Cat Scratch Research Articles

Doença da arranhadura do Gato - relato de caso

INTRODUCTION: Cat Scratch Disease (CSD) presents most commonly with fever and lymphadenopathy, but up to 25% of cases develop systemic manifestations. OBJECTIVE: to report a pediatric case of hepatosplenic form of CSD. METODOLOGY: this is a case report of a nine-year-old child hospitalized from October to November 2019. The report was written based on medical records and literature review, through Pubmed platform. Informed consent was given by the legal sponsor and the assent by the child. RESULT: a nine-year-old girl presents with swollen, tender and erythematous nodes in the right popliteal fossa and fever. Initial suspicion was of cellulitis, complicated with a popliteal abscess. Treatment was initiated with oxacillin for 3 days and later on with clindamycin and ceftriaxone for 11 days. On the eleventh day of hospital stay, the patient manifested hepatosplenic abscesses and antibiotic treatment was upscaled to vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam until she was diagnosed with a hepatosplenic form of CSD, which happened seventeen days after admission. Therefore, treatment was provided with Rifampicin and Clarithromycin for 14 days, with significant clinical improvement. CONCLUSION: this report aims to raise awareness regarding the wide clinical spectrum of this infection and how to better manage it.

Cutaneous Sporotrichosis in a Middle-Aged Female

ABSTRACT Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by a dimorphic fungus. Typically transmitted through inoculation of contaminated foliage, this disease is seen primarily in farmers or garden workers. The initial manifestation is a single papule at the sight of trauma. The differential diagnosis includes diseases with localized eruptions and lymphangitic spread. Cases caused by zoonotic transmission through felines have also been rising in Brazil. We report this case of a woman who contracted sporotrichosis via cat scratches.

Advancements, challenges, and future perspectives in developing feline herpesvirus 1 as a vaccine vector.

As the most prevalent companion animal, cats are threatened by numerous infectious diseases and carry zoonotic pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii and Bartonella henselae, which are the primary causes of human toxoplasmosis and cat-scratch disease. Vaccines play a crucial role in preventing and controlling the spread of diseases in both humans and animals. Currently, there are only three core vaccines available to prevent feline panleukopenia, feline herpesvirus, and feline calicivirus infections, with few vaccines available for other significant feline infectious and zoonotic diseases. Feline herpesvirus, a major component of the core vaccine, offers several advantages and a stable genetic manipulation platform, making it an ideal model for vaccine vector development to prevent and control feline infectious diseases. This paper reviews the technologies involved in the research and development of the feline herpesvirus vaccine vector, including homologous recombination, CRISPR/Cas9, and bacterial artificial chromosomes. It also examines the design and effectiveness of expressing antigens of other pathogens using the feline herpesvirus as a vaccine vector. Additionally, the paper analyzes existing technical bottlenecks and challenges, providing an outlook on its application prospects. The aim of this review is to provide a scientific basis for the research and development of feline herpesvirus as a vaccine vector and to offer new ideas for the prevention and control of significant feline infectious and zoonotic diseases.

Isolated Renal Involvement Requiring Surgical Treatment in Systemic Cat Scratch Disease

Isolated Renal Involvement Requiring Surgical Treatment in Systemic Cat Scratch Disease

Lymphoadenopathies caused by Bartonella henselae

Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat scratch disease, the main manifestation of which is lymphadenopathy, but it can manifest as bacillary angiomatosis, injury to internal organs, joints, eyes, heart, kidneys. This disease is often encountered in the practical work of doctors, especially with an atypical form of the course, which occurs in 20% of adult patients. Often the disease is undiagnosed, mimicking lymphadenopathies caused by tumors of soft tissues and bones or other bacterial pathogens. The purpose of the work was to analyze clinical cases of cat scratch disease by the results of inpatient records data based on the leading clinical symptom – lymphadenitis, to summarize literature data related to morbidity, features of the clinical course and treatment of this disease. The description of two clinical cases of cat scratch disease in adult women aged 19 and 59 is given. The typical course of the disease in one of them at the beginning of the disease, was manifested by symptoms of general intoxication, fever, an increase in lymph nodes in the neck and axillary area, which coincided in time with the previously diagnosed bacterial angina. The diagnostic search ended with the set diagnosis and surgical operation three months after the onset of clinical manifes¬tations of the disease. In the second case, a subfebrile body temperature, a painful lymph node in the right axillary area for 3 weeks, were the reason to perform an invasive surgery twice, diagnosed as a bacterial process of unknown etiology. The reasons for late diagnosis and treatment of cat scratch disease in our patients were insufficient collection of epi¬demiological anamnesis, lack of vigilance of doctors, first of all, surgeons, regarding the clinical manifestations of the disease and late examination to find out the etiological factor of the disease. An elevated titer of IgM antibodies to Bartonella henselae 1:160 and 1:140 in two cases was the basis for confirming cat scratch disease. Based on the results of the literature analysis, an overview of typical and atypical manifestations of cat scratch disease, its diagnosis and treat¬ment is presented. Bartonella henselae infection should be considered in all cases of lymphadenitis of unknown etiology, accompanied by high temperature, intoxication syndrome and a long course. In order to prevent the development of purulent complications and to avoid unreasonable invasive procedures, it is important to make a timely diagnosis and carry out appropriate antibacterial treatment at the initial stage of the manifestation of clinical symptoms of cat scratch disease.

