Catalase Gene Research Articles

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cuticle and secretome-related genes are associated with hydrogen peroxide sensitivity in the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi

The sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi is the main ectoparasite species affecting the salmon industry in Chile. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a chemotherapeutant frequently used for lice control, and currently considered as a non-pharmacological method. The H2O2 molecules cause the formation of bubbles in the louse's hemolymph, inducing mechanical paralysis and detaching the parasite from the host. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response and potential resistance of the ectoparasite to this chemotherapeutant remains poorly understood. This study aimed to expand the knowledge of candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in the response of C. rogercresseyi to H2O2. Taken the accumulative molecular evidence concerning the molecular responses of lice exposed to delousing compounds, immune-related, antioxidant system, chemosensory receptors, secretome, and cuticle formation genes were evaluated. Herein, lice were experimentally exposed to three concentrations of H2O2 composed by 360, 744, and 1080 mg L−1. Then, novel SNPs in catalase, superoxide dismutase, serpin, cuticle-7, cuticle-19, and trypsin-5 genes were validated in samples from four lice populations with contrasting sensitivity to H2O2. Upregulation of genes related to the antioxidant system, secretome, and cuticle formation in exposed lice was observed. Notably, SNP allele frequencies and transcription analyses suggest that Cuticle-7 and Cuticle-19 genes can be applied for H2O2 sensitivity surveillance in C. rogercresseyi populations. This study contributes to a better understanding of the response to H2O2 in C. rogercresseyi and provides new insights into the potential molecular mechanisms as a chemical treatment.

Allelic variation of TaWD40-4B.1 contributes to drought tolerance by modulating catalase activity in wheat

Drought drastically restricts wheat production, so to dissect allelic variations of drought tolerant genes without imposing trade-offs between tolerance and yield is essential to cope with the circumstance. Here, we identify a drought tolerant WD40 protein encoding gene TaWD40-4B.1 of wheat via the genome-wide association study. The full-length allele TaWD40-4B.1C but not the truncated allele TaWD40-4B.1T possessing a nonsense nucleotide variation enhances drought tolerance and grain yield of wheat under drought. TaWD40-4B.1C interacts with canonical catalases, promotes their oligomerization and activities, and reduces H2O2 levels under drought. The knock-down of catalase genes erases the role of TaWD40-4B.1C in drought tolerance. TaWD40-4B.1C proportion in wheat accessions is negatively correlative with the annual rainfall, suggesting this allele may be selected during wheat breeding. The introgression of TaWD40-4B.1C enhances drought tolerance of the cultivar harboring TaWD40-4B.1T. Therefore, TaWD40-4B.1C could be useful for molecular breeding of drought tolerant wheat.

Ethylene-dependent regulation of oxidative stress in the leaves of fusaric acid-treated tomato plants

The mycotoxin fusaric acid (FA) induces rapid oxidative burst leading to cell death in plants. At the same time, plant defence reactions are mediated by several phytohormones for instance ethylene (ET). However, previously conducted studies leave research gaps on how ET plays a regulatory role under mycotoxin exposure. Therefore, this study aims to the time-dependent effects of two FA concentrations (0.1 mM and 1 mM) were explored on the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves of wild-type (WT) and ET receptor mutant Never ripe (Nr) tomatoes. FA induced superoxide and H2O2 accumulation in both genotypes in a mycotoxin dose- and exposure time-dependent pattern. 1 mM FA activated NADPH oxidase (+34% compared to the control) and RBOH1 transcript levels in WT leaves. However, superoxide production was significantly higher in Nr with 62% which could contribute to higher lipid peroxidation in this genotype. In parallel, the antioxidative defence mechanisms were also activated. Both peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were lower in Nr but ascorbate peroxidase showed one-fold higher activity under 1 mM FA stress than in WT leaves. Interestingly, catalase (CAT) activity decreased upon FA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and the encoding CAT genes were also downregulated, especially in Nr leaves at 20%. Ascorbate level was decreased and glutathione remained lower in Nr than WT plants under FA exposure. Conclusively, Nr genotype showed more sensitivity to FA-induced ROS suggesting that ET serves defence reactions of plants by activating several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to detoxify excess ROS accumulation.

