, CAT and lactoperoxidase (LPO) in the milk of sheep and goats. Furthermore, the oxidative stress indicators for measuring total antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity [ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays] and oxidative stress biomarkers [malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC)] were also determined in the blood plasma and milk of the animals. For this purpose, twelve dairy sheep and twelve dairy goats were assigned each to two homogenous subgroups. Treatments in both animal species involved a control diet without added oil and a diet supplemented with 5% soya bean oil and 1% fish oil. The results showed that the inclusion of SFO in the diets of sheep and goats increased significantly the activities of CAT and GR in their blood plasma. The same effect was observed for the activities of GST and FRAP in the blood plasma of goats. Moreover, the fact that the goats had significantly higher average daily PUFA intake (3.62g/kg BW0.75 ) compared to sheep (2.51g/kg BW0.75 ) resulted in an enhancement in the MDA content in their plasma. A significant increase in CAT activity in the milk in both animal species fed with SFO diets was also found. Finally, due to the higher apparent transfer rate of n-3 FA from the diet to the milk in sheep, the PC concentrations were found to be enhanced in their plasma and milk. In conclusion, the impact of dietary SFO supplementation on the oxidative status of body and/or on the milk of small ruminants depends not only on the daily PUFA intake, but also on the amount of n-3 FA that reach their milk.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИММУНОМОДУЛЯТОРА «БЕСТИМ» НА ИММУННЫЙ СТАТУС И СВОБОДНО-РАДИКАЛЬНОЕ ОКИСЛЕНИЕ У БОЛЬНЫХ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ ПИЕЛОНЕФРИТОМ НА ФОНЕ МОЧЕКАМЕННОЙ БОЛЕЗНИ

Aim of research is to study the influence of Bestim immunomodulator on indices of immune status and free-radical oxidation in patients with chronic calculous pyelonephritis depending on the phase of inflammation. Introduction. Changes in immune status and active processes of free-radical oxidation in patients with chronic secondary pyelonephritis (CSP) associated with urolithiasis (UL) are significant in the pathogenesis of underlying disease and its complications. Therefore, it is reasonable to supplement complex therapy with antioxidant and immunomodulatory agents, particularly with Bestim (?–D–glutamyl–L–tryptophan sodium salt). Materials and Methods. We conducted short-term prospective randomized study of effectiveness of Bestim immunomodulatory agent application in patients with chronic secondary pyelonephritis associated with UL as a part of standard conservative therapy combined with surgical treatment. In accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria we selected 164 patients with chronic secondary pyelonephritis associated with UL who were under medical treatment in the department of urology in the Road Clinical Hospital, Chelyabinsk, and in the department of urology in the Regional Clinical Hospital, Chelyabinsk. Results. It has been established that in patients with CSP associated with UL neutrophil leukocytosis is developed, absorbing lysosomal activity is enhanced, NBT-reductive capacity of neutrophils is decreased, concentration of IL-1?, IL-4, IL-8, and IFN-? is increased, and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) b catalase is decreased. More expressed changes in immune status are observed in patients with UL-associated CSP in the active phase of inflammation. After standard combined therapy patients with active phase of CSP associated with UL have lower count of band neutrophils in blood; absorbing lysosomal activity is still enhanced, NBT-reductive capacity of neutrophils is decreased, concentration of IL-1?, IL-4, IL-8, and IFN-? is increased, and activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in plasma and erythrocytes is decreased. Conclusion. If the combined therapy in patients with CSP associated with UL is supplemented with Bestim the changes observed during the active phase of inflammation become more expressed: the count of band neutrophils in blood is decreased, absorbing activity is restored, NBT-reductive capacity of neutrophils keeps on decreasing, concentration of IL-1?, IL-8, and IFN-? is decreased, and concentration of IL-2 and IL-4 in blood is increased.