Cat’s Meow: A Triad of Optic Neuritis, Iritis, and a Parotid Mass

Cat Scratch Disease is an infectious process caused by the bacteria Bartonella henselae. It classically presents as a self-limited lymphadenopathy after inoculation through a cat scratch. This case details an atypical presentation of optic neuritis, iritis, and a parotid mass. The purpose of this discussion is to promote inclusion of Cat Scratch Disease in the diagnostic workup of a pediatric patient presenting with these symptoms.

Esporotricose infantojuvenil: Um relato de caso de síndrome oculoglandular de Parinaud

Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome (PCOS) is a rare clinical condition consisting of unilateral granulomatous conjunctivitis, accompanied by pre-auricular or submandibular satellite lymphadenopathy. According to studies published over the years, the main etiologic agent of PCOS is Bartonella hanselae, which causes Bartonellosis, also known as cat-scratch disease, an infectious disease with a good prognosis that in most cases develops after the close contact or scratching of a domestic cat (Felis sylvestris catus). Other microorganisms can also cause PCOS, including viruses, parasites, bacteria and even fungi. In the fungi kingdom, the infection can be caused by the fungus of the genus Sporothrix ssp, occurring through zoonotic transmission or by direct contact with the agent through bites, scratches and secretions of an infected animal. Although the cutaneous form is more frequent in endemic areas, the ocular form has been increasingly diagnosed. Similar to other clinical conjunctivitis, it can lead to a delay in the initiation of treatment, increasing the risk of sequelae in the eye and prolonging the time required for healing. Thus, knowledge of this form is essential for early diagnosis, therapy and more effective clinical evolution. The present study is a case report of an 8-year-old male child and his clinical course during the diagnosis of sporotrichosis with Parinaud's Oculoglandular Syndrome.

567. Performance of IgM and IgG antibodies against Bartonella henselae for diagnosis of Cat Scratch Disease in pediatric patients

Abstract Background Bartonella henselae infection causes Cat Scratch Disease (CSD). Lymphadenopathy is the most common symptom and a small percentage of patients have systemic impairment. CSD can mimic malignancy and manifest atypically, therefore reliable serological testing has clinical importance. CSD is diagnosed if two of the following criteria are met: 1) the presence of clinical symptoms consistent with CSD; 2) the existence of antibodies against B. henselae IgM and/or IgG (1:256) (Fig.1). We aim to assess the accuracy and diagnostic utility of IgM and IgG in pediatric patients with suspected CSD.Fig. 1:Immunofluorescence AssayPositive IgM against B. henselae Methods A retrospective, observational and analytical study was carried out from April 2022 through April 2023. Medical and laboratory records of patients with follow-up in the Infectious Diseases Department of a Children's Hospital in Buenos Aires (Argentina) were evaluated. Results We included 244 serum samples from patients with clinical suspicion of CSD using Immunofluorescent assay (IFA). Median age: 84 (IQR 48-132) months, 137 were female, 95% (233/244) had cat interaction. Twenty eight percent (70/244) were diagnosed with CSD based on serological evidence: 83,9% (58/70) had IgM +/IgG + (group 1); 10% (7/70), IgM-/IgG+ >1/64 (group 2) and 7,15% (5/70), IgM+/IgG – (group 3). The average time of symptom onset was 22,8 (6-90) days for group 1, 29,4 (11-90) days for group 2, and 11,4 (5-15) days for group 3. Lymphadenopathy was found in 87,1% (61/70) with or without systemic involvement and 6 % (4/70) had systemic involvement without lymphadenopathy. IgM had Sensitivity: 89%, Specificity: 97%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV): 92% and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) : 96%. Conclusion Between 5-15 days after the onset of symptoms, IgM allowed us to diagnose 5 patients with CSD. The identification of IgM antibodies in CSD patients with systemic impairment has a great diagnostic performance. IgM remained positive after 90 days . We were able to diagnose CSD in 7 patients between 11 and 28 days following the onset of symptoms due to the presence of IgG 1:256 or higher. Combination of different methods (e.g., clinical and serological) and a correct time of sampling, greater than 5 days, should be considered for rapid and accurate CSD diagnosis. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Epidemiology of feline bartonellosis and molecular characteristics of Bartonella henselae in Bangladesh