ArcR contributes to tolerance to fluoroquinolone antibiotics by regulating katA in Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that shows a unique ability to quickly respond to a variety of antibiotics. The Crp/Fnr family transcriptional regulator ArcR controls expression of arginine deiminase pathway genes arcABDC, which enable the utilization of arginine as an energy source for cell growth under anaerobic conditions. However, ArcR shares low overall similarity with other Crp/Fnr family proteins, suggesting that they differ in the response to environmental stress. In this study, MIC and survival assays were performed to determine the role of ArcR in antibiotic resistance and tolerance. The results showed that deletion of arcR reduced tolerance of S.aureus to fluoroquinolone antibiotics, mainly through a defect in the response to oxidative stress. In ΔarcR mutant, the expression of the major catalase gene katA was downregulated, and katA overexpression restored bacterial resistance to oxidative stress and antibiotics. We showed that ArcR directly regulated katA transcription by binding to the promoter region of katA. Therefore, our results revealed the contribution of ArcR in bacterial tolerance to oxidative stress and subsequently to fluoroquinolones antibiotics. This study added our understanding on the role of Crp/Fnr family in bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics.

Silencing the Catalase Gene with SiRNA for Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) has been emerging as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. But the CDT efficiency is restricted by the insufficient intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level. Herein, we present a method for H2O2 accumulation in tumor cells by silencing the catalase (CAT) gene with siRNA to achieve enhanced CDT. Cu-siRNA nanocomposites are fabricated by self-assembly of Cu2+ and CAT siRNA and then modified with hyaluronic acid (HA) for active tumor targeting. After tumor cell uptake, the released Cu2+ is reduced by highly expressed glutathione (GSH) to Cu+, which then catalyzes H2O2 to produce toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) to kill tumor cells. CAT siRNA can efficiently silence the CAT mRNA to inhibit the consumption of H2O2, resulting in H2O2 accumulation. The Cu2+-mediated GSH elimination and siRNA-induced endogenous H2O2 enrichment both potentiate CDT. Cu-siRNA@HA exhibits good biocompatibility and therapeutic efficiency. This work thus paves a new way to supply H2O2 in CDT and may hold potential for clinical application.

Global analysis of gene expression profiles and gout symptoms in goslings infected with goose astrovirus

While blocking inflammation is an effective way to ease the symptoms of gout disease in humans, the treatment and prevention of gout in goslings infected with goose astrovirus (GAstV), a recently emergent condition, remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the reprogramming of the host genes as a result of GAstV infection by combining analysis of the global transcriptome and metabolic network pathways in the kidneys of goslings infected with GAstV. We showed that as GAstV replication increased in vivo, the regulation of key enzymes in the host metabolism progressively increased, flowing metabolites into the purine/pyrimidine biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, we found that GAstV: 1) inhibits the host oxidation-reduction response by inhibiting the expression of the catalase gene; 2) activates the Toll-like receptor 2 pathway to enhance the immune inflammatory response; and 3) activates the key enzyme in lactic acid synthesis to produce lactate accumulation which inhibits the host’s antiviral response, so as to facilitate the replication of the virus itself. This study provided the first insight into the overall metabolic requirements of GAstV for replication in vivo by combining transcriptome with metabolic network pathway information.

Production of 21-hydroxy-20-methyl-pregna-1,4-dien-3-one by modifying multiple genes in Mycolicibacterium.

C22 steroid drug intermediates are suitable for corticosteroids synthesis, and the production of C22 steroids is unsatisfactory due to the intricate steroid metabolism. Among the C22 steroids, 21-hydroxy-20-methyl-pregna-1,4-dien-3-one (1,4-HP) could be used for Δ1-steroid drug synthesis, such as prednisolone. Nevertheless, the production of 1,4-HP remains unsatisfactory. In this study, an ideal 1,4-HP producing strain was constructed. By the knockout of 3-ketosteroid-9-hydroxylase (KshA) genes and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd4A) gene, the steroid nucleus degradation and the accumulation of C19 steroids in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum were blocked. The mutant strain could transform phytosterols into 1,4-HP as the main product and 21-hydroxy-20-methyl-pregna-4-ene-3-one as a by-product. Subsequently, the purity of 1,4-HP improved to 95.2% by the enhancement of 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase (KSTD) activity, and the production of 1,4-HP was improved by overexpressing NADH oxidase (NOX) and catalase (KATE) genes. Consequently, the yield of 1,4-HP achieved 10.5 g/L. The molar yield and the purity of 1,4-HP were optimal so far, and the production of 1,4-HP provides a new intermediate for the pharmaceutical steroid industry. KEY POINTS: • A third 3-ketosteroid-9-hydroxylase was identified in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum. • An 1,4-HP producer was constructed by KshA and Hsd4A deficiency. • The production of 1,4-HP was improved by KSTD, NOX, and KATE overexpression.