Перекисне окислення білків та ліпідів при недиференційованій дисплазії сполучної тканини у дітей

Aim: The study of lipid and protein peroxidation in children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia. Materials and Methods: There were studied the state of lipid and protein peroxidation on 63 children (33 children with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UDCTD) and 30 children without (UDCTD)) by spectrofotometrie (the change of index and the end product of lipid peroxide modification — malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes, the process of peroxidation of proteins (PSP) — the content of the final products of oxidative modification — 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine blood plasma, the activity of the antioxidant defense enzymes — catalase (CT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in membrane structures and plasma) and biochemical methods (level of free cholesterol). Results: we established a significant increase in venous blood plasma products of lipid peroxidation, an increase of lipid peroxidation products in erythrocytes and an imbalance in the antioxidant defense system in children with UDCTD compared with a group of children without UDCTD. Conclusion: there were observed changes in the peroxidation of plasma proteins in venous blood (2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine in apoproteids of lipoproteins low and very low density), the index of peroxide modification of lipoproteins and lipid membranes of red blood cells, an imbalance of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CT), which the extent is correlated with the degree of phenotypic disorders in UDCTD in adolescents with UDCTD. Key words: children, undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia, lipid peroxidation, protein peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes.

Pro/antioxidant status in young healthy women using oral contraceptives.

The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) on pro/antioxidant status in the blood of healthy women aged 20-25 years. Individuals were divided into OCs users and OCs nonusers. Markers of oxidative stress in the blood such as Cu, Cu/Zn ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione oxidized (GSSG), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were determined. Antioxidants such as glutathione reduced (GSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated. Higher Cu concentrations, Cu/Zn ratio and GGT activity in women taking OCs were noted. A significant increase in MDA concentrations in oral OCs users was observed. Heightened activity of CAT in plasma was observed in OCs users, whereas SOD activity remained unchanged in plasma and erythrocyte lysate. A decline of GSH and GSSG in whole blood and glutathiono-dependent enzymes (GPx in plasma, GR in plasma and GST in lysate) was shown. Use of OCs leads to a pro/antioxidant imbalance. The results in the present study confirmed that GGT is an early marker of oxidative stress. Catalase is the main antioxidant, involved in the removal of free radicals in OCs users.

Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of melatonin on the larynx mucosa of rats exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.

This study's aim was to investigate the effect of melatonin in terms of mitigating the effects of smoking on the laryngeal mucosa of rats exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Rats were divided into four groups: Melatonin + Smoking group exposed to smoke with melatonin; Smoking group exposed to smoke without melatonin; Saline group not exposed to smoke without melatonin; Melatonin group not exposed to smoke with melatonin. CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were evaluated in plasma and tissues. Tissues were also examined the changes of squamous hyperplasia, keratosis, parakeratosis and epithelial hyperplasia by light microscope and the ultrastructural changes by electron microscope. Tissue SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities were significantly higher in Saline and Melatonin groups than Melatonin + Smoking and Smoking groups. Plasma CuZn-SOD and CAT activities were significantly higher in Saline and Melatonin groups than Smoking group. Plasma GSH-Px showed no significant difference. The rate of epithelial hyperplasia was significantly higher in Smoking group than the other groups. The rate of parakeratosis was significantly higher in Smoking group than the other groups. The epithelial cells in Melatonin + Smoking group displayed, normal cell structure similar to those in Saline group under electron microscope. The study shows that smoking induces substantial pathological changes in the laryngeal mucosa and melatonin may have some beneficial effects in partially reversing smoking-induced laryngeal injury by inducing the expression of antioxidants; biochemical and histological outcomes also support these findings due to preventing tissue damage in laryngeal mucosa exposed to smoke.

Corn Silk Extracts as Scavenging Antioxidant in Oxidative Stress Induced Rabbits Using Corticosterone

Background to the Study: Corn silk contains phytochemicals of medical benefits such as proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, Ca, K, Mg and Na salts, fixed and volatile oils, steroids such as sitosterol and stigmasterol, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. Aim and Objective: This study aimed at the evaluation of the scavenging property of corn silk extract in oxidative stress induced rabbits using corticosterone. Materials and Methods: Fifteen rabbits divided into three experimental groups (A-Control, B-treated with aqueous extract and C-treated with methanolic extract) of 5 rabbits each were studied. The extract of the corn silk was obtained using methanol and water. Plasma Catalase, Superoxide dismutase and Glutathione peroxidase were estimated in the rabbits biochemically by spectrophotometry. The inducement of oxidative stress was done by administering corticosterone (40 mg/kg/day) into the rabbits for 21 days before treatment. Results: The result obtained showed a significantly lower mean plasma value of Glutathione peroxidase, Catalase Test Croup B and C after inducement with corticosterone compared with the control with P<0.05. A significantly higher mean plasma value of Glutathione peroxidase, Catalase was also obtained in test Croup B and C after treatment with corn silk extract following oxidative stress inducement with corticosterone than before the treatment with P<0.05. Conclusion: The work has revealed significant scavenging anti-oxidative effect of methanolic and aqueous extract of corn silk following a significant oxidative stress induction using corticosterone in rabbits with reference to significant biochemical alteration in the plasma activities of Glutathione peroxidase and catalase.