Bartonellosis, a neglected vector-borne zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans, continues to threaten human and animal health significantly. This study aims to determine the epidemiology of feline bartonellosis and the molecular characteristics of Bartonella spp. in cats. From June 2018 to June 2020, 304 oral swabs were randomly collected from Bangladesh's Dhaka, Mymensingh, and Rajshahi districts. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to collect data. Oral swabs were subjected to PCR targeting htrA gene to confirm Bartonella spp., which was subsequently validated through sequencing. Risk factors were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of feline bartonellosis was found to be 15.1 %. The following factors were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with Bartonella infection in risk factor analysis: cats aged ≥ 1 year (OR: 3.23, 95 % CI: 1.38–24.40), local breed cats (OR: 3.37, 95 % CI: 1.05–10.81), cats carrying fleas (OR: 2.33, 95 % CI: 1.93–13.45), antifleacidal drugs inconsistently administered cats (OR: 6.74, 95 % CI: 3.17–14.31), outdoor access cats (OR: 2.54, 95 % CI: 1.16–5.57). Notably, zoonotic B. henselae was confirmed through sequencing, establishing it as the causal agent of cat scratch disease. Phylogenetic analysis showed homology with B. henselae sequences from Brazil, Saint Kitts, and Nevis. We recommend consistent and appropriate flea control measures to curb its spread among Bangladeshi cats. Moreover, limiting outdoor exposure or implementing preventive measures for outdoor cats could reduce the disease burden. The associated human health risk can be decreased by effectively controlling this disease within the cat population.

Difficulties in diagnosing cat scratch disease in children

Cat scratch disease (CSD), a zoonotic infection caused mainly by the bacterium Bartonella henselae (B.henselae), is widespread throughout the world. The main carriers of B.henselae are domestic cats that get infected by fleas. In humans, the disease occurs after a contact with a cat, typically through a bite or scratch from an infected animal. Difficulties in diagnosing the disease are associated with the variety of its clinical manifestations. Three clinical cases of CSD in children are presented, in two of them skin manifestations preceded common clinical symptoms such as fever and lymphadenopathy. In these patients, false diagnoses of scarlet fever and pityriasis rosea made it difficult to diagnose CSD in a timely manner. As a result, etiotropic treatment was started on days 16 and 21 of the illness, respectively. In the third case, a patient experienced abscess formation in one of the affected lymph nodes after prolonged fever for a month and regional lymphadenopathy, which necessitated surgical intervention. In all three cases, the family physicians did not ade­quately consider the epidemiological history, specifically failing to recognize the persistent, long-term contact of the children with cats. Patients received antibacterial therapy with clarithromycin, which led to clear positive dynamics and recovery. These clinical cases emphasize the importance of considering B.henselae infection in all cases of lymphadenopathy accompanied by skin rashes to ensure early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, thereby preventing complications, particularly when children have contact with cats.

Draft genomes of 16 Bartonella henselae strains from cats in Valdivia, Chile.

Bartonella henselae is a primary zoonotic agent, having cats as asymptomatic reservoirs. In humans, it causes cat scratch disease. Here, we report the whole genome sequences of 16 strains isolated from cats in Valdivia city, Southern Chile. Strains showed little variability in the multilocus sequence typing profiles.

SAT240 Recurrent Hypercalcemia Due To 1,25 Dihydroxy Vitamin D Elevation Of Unclear Etiology