Genome-wide analysis of Catalase gene family reveal insights into abiotic stress response mechanism in Brassica juncea and B. rapa.

Environmental stresses affect the yield and productivity of Brassica crops. Catalases are important antioxidant enzymes involved in reducing excess hydrogen peroxide produced by environmental stresses. In the present study, nine and seven CAT family members in two oilseed Brassica species (B. juncea and B. rapa) were identified with complete characterization based on gene and protein structure. Phylogenetic classification categorized CAT proteins into three classes and differentiated the monocot and dicot-specific CAT proteins. Further, the gene and protein characterizations revealed a high degree of conservation across the CAT family members. Differences were observed in the CAT-HEME binding affinity in CAT1, CAT2, and CAT3 isozymes, which could suggest their differential enzyme activities in different conditions. Furthermore, protein-protein interaction with other antioxidant proteins suggested their coordinated role in ROS scavenging mechanisms. Notably, the differential gene expression of BjuCATs and BraCATs and CAT enzyme activities suggested their crucial roles in major abiotic stresses faced by Brassica species. Promoter analysis in BjuCATs and BraCATs suggested the presence of abiotic-stress responsive cis-regulatory elements. Gene regulatory network analysis suggested miRNA and TF mediated stress response in BjuCATs and BraCATs. CAT family screening and characterization in Brassica sp. has established a basic ground for further functional validation in abiotic and heavy-metal stresses which can help in developing stress tolerant crops.

ПОЛИМОРФИЗМЫ ГЕНОВ ФЕРМЕНТОВ АНТИОКСИДАНТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ SOD2 (C47T, rS4880) И CAT (G262A, rS1001179) В ПАТОГЕНЕЗЕ ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО ГЕПАТИТА С

Introduction. An important component in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C is the imbalance in oxidant and antioxidant systems. It is known that mutations in genes of antioxidant enzymes can lead to changes in antioxidant potential. Aim. To determine correlations of polymorphic variants of SOD2 (C47T, rs4880), CAT (G262A, rs1001179) superoxide dismutase and catalase genes with antioxidant system activity and features of clinical course of chronic hepatitis C. Material and Methods. The study of single nucleotide variants of genes of antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase SOD2 (C47T) and catalase CAT (G262A) was undertaken in 90 patients with chronic hepatitis C and 64 healthy controls. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid from the epithelium of the inner surface of the cheek using ‘SNP-screen ‘ diagnostic reagents was analysed. The levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, alanine aminotransferase enzymes and degree of liver fibrosis were determined in the group of chronic hepatitis C patients. Correlations between investigated indexes were studied. Results and discussion. The distribution of alleles and genotypes of single nucleotide variants of catalase CAT (G262A) and superoxide dismutase SOD2 (C47T) genes among healthy subjects and chronic hepatitis C patients (p>0,05) had no significant difference (p>0,05), which testified to absence of influence of the studied gene variants on the risk of hepatitis C virus infection. We revealed statistically significant correlation of single-nucleotide variants of SOD2 (C47T) and CAT (G262A) genes with the development of chronic hepatitis C. Patients having G allele (genotypes GG and GA) of CAT (G262A) single nucleotide variants had low level of catalase enzyme, high level of alanine aminotransferase and high degree of F3-F4 fibrosis (correlation coefficient = -0,88*, p˂0,01). In patients with CC genotype SOD2 (C47T) a strong correlation with serum superoxide dismutase activity, severity of cytolysis syndrome (increased alanine aminotransferase) and degree of liver fibrosis (correlation coefficient = +0,70; p˂0,01) was established. Conclusion. In infection with hepatitis C virus polymorphic variants of SOD2 (C47T) and CAT (G262A) antioxidant system enzyme genes are the risk factors of hepatitis C progression, influencing catalase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, cytolysis syndrome development, determining liver fibrosis formation.