English

Phytochemical, micronutrient composition and anti-oxidative potential of ethanolic leaf extract of S ida acuta in albino wistar rats were investigated using standard analytical methods. The result (mg/100 g) for phytochemical composition were 91.46 ± 0.02 tannin, 1500.36 ± 0.36 alkaloid, 530.27 ± 0.03 saponin, 1163.86 ± 0.1 flavonoid, 1454.50 ± 0.85 steriod, 115.29 ± 0.05 terpeniods and 851.62 ± 0.01 cardiac glycosides. The vitamin composition (mg/100 g) were 0.36 ± 0.01 thiamin, 0.19 ± 0.02 niacin, 24.27 ± 0.25 ascorbic acid, 1.85 ± 0.32 tocopherol, 0.12 ± 0.05 riboflavin while mineral composition (mg/100 mg) was 14428 ± 0.02, 122.11 ± 0.01, 325.12 ± 0.02 for calcium, magnesium and zinc, respectively. To determine the antioxidative potential, twenty-four adult wistar albino rats were divided into four groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 received feed and water (control) while group 2, 3 and 4 in addition to feed and water were treated with ethanol leaf extract of S. acuta at 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg body weight, respectively. After 14 days of treatment; the rats were sacrificed and plasma obtained for oxidative stress indices assay. The result showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in mean values of plasma malondialdehyde concentration and a significant increase (P < 0.05) in reduced glutathione concentration at 40 and 60 mg/kg body weight compared to the control group. Plasma catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly increased (P < 0.05) only in animals treated with 60 mg/kg body weight compared to the control group. The result showed that ethanolic leaf extract of S. acuta possesses an antioxidant property which, in a dose dependent manner, reduces/ameliorates oxidative stress in rats. Keywords: Sida acuta , rats, micronutrients, phytochemical, oxidative stress

45 ACROSOME REACTION AND HETEROLOGOUS ZONA BINDING ASSAY OF FROZEN STALLION SPERM AFTER HYPERACTIVATION

During cryopreservation and due to the large portion of seminal plasma removal, there is a decrease in equine sperm antioxidant protection. Lactoferrin and catalase in seminal plasma play an antioxidant role. The fertilizing ability of equine sperm has been analysed in vitro using sperm-zona binding assays with heterologous oocytes. The results have been correlated with in vivo fertility by means of acrosome reaction (AR) and the number of attached sperm to the zona pellucida (ZP). The aim of the present work was to estimate the potential fertilizing ability of stallion sperm frozen with INRA82 extender (Battelier et al. 1997) with lactoferrin and catalase, and after hyperactivation with procaine and calcium ionophore A-23187 (Ca-I) by determining the AR rate and number of attached sperm to the bovine ZP. Semen from 6 stallions was frozen with 3 extenders: (T1) control, INRA 82; (T2) T1 + 500 μg mL–1 lactoferrin; and (T3) T1 + 200 IU mL–1 catalase. After semen thawing, the sperm were selected by swim-up and distributed in 3 aliquots according to the hyperactivation treatments: (H1) control, after thawing; (H2) capacitating Whitten’s medium + 5 mM procaine chloride; and (H3) capacitating Whitten’s medium + 5 μM Ca-I. To the zona binding assays, bovine oocytes derived from abattoir ovaries were incubated at 38.5°C with 5% CO2 (1 h), and 5 oocytes were poured into each treatment droplet under mineral oil. Sperm were stained with Hoechst 33342 dye (35 μg mL–1), and after 2 h co-culture, the number of sperm attached to the ZP was determined with epi-fluorescent microscopy. The rate of sperm AR was determined after freezing-thawing (control) and hyperactivation treatments with propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate/peanut agglutinin dies with a flow cytometer. The green fluorescent (peanut agglutinin+) and not red stained (propidium iodide) sperm were considered acrosome reacted. Means of ZP attached sperm and percentage of AR sperm were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey test. A probability of P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. The mean of ZP attached sperm (4.2 ± 3.5) and AR sperm rate (4.4 ± 3.7%) did not differ among the extenders (P &gt; 0.05). The rate of sperm AR after hyperactivation with procaine (5.2 ± 2.4%) did not differ to the Ca-I (6.1 ± 3.7%); however, they were higher than the spontaneous AR rate (1.1 ± 0.5%, P &lt; 0.05). Lower number of ZP attached sperm was observed by the Ca-I induced hyperactivation protocol (1.9 ± 2.1) compared with the procaine (5.9 ± 3.7; P &lt; 0.05), although they did not differ to the control (3.3 ± 2.7). In conclusion stallion frozen sperm were better hyperactivated with procaine than with Ca-I, and therefore, it is a more suitable sperm hyperactivation inductor to study equine IVF protocols with frozen semen. Acknowledgments are extended to CAPES, Brazil, for the financial support.