Abstract Disclosure: A. Javvaji: None. C. Anastasopoulou: None. Introduction: Recurrent Hypercalcemia is common with primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy accounting for 90% of cases. Extra renal activation of 1α-hydroxylase with subsequent elevation of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D is a relatively uncommon cause of hypercalcemia. Herein, we report an unusual case of recurrent hypercalcemia due to elevated 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D of unclear etiology, resistant to therapy with denosumab or bisphosphonate that responded to glucocorticoid therapy. Case Presentation: A 68 year old female was admitted to the hospital for worsening calcium with symptoms of polyuria and increased thirst. Review of systems and physical examination were otherwise unremarkable. Initial work-up demonstrated calcium level of 11.7mg/dL (8.7-10.3), creatinine 2.58 mg/dL (0.57-1), PTH 8pg/mL (15-65), Kappa/Lamba ratio 1.82 (0.26-1.6), PTHrP 11pg/mL (11-20), 25 (OH) Vitamin D 14ng/mL (30-100), 24,25 Dihydroxy Vitamin D ratio 25.81 (&amp;lt;25). Bone marrow biopsy, kidney biopsy, and myeloma work up were all unremarkable. Imaging studies including whole body CT and PET CT were also unremarkable. In the acute phase patient was treated with zoledronic acid and later denosumab with only temporary decrease in calcium levels. Ultimately, she responded well to prednisone therapy. Further work-up for finding the underlying cause of elevated 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D remains ongoing. Discussion: Elevated 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D level in granulomatous, neoplastic, and certain unusual diseases is well recognized as a cause of hypercalcemia. These levels may be exacerbated by increased intake of calcitriol, or by extra-renal production in granulomatous and lymphoproliferative diseases. Other rare causes of elevated 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D include granulomatosis with polyangiitis, cat scratch fever, talc granulomatosis, Crohn’s disease, silicone granulomatosis. Patients with all these diseases respond well to steroids and that was another sign that further work-up to find the source of the elevated 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D in our case is essential. Conclusion: In patients with recurrent hypercalcemia and elevated 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D levels, a complete work-up for underlying malignancy, granulomatous or other unusual diseases is indicated. Glucocorticoid therapy is the most effective way to control the hypercalcemia related to increased 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D even in the long-term phase, especially until the main cause of the problem is identified and treated appropriately. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

First Report of Bartonella Henselae Infection in a Cat in North Macedonia

Abstract The genus Bartonella are fastidious, Gram-negative intracellular vector-borne bacteria with zoonotic potential. Cats have a crucial epidemiological role in the transmission of Bartonella henselae, the primary causal agent of cat-scratch disease in humans. Here we describe the first report of B. henselae infection in a cat in North Macedonia after a suspected Bartonella infection in a 7-year-old boy. A combination of cultural and molecular methods for detecting B. henselae in the asymptomatic cat was used. A blood sample was cultured on a blood agar plate, where colonies became visible after nine days of incubation. The DNA of a single colony was extracted, and the isolate was confirmed as B. henselae by sequencing the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene and performing a Bartonella - specific PCR. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrated 100% similarity with B. henselae sequences, clustering on a single branch and establishing a distinct group. This finding indicates that B. henselae infection in cats circulates in North Macedonia and may affect feline and human health.

Association between the Clinical, Laboratory and Ultrasound Characteristics and the Etiology of Peripheral Lymphadenopathy in Children.

Peripheral lymphadenopathy affects most children at least once in a lifetime and represents a major reason for concern. Therefore, we aimed to identify the most common causes of peripheral lymphadenopathy in hospitalized children and to determine the clinical, laboratory and ultrasound characteristics that enable fast, easy and accurate etiological diagnosis. We performed a cross-sectional study including 139 children who were hospitalized because of peripheral lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound of lymph nodes was performed in 113 (81.3%) patients. Lymphadenopathy was generalized in nine (6.5%) patients. Malignant etiology was established in only three (2.2%) patients. Bacterial lymphadenitis, infectious mononucleosis (IM) and cat scratch disease (CSD) were diagnosed in 66 (47.5%), 31 (22.3%) and 29 (20.9%) patients, respectively. Bacterial lymphadenitis was significantly associated with neutrophilia (p < 0.01), and increased C-reactive protein levels (p < 0.01). IM was associated with pharyngitis (p < 0.01), leukocytosis without neutrophilia (p = 0.03) and increased blood liver enzyme levels (p < 0.01). CSD was associated with recent contact with a cat (p < 0.01), absence of a fever (p < 0.01) and normal white blood cell count (p < 0.01). Thorough history and clinical examination in combination with a few basic laboratory tests enable fast and accurate differentiation between the most common etiologies of lymphadenopathy in children to avoid unnecessary procedures and hospitalizations.

Development of a Cat Behaviour Issues Assessment Scale (CABIAS) Assessing Problem Behaviours in Cats.