Effect of Air Exposure and Re-Submersion on the Histological Structure, Antioxidant Response, and Gene Expression of Procambarus Clarkii.

Air exposure is an important environmental stressor during the transportation and cultivation of Procambarus clarkii. We evaluated the effect of re-submersion for 24 h after dry transportation for 24 h on the histological structure, antioxidant activity, and gene expression of crayfish. The antioxidant parameters of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the relative expression of CAT, SOD, HSP70, and ferritin genes were subsequently measured in the hepatopancreas and gills at both stages. Histopathology found that air exposure led to vacuolation of the hepatopancreas and disorderly arrangement of respiratory epithelial cells (REC) in the gills. The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the hepatopancreas and gills increased with short-term air exposure. The relative expression of genes (CAT, SOD, HSP70, and Ferritin) were induced after short-term air exposure. During re-submersion, MDA content and CAT and SOD activities in the hepatopancreas and gills were restored after 24 h, however, LDH activity and hepatopancreatic tissue damage were not repaired. Our results indicate that air exposure can cause oxidative damage to P. clarkii, and CAT and SOD can be used to determine the response of crayfish exposed to air, in addition to some damage that can be eliminated after re-submersion to a limited degree. This study provides foundational data that re-submersion can improve crayfish performance under hypoxic stress to a certain extent and will lead to the development of more effective transportation strategies and decrease economic losses in the future.

Genome-wide characterization of sugarcane catalase gene family identifies a ScCAT1 gene associated disease resistance

In plants, catalase (CAT) mainly scavenges H2O2 from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulates the growth and development. So far, genome-wide identification of CAT gene family in Saccharum has not yet been reported. Here, 16 SsCAT genes were identified based on a Saccharum spontaneum genome. They were clustered into three subfamilies, with closer genes sharing similar structures. Most SsCAT proteins contained three conserved amino acids, one active catalytic site, one heme-ligand signature, and three peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1) sequences. The cis-regulatory element prediction revealed that SsCAT genes were involved in growth and development, and in response to various hormones and stresses. RNA-Seq databases showed that SsCAT genes were differentially expressed in Saccharum tissues and under cold, drought, and Sporisorium scitamineum stresses. The ScCAT1 gene transcript (GenBank accession number KF664183) and relevant CAT activity were up-regulated under S. scitamineum stress. Overexpression of ScCAT1 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana could enhance its resistance to pathogen infection through scavenging of excessive toxic ROS and up-regulated expressions of genes related to hypersensitive response (HR), ROS and salicylic acid (SA) pathways. This study provides comprehensive information for the CAT gene family and sets up a basis for its function identification in sugarcane.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa GidA modulates the expression of catalases at the posttranscriptional level and plays a role in virulence.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa gidA, which encodes a putative tRNA-modifying enzyme, is associated with a variety of virulence phenotypes. Here, we demonstrated that P. aeruginosa gidA is responsible for the modifications of uridine in tRNAs in vivo. Loss of gidA was found to have no impact on the mRNA levels of katA and katB, but it decreased KatA and KatB protein levels, resulting in decreased total catalase activity and a hydrogen peroxide-sensitive phenotype. Furthermore, gidA was found to affect flagella-mediated motility and biofilm formation; and it was required for the full virulence of P. aeruginosa in both Caenorhabditis elegans and macrophage models. Together, these observations reveal the posttranscriptional impact of gidA on the oxidative stress response, highlight the complexity of catalase gene expression regulation, and further support the involvement of gidA in the virulence of P. aeruginosa.

ER stress-associated transcription factor CREB3 is essential for normal Ca2+, ATP, and ROS homeostasis

In mammalian cells, mitochondrial respiration produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide (O2–), which is then converted by the SOD1 enzyme into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the predominant form of cytosolic ROS. ROS at high levels can be toxic, but below this threshold are important for physiological processes acting as a second messenger similar to Ca2+. Mitochondrial Ca2+ influx from the ER increases ATP and ROS production, while ATP and ROS can regulate Ca2+ homeostasis, leading to an intricate interplay between Ca2+, ROS, and ATP synthesis. The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) proteins ATF6α and XBP1 contribute to protection from oxidative stress through upregulation of Sod1 and Catalase genes. Here, UPR-associated protein CREB3 is shown to play a role in balancing Ca2+, ROS, and ATP homeostasis. Creb3-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF-/-) were susceptible to H2O2-induced oxidative stress while having a functioning antioxidant gene expression response compared to MEF+/+. MEF-/- cells also contained elevated basal cytosolic ROS levels, which was attributed to drastically increased basal mitochondrial respiration and spare respiratory capacity relative to MEF+/+. MEF-/- cells also showed an increase in endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels hinting at a potential cause for MEF-/- cell mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest that CREB3 is essential for maintaining proper Ca2+, ATP, and ROS homeostasis in mammalian cells.