Fermented barley extract supplementation ameliorates metabolic state in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

We studied the effects of fermented barley extract P (FBEP) in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Male 10-week-old SHRSP were divided into three groups that were fed: an AIN-93M diet (control), a low dose of FBEP (4g/kg; FBEP1), and a high dose of FBEP (20g/kg; FBEP2) for three weeks. Hypertension was significantly improved by the use of FBEP supplementation. The FBEP diet improved plasma triglyceride, insulin sensitivity, enhanced plasma catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities, and decreased plasma 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels. In addition, the FBEP diet upregulated hepatic antioxidative genes and modulated Nrf2 protein levels in the liver. Furthermore, a single oral dose of FBEP (2g/kg body weight) was able to lower blood pressure in SHRSP. In conclusion, our data suggest that increased expression of hepatic antioxidative genes and modulation of Nrf2 may play a role in the regulation of metabolic diseases in SHRSP consuming a FBEP diet.

Effects of repeated handling and air exposure on the immune response and the disease resistance of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) over winter

High mortalities and suppressed immune functions of farmed fish over winter are the universal problems in aquaculture. It is necessary to improve the immune response and disease resistance in the overwintering fish. A recent study suggested that repeated handling increased innate immune mechanisms and disease resistance in Senegalese sole. Therefore, the present study evaluated the hypothesis that appropriate repeated handling could compromise the immune depression and increase the disease resistance in gibel carp over winter. The experiment was executed in field net cages (2 m × 2 m × 2 m) from Dec. 4, 2012 to Apr. 2, 2013. Three cages with 50 fish per cage were randomly designed as the control group and did not receive any interfere over winter. The other three cages received repeated handling with an air exposure for 5 min every week during the experiment. Fish were not fed over winter. At the end of the trial, fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila at a dose of 1.5 × 10(8) CFU ml(-1). The results showed that no significant difference of final body weight was found between groups. The spleen and kidney somatic index increased in the control fish after bacterial challenge and showed a rising trend but not a statistical change in repeated handled fish. Plasma cortisol levels significantly increased in the control fish at 6 h post bacterial challenge and then declined. However, repeated handled fish did not show any significant change in plasma cortisol levels after challenge. The reduced inducement of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expressions by repeated handling was found in gibel carp post bacterial challenge. After overwintering, the repeated handled fish exhibited increased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Enhanced plasma CAT activities and reduced plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were found in repeated handled fish over time against invading bacteria. Up-regulation of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and interleukin 11 (IL11) was observed in repeated handled fish over time after bacterial challenge. The overexpression of IL11 was significantly reduced by repeated handling against invading bacteria compared to the control group. The present results implied that a MyD88-dependent signaling pathway was involved in the innate immune responses of gibel carp by repeated handling over winter against invading bacteria.