Analysis of CAT Gene Family and Functional Identification of OsCAT3 in Rice.

Catalase (CAT) is an important antioxidant enzyme in plants that plays a key role in plant growth and stress responses. CAT is usually encoded by a small gene family that has been cloned and functionally studied in some species, such as Arabidopsis, wheat and cucumber, but its specific roles in rice are not clear at present. In this study, we identified three CAT family genes (OsCAT1, OsCAT2 and OsCAT3) in the rice genome and performed a systematic bioinformatics analysis. RT-PCR analysis revealed that OsCAT1-OsCAT3 was primarily expressed in vegetative tissues such as roots, stems and leaves. Since OsCAT3 showed the highest expression level among the three OsCAT genes, we then focused on its related functions. OsCAT3 prokaryotic expression protein has an obvious ability to remove H2O2. The OsCAT3crispr plant was short and had a low survival rate, the leaves were small with brown lesions, and the activities of the CAT, POD and SOD enzymes were significantly reduced. A microarray analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in toxin metabolism and photosynthesis. This study laid a foundation for further understanding the function of the rice OsCAT gene.

Self-cloning of the Catalase Gene in Environmental Isolates Improves Their Colony-forming Abilities on Agar Media.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) inhibits microbial growth at a specific concentration. However, we previously isolated two environmental bacterial strains that exhibited sensitivity to a lower H2O2 concentration in agar plates. Putative catalase genes, which degrade H2O2, were detected in their genomes. We herein elucidated the characteristics of these putative genes and their products using a self-cloning technique. The products of the cloned genes were identified as functional catalases. The up-regulation of their expression increased the colony-forming ability of host cells under H2O2 pressure. The present results demonstrated high sensitivity to H2O2 even in microbes possessing functional catalase genes.

Role of cineole in alleviation of acute kidney injury and renal function recovery following gentamicin administration in rats.

Gentamicin leads to kidney failure by producing free radicals and inflammation in renal tissue. Cineole as a terpenoid has antioxidant properties. Antioxidants can play an effective role in preserving the oxidant-antioxidant balance. Hence, this study investigated the effects of cineole on acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal function recovery following gentamicin administration in rats. 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 equal groups; healthy control, gentamicin, DMSO carriers, cineole 50, cineole 100, and vitamin E. After 12 days of treatment, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine. Serum and kidney samples were taken for biochemical and gene expression experiments. Cineole 50 and 100 groups increased the levels of serum glutathione (GSH) (<0.05), kidney and serum glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (<0.001), kidney catalase (CAT) (<0.001), serum nitric oxide (NO) (<0.001), and the GPX gene (<0.05) compared with the gentamicin group. These treatment groups had decreased levels of kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) (<0.001), serum creatinine (<0.001), urine protein, and the Interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene (<0.05) compared with the gentamicin group. Cineole 50 increased the serum MDA (<0.001), urea, and CAT gene (>0.05) and decreased the kidney GSH (<0.05) and the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene (<0.05). Cineole 100 increased the kidney GSH (<0.05) and decreased the serum MDA (<0.001), urea, CAT gene (>0.05), and TNF-α gene (>0.05) compared with the gentamicin group. Improvement in histological alterations was displayed in cineole groups compared with the gentamicin group. Cineole can reduce kidney damage caused by nephrotoxicity following gentamicin consumption through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

THE ROLE OF HEREDITARY PREDISPOSITION (POLYMORPHIC MARKERS OF GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE, CATALASE, ENDOTHELIAL NITROGEN OXIDE SYNTHASE GENES) AND SOME ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRONCHO-OBSTRUCTIVE PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN LIVING IN RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED AREAS.