Repeated handling compromises the immune suppression and improves the disease resistance in overwintering channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

In winter, fish have suppressed immune functions and are susceptible to bacteria or virus which may lead to a high mortality. It is necessary to improve the immune response and disease resistance for overwintering fish. A recent study suggested that repeated handling increased the innate immune mechanisms and disease resistance in Senegalese sole. Therefore, the present study tested the hypothesis that appropriate repeated handling could compromise the immune depression and increase the disease resistance in channel catfish over winter. The experiment was carried out in field cages from Nov. 2012 to April 2013. Before the experiment, 35 fish with an average weight of 188.4 g were randomly assigned to one of six cages (2 m × 2 m × 2 m). Three cages were designed as the control group and did not receive any interfere. Fish in the other three cages received a weekly repeated handling of an air exposure for 5 min. Fish were not fed over winter. At the end of the trial, fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila at a dose of 5.6 × 10(8) CFU ml(-1). The results showed that final body weight was not changed between groups. The spleen somatic index increased while the head kidney somatic index decreased in the unhandled fish after bacterial challenge, but these indices were not significantly changed in the repeated handled fish. Plasma cortisol levels in the control fish were induced at 6 h post challenge and then declined to the normal levels. However, plasma cortisol levels in the repeated handled fish did not show any significant change after bacteria challenge. The reduced inducement of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression by repeated handling was observed in fish post bacterial challenge. After overwintering, repeated handled fish exhibited increased catalase (CAT) activities and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), CAT and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of channel catfish were enhanced by repeated handling post bacterial challenge. The enhanced up-regulation of Interleukin 8 (IL8), IL1β-a, IL1β-b together with the immune related genes of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and NOD2 by repeated handling was found in catfish after bacterial challenge. The present results indicated that a combination of signaling pathways through TLRs and NODs was involved in the innate immune response of the overwintering repeated handled channel catfish against invading bacteria.

The Effects of Escitalopram Treatment on Oxidative/ Antioxidative Parameters in Patients with Depression

ABS TRACT: The effects of escitalopram treatment on oxidative/antioxidative parameters in patients with depression Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of escitalopram, an antidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor group, on lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NO) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in patients with major depressive disorder. Method: Eighteen patients (11 women, 7 men) diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) according to DSM-IV criteria and eighteen healthy controls (10 women, 8 men) were included in the study. The relevant parameters were measured before and after treatment with 20 mg/day escitalopram for 6 weeks in patients and only once in the controls. Results: Plasma SOD, CAT, malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO levels were significantly higher before treatment in patients with major depression compared to healthy controls; there was no significant differences in GPx levels. Treatment with 20 mg/day escitalopram for 6 weeks reduced plasma SOD, CAT, MDA and NO levels statistically significantly; it had no effect on GPx levels. Conclusion: The results provide evidence for the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of MDD and revealed that subchronic treatment with escitalopram significantly decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and MDA values. It may be argued that antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT and oxidative stress markers such as MDA and NO are state markers of MDD, because values came close to the results of healthy subjects after treatment.

Antioxidant potential of dietary chia seed and oil (Salvia hispanica L.) in diet-induced obese rats

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary chia seed and oil on plasma and liver oxidative status in diet-induced obese rats. Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided in six groups (6 animals each): control group was fed the American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93M diet; HFF group was fed a high-fat and high-fructose (HFF) diet; chia seed short (6-weeks) and long (12-weeks) treatments received an HFF diet with chia seed; chia oil short (6-weeks) and long (12-weeks) treatments received an HFF diet with chia oil. Plasma and hepatic biomarkers of lipid peroxidation, endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems and antioxidant capacity were determined. HFF diet induced weight gain, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in plasma and liver of animals. Compared to HFF group chia seed and chia oil (12 and 6weeks) intake increased plasma reduced thiol (GSH) levels, plasma catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. In the liver glutathione reductase (GRd) activity was enhanced, while CAT and GPx activities did not change. There were no differences in plasma and liver superoxide dismutase activity among chia diets and HFF group. Chia (seed and oil) intake did not modify liver lipid peroxidation, but was able to reduce plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and 8-isoprostane levels increased by HFF group. Plasma and hepatic antioxidant capacity values were increased in chia seed and oil groups about 35% and 47%, respectively, compared to HFF group. Chia groups presented similar antioxidant potential, regardless of treatment time. Dietary chia seed and oil reduced oxidative stress in vivo, since it improved antioxidant status and reduced lipid peroxidation in diet-induced obese rats.

Effect of caraway on gentamicin-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and nephrotoxicity in rats

Different potentially therapeutic approaches to prevent or attenuate gentamicin (GEM) induced nephrotoxicity have been proposed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible protective effects of caraway seed oil against GEM-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats (24) were randomly assigned into four equal groups: i) normal control group, ii) treated with GEM, iii) pretreated with orally caraway seed oil 10 (mg kg−1) plus GEM and iv) treated with GEM and caraway seed oil 10 mg kg−1. Biochemical examinations were utilized for evaluation of the oxidative stress and renal nephrotoxicity. Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined. Administration of gentamicin to rats induced a marked renal failure, characterized by a significant increase in plasma creatinine and BUN concentrations. The animals treated with gentamicin alone showed a significantly higher plasma MDA level andlower SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities when compared with the control group. Treatment and simultaneous treatment with caraway seed oil produced amelioration in MDA and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, GSH-Px and CAT when compared with the gentamicin treated group. In addition, GEM nephrotoxicity increased renal inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ). Pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly decreased (P&amp;lt;0.05) in the test groups administered caraway seed oil. These findings suggest that caraway seed oil treatment attenuates renal dysfunction and structural damage through the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation in rats.

Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Stable Renal Transplant Recipients with Respect to the Immunosuppression Protocol - Differences or Similarities?

SummaryBackgroundThe aim of the study was to evaluate parameters of oxidative and nitrosative stress as well as antioxidative parameters in a group of renal transplant recipients with stable graft function and no clinical signs of cardiovascular disease. We also aimed to determine the correlations among these parameters and to evaluate potential differences in all the biomarkers with regard to the immunosuppression protocol.MethodsWe enrolled 57 renal transplant recipients and 31 controls who were age and sex matched with the renal transplant recipients. All of the patients included in this study had post-renal transplant surgery at least 12 months earlier and were on standard immunosuppressive therapy. In this study, we determined thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in plasma and red blood cells and advanced oxidation protein products, nitrosative stress parameters (asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine – ADMA and SDMA), and antioxidative parameters (total SH groups and catalase activity).ResultsThe results of our study demonstrated that the levels of oxidative and nitrosative stress were significantly increased compared to the healthy population (p<0.01 except for plasma catalase activity p<0.05). Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between: ADMA and SDMA (p<0.01); ADMA and nitrates (p<0.05); SDMA and nitrates (p<0.05); between OS parameters in the experimental group; AOPP and SH groups (p<0.05) and TBARS in plasma and SH groups (p<0.01), SDMA and AOPP (p< 0.05); SDMA and TBARS in plasma (p<0.05); SDMA and SH groups (p<0.01); nitrates and SH groups (p<0.05).ConclusionThere was no significant difference in oxidative and nitrosative stress parameters with respect to the immunosuppressive protocol.

HIF-mediated increased ROS from reduced mitophagy and decreased catalase causes neocytolysis.

During prolonged hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) mediate an increase in erythropoiesis, leading to an increased red blood cell (RBC) mass and polycythemia. Upon return to normoxia, the increased RBC mass is abruptly overcorrected by the preferential destruction of hypoxia-formed young RBCs, a phenomenon termed neocytolysis. The molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in neocytolysis are unknown. We developed a murine model of neocytolysis by exposing mice to 12 % oxygen for 10 days followed by return to normoxia. Upon return to normoxia, there was excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RBCs from an increased reticulocyte mitochondrial mass correlating with decreased Bnip3L transcripts (Bnip3L mediates reticulocyte mitophagy) and reduced catalase activity. During hypoxia, upregulated miR-21 resulted in low catalase activity in young RBCs. Furthermore, neocytolysis was attenuated by antioxidants and plasma catalase and blunted in mice that had constitutively high expression of HIFs. Among human neonates studied, we report data supporting the existence of neocytolysis during the first week of life. Together, these experiments indicate that the major mechanisms causing neocytolysis involve (1) production of young RBCs with low catalase during hypoxia and (2) lysis of the young RBCs after return to normoxia, mediated by ROS from an increased mitochondrial mass. We report a mouse model of neocytolysis. Neocytolysis is caused by excessive ROS formation mediated by HIF. ROS is generated from increased mitochondria in reticulocytes. Hypoxia-generated RBCs have low catalase and are preferentially destroyed. Reduced catalase is regulated by increased microRNA-21.