summarizing the results of many years of research by the authors on the influence of gene polymorphisms encoding xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes (GSTТ1, GSTM1, GSTР1), antioxidant protection (С^262Т of the catalase gene), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (4a/4b VNTR polymorphism of the eNOS gene), and some environmental factors on the occurrence of broncho-obstructive disorders and the development of bronchial asthma in children, residents of radioactively contaminated areas. The examined school-aged children were residents of radioactively RCA who had no clinical signs of respiratory pathology. Deletion polymorphism of catalase gene (CAT C^262T), polymorphism of glutathione-S-transferase gene (GSTТ1, GSTM1, GSTР1) and the polymorphism in the 4th intron (4a/4b) of the eNOS gene were studied in the molecular genetics laboratory of the State Institution «Reference Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Public Health Ministry of Ukraine». Molecular genetic studies were performed by polymerase chain reaction. The study of the ventilation lung capacity was carried out by the method of computer spirometry based on the data of the «flow-volume» loop analysis. A pharmacological inhalation test with a bronchodilator drug which affects the β2-adrenergic receptors of the lungs was used to detect early changes in the ventilatory lung capacity - bronchial hyperreactivity. One of the leading mechanisms, due to which the implementation of hereditary predisposition to bronchial asthma in children living in radioactively contaminated areas is the polymorphism of certain genes of glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase. With such polymorphic variants of the GST genes, isoforms of enzymes with reduced activity are produced, which limits their ability to effectively neutralize free radicals, which are formed in excess when free radical oxidation processes are activated due to the constant intake of radionuclides with a long half-life into the body of children. Unfavorable factors that increase the risk of developing broncho-obstructive disorders and the likelihood of their implementation in the form of bronchial asthma in children, residents of radioactively contaminated areas, have been identified. It has been established that among them the leading role is played by hereditary predisposition to this disease. On the part of the child, such negative factors were unfavorable conditions of intrauterine development, the presence of signs of exudative-catarrhal diathesis, manifestations of allergies and frequent respiratory diseases from the first months of life.

Gene polymorphism and professional activity as risk factors for the development of arterial hypertension

The leading cause of death in the modern world is chronic non-infectious diseases, and the leading metabolic risk factor is high blood pressure. At present, the role of reactive oxygen species in the development of arterial hypertension is well known, and the influence of epigenetic factors, such as social environment, daily routine, nutrition, in combination with genetic predisposition, is an important area of study also. The aim of our study was to identify the frequency of occurrence of polymorphic variants of the arterial hypertension marker gene angiotensinogen (rs4762) in combination with polymorphisms of the genes of enzymes of the antioxidant system: superoxide dismutase 2 (rs4880), and catalase (rs1001179) in emergency doctors, suffering from arterial hypertension. 20 patients participated in the study in whom the diagnosis of hypertension was established prior to inclusion in the study. Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA was isolated from epithelial cells of the oral cavity. Genotyping of samples was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. According to the results of our study, the AGT TT variant was not identified in this group, AGT CT was found only in 5 people. In other cases (75%), the development of the disease is not associated with the presence of an unfavorable allele of this gene. At the same time, 50% of those examined by us revealed the presence of an unfavorable T allele of the catalase gene and 80% of the T allele of the superoxide dismutase 2 gene. Considering that the professional activity of emergency doctors is one of the risk factors for the development of arterial hypertension, the presence of a high percentage of unfavorable alleles of antioxidant system enzymes in their genomes that we have identified indicates an increase in the personal risk of this disease.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ASA-GSH ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM OF SEA-ISLAND COTTON IN RESPONSE TO VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE

Sea-Island cotton (Gossypium barbadense) is a high-quality long-fiber cotton species and is mainly planted in southern region of Xinjiang. The primary disease is Verticillium wilt, which is caused by Verticillium dahlia affecting G. barbadense growth and development. That leads to reduction in quality and yield of the fibers and thus to the huge economic loss. AsA-GSH antioxidant system has been extensively studied and is seen as having a crucial function in plant’s response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The goal of this study is to look into the resistant mechanism of AsA-GSH antioxidant system in Gossypiumbarbadense in response to V. dahliae. The two varieties, wilt-susceptible XH17 and wilt-resistant XH24, were incubated by V991 strain of V. dahliae and the treated leaves were collected for the physiological and biochemical analysis of AsA-GSH antioxidant system. The leaves were collected at day 0, 2, 6 and 9 after fungal inoculation and the functions of related enzymes of AsA-GSH antioxidant system including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione re-oxidase (GR), as well as the physiological indexes of malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline were measured. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the genes of APX, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), SOD, CAT, and GR, that constitute AsA-GSH antioxidant system, were analyzed by the transcriptomic and proteomic data. The enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, GR, and APX were found to be increased significantly after V. dahliae treatment in both XH24 and XH17. Interestingly, SOD and APX activities maintained at relative high values in wilt-resistant XH24 but a decrease in values was observed during the late stage of V. dahliae treatment in case of wilt-susceptible XH17. High proline accumulation and low MDA content were observed in wilt-resistant XH24. The results of AsA-GSH antioxidant system genes shows that four APX members of GbAPX1A, GbAPX1D, GbAPX10D, and GbAPX12A, one DHAR member GbDHAR2D, four MDHAR members of GbMDHAR1A, GbMDHAR1D, GbMDHAR3A, and GbMDHAR3D, two GR members of GbGR2A and GbGR2D, two CAT members of GbCAT1A and GbCAT1D, and six SOD members of GbCSD4A, GbCSD5A, GbCSD4D, GbCSD5D, GbMSD1D and GbMSD1A were all expressed induced accumulations significantly after V. dahliae treatment, implying their important potential functions for G. barbadense to resist V. dahliae. Generally, the protein expression and mRNA expression indicated a similar profile, while some unique expressions of these AsA-GSH antioxidant system genes were also been discovered. There were ten APX members of GbAPX1D, GbAPX2A, GbAPX2D, GbAPX3A, GbAPX3D, GbAPX6A, GbAPX6D, GbAPX8A, GbAPX12A, and GbAPX3D; all six DHAR members with the exception of GbDHAR2D; three GR members locating in A sub-genome containing GbGR 1A, GbGR 2A, and GbGR 3A; six MDAHR members including GbMDAHR1A, GbMDAHR1D, GbMDAHR3A, GbMDAHR3D, GbMDAHR4A, and GbMDAHR4D; two CAT members of GbCAT1A and GbCAT4D; as well as eight SOD members of GbCSD1A, GbCSD4A, GbCSD4D, GbCSD2A, GbMSD2D, GbMSD2D, GbMSD1A and GbMSD1D, to indicate steady high expressions. These results indicated that there exist some close link and consistency between the mRNA and protein expressions, and that the preferentially expressed proteins of AsA-GSH antioxidant system might perform important functions as enzymes to catalyze the oxidation/reduction reactions and thus to maintain the redox balance and integrity of the cells in the process of G. barbadense plants to resist V. dahliae.

WSL214 negatively regulates ROS accumulation and pathogen defense response in rice.

WSL214 plays an important role in promoting cellular ROS homeostasis by enhancing catalase activity and reducing photosynthetic ROS production. ROS are the important regulator of cellular homeostasis, and balancing ROS production and clearance contributes to cellular activity. Although many genes associated with ROS have been cloned, the mechanism of this balance is not fully understood. In this study, we obtained the rice mutant wsl214 that arose from a natural mutation. Compared to WT, wsl214 exhibited white-striped leaves, defective chloroplast development, reduced net photosynthetic rate, and overexcitation of photosynthetically active reaction centers. In addition, the ROS accumulation level was significantly elevated, and the ROS scavenging enzyme activity was significantly decreased in wsl214 leaf tissue. As a result of elevated ROS levels, wsl214 leaf cells underwent DNA damage and programmed cell death. However, wsl214 defense response to exogenous pathogens was also enhanced by high ROS levels. Based on the mapping cloning, we discovered that WSL214 had a single base mutation (C to T) in the third exon, resulting in decreased expression of wsl214. The WSL214 encodes an HD domain phosphohydrolase and is widely expressed in various tissues of rice, especially at the highest level in leaf tissue. Further research showed that WSL214 promoted the homeostasis of rice leaf cellular ROS in two ways. First, WSL214 increased the expression of the catalase gene OsCATC, making the intracellular ROS scavenging enzyme more active.Second, WSL214 promoted chloroplast development, kept photosynthesis working properly, and reduced ROS produced by photosynthesis.In conclusion, our report emphasizes that WSL214 is a key part of balancing ROS levels in cells.