Plasma antioxidant status and motor features in de novo Chinese Parkinson's disease patients

Purpose: This study aimed to explore plasma antioxidant status in de novo Chinese Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and investigate its relationship with specific motor features of PD. Patients and methods: Sixty-four de novo Chinese PD patients and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. Each motor feature of PD patients was assessed by unified Parkinson's disease rating scale. Plasma antioxidant status, including plasma level of glutathione (GSH) and plasma activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relationship between the plasma antioxidant status and motor features of PD was evaluated by Spearman's coefficient. Results: Plasma GSH level and plasma activities of GSH-Px, CAT and SOD of PD patients were lower than those of healthy controls. Moreover, the declining activity of plasma CAT was related with the increasing mean postural instability and gait disorder (PIGD) score and growing age. In contrast, the severity of tremor was positively correlated with plasma SOD activity. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that the plasma antioxidant status is impaired in de novo Chinese PD patients. The complex relationship between the plasma antioxidant status and different motor features indicates that the antioxidant mechanisms underlying tremor and PIGD of PD may be different.

Differential in vitro effects of homoarginine on oxidative stress in plasma, erythrocytes, kidney and liver of rats in the absence and in the presence α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid or L-NAME.

In the present study, we evaluated the in vitro effects of homoarginine (hArg) at 1, 10 and 20 µM on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS), total sulfhydryl content and on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in plasma, erythrocytes, kidney and liver of rats (60 days old). We also investigated the influence of the antioxidants (each at 1 mM) α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, as well as of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) at 1 mM, on the effects elicited by hArg on the parameters tested. In plasma, hArg at concentrations of 10 and 20 μM decreased moderately the total sulfhydryl content. At 20 µM, hArg enhanced moderately TBA-RS in the plasma. In plasma, the effects of hArg (20 µM) on TBA-RS and total thiol content were abolished by α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and L-NAME. At all concentrations tested, hArg did not exert any effect on CAT, SOD or GSH-Px activity in the erythrocytes. In the kidney, hArg exerted effects only at 20 µM and in a different manner: TBA-RS levels increased and total thiol content and CAT activity decreased, while SOD and GSH-Px activity increased. In the renal medulla, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid but not L-NAME abolished the effects of hArg (20 µM) on TBA-RS, while all agents inhibited the hArg-induced increase in SOD activity. In the renal cortex, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and L-NAME abolished the effects of hArg (20 µM) on the total sulfhydryl content and GSH-Px activity, but L-NAME did not reverse the inhibitory effects of hArg on CAT activity. In the liver, no effects of hArg were observed of all biomarkers measured. At the pathologically high concentration of 20 µM, as it may occur in plasma in hyperargininemia, hArg may enhance lipid peroxidation and thiol oxidation and inhibit CAT activity, but may increase SOD and GSH-Px activity predominantly in the kidney.

Consumption of Oxidized Soybean Oil Increased Intestinal Oxidative Stress and Affected Intestinal Immune Variables in Yellow-feathered Broilers.

This study investigated the effect of oxidized soybean oil in the diet of young chickens on growth performance and intestinal oxidative stress, and indices of intestinal immune function. Corn-soybean-based diets containing 2% mixtures of fresh and oxidized soybean oil provided 6 levels (0.15, 1.01, 3.14, 4.95, 7.05, and 8.97 meqO2/kg) of peroxide value (POV) in the diets. Each dietary treatment, fed for 22 d, had 6 replicates, each containing 30 birds (n = 1,080). Increasing POV levels reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) of the broilers during d 1 to 10, body weight and average daily gain at d 22 but did not affect overall ADFI. Concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in plasma and jejunum as POV increased but total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) declined in plasma and jejunum. Catalase (CAT) activity declined in plasma and jejunum as did plasma glutathione S-transferase (GST). Effects were apparent at POV exceeding 3.14 meqO2/kg for early ADFI and MDA in jejunum, and POV exceeding 1.01 meqO2/kg for CAT in plasma and jejunum, GST in plasma and T-AOC in jejunum. Relative jejunal abundance of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) P50 and NF-κB P65 increased as dietary POV increased. Increasing POV levels reduced the jejunal concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A and cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 and CD8 molecules with differences from controls apparent at dietary POV of 3.14 to 4.95 meqO2/kg. These findings indicated that growth performance, feed intake, and the local immune system of the small intestine were compromised by oxidative stress when young broilers were fed moderately oxidized soybean oil.