Problem behaviours in cats, such as urine marking, scratching, fear, and problems of cohabitation between cats, can present a potential welfare problem for those affected cats and have a negative impact on the human-animal bond. The aim of this study was to develop a Cat Behaviour Issues Assessment Scale (CABIAS) for caregivers to assess these common problem behaviours in cats, and to investigate aspects of the validity and reliability of the CABIAS. The CABIAS uses an index score as a scoring system combining aspects of the frequency and intensity of the problem behaviour. An electronic survey was developed, and 384 households, each with two participants able to observe the cat's behaviour, were recruited for the study. The participants were asked to record their cat's behaviour independently at weekly intervals over a 6-week period. A FELIWAY Optimum diffuser (containing a commercial feline pheromone complex) was provided to half of the participants, to be used during part of the study. The participants were subdivided into four groups according to whether a problem behaviour was present (or not) and whether the pheromone diffuser was provided (or not). The results demonstrated that the index scores for each problem behaviour had very high inter-rater reliability. There was a high correlation between the index scores and the impact the problem behaviours had on the caregivers. In those cats with a declared problem behaviour where the product was used, a reduction in index scores was observed over the duration of the study. The CABIAS was shown to exhibit satisfactory validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change in the current study, suggesting that it may be valuable as a tool for assessing and monitoring scratching, inter-cat cohabitation, urine marking, and fear in cats. The CABIAS could be used by veterinarians and behaviourists to assess these problem behaviours in individual cats and monitor responses to treatment. The CABIAS could also be considered as a research tool to assess the efficacy of interventions aimed at improving these problems.

Raising awareness about the importance of chickenpox vaccination in children

Introduction: Varicella is an acute infectious disease caused by the Varicella zoster virus. It is among one of the most contagious infectious diseases. The main symptoms of the disease are an itchy, papular and vesicular rash on the trunk, face, scalp, extremities, mucous membranes. In addition, there is fever, malaise, headache and muscle aches, enlargement of lymph nodes. In most cases, varicella is mild, but 2-6% of patients may develop dangerous complications. The most common complications include bacterial skin infections, neurological symptoms and acute thrombocytopenia.&#x0D; Aim: The purpose of this study is to present the severe and complicated course of varicella in a 12-month-old patient.&#x0D; Results: On the day of admission, the patient presented symptoms of an exacerbation of the course of varicella. The main symptoms were smallpox eruptions, increasing fever track, and enlarged and painful lymph nodes. During his stay, the patient's condition indicated a severe course of varicella. It was complicated by infection of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and lymph nodes. In addition, tests showed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and positivity for cat scratch disease. He also developed zoster during his hospitalization. Throughout his stay in the hospital, many tests and consultations were carried out to clarify his symptoms. With appropriate treatment, the patient's condition improved and he was able to be discharged home after a 3-week hospitalization.&#x0D; Conclusions: The presented case shows the severe course of varicella. Due to recommendations and the patient's too young age, he could not be vaccinated against VZV. In each patient, the course of the disease is unpredictable. Vaccination protects against severe symptoms, and also reduces the risk of developing zoster in the future. In addition, long-term immunity can be acquired through vaccination.

Catscratch disease in an SLE patient -A case report

Catscratch disease[CSD] is a self limited lymphadenitis caused by Bartonella Henselae and transmitted by cats. This typically affects children and young adults. Immunosuppression is considered as a risk factor for severe and atypical forms of the disease. We are reporting such a case of Catscratch disease in a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus while receiving immunosupressant therapy.

Bartonella henselae Infection With Concurrent Latent Syphilis in a Patient With Unexplained Generalized Lymphadenopathy

Abstract Unexplained lymphadenopathy is a common clinical presentation. It has a wide differential diagnosis including infectious, malignant, lymphoproliferative, and autoimmune causes. We describe an unusual case of generalized lymphadenopathy in the setting of initial seropositivity for syphilis but a lack of response to appropriate treatment. Bartonella henselae serology was sent, given specific exposure history, and returned as positive and, with the development of ocular symptoms consistent with ocular bartonellosis, solidified a diagnosis of cat scratch disease with concurrent latent syphilis. In many cases where the etiology is not immediately evident or there exist conflicting diagnostic testing results, clinicians should identify the relevant infectious workup based on a systematic approach to history-taking to balance the risk of missing diagnoses and overdiagnosis.

Cat-scratch disease manifesting as uveitis and binocular fundus nodular lesions: a case report

BackgroundCat-scratch disease typically presents with various ocular manifestations such as uveitis, vitritis, retinitis, retinochoroiditis, and optic neuritis. However, fundus nodular lesions was rarely reported. In our study, we reported a case of Cat-Scratch disease with binocular fundus nodular lesions.Case presentationAn 11-year old male presented with uveitis in the right eye and bilateral fundus nodular lesions after indirect contact with unvaccinated cats. Comprehensive ancillary examinations including wide-angle fundus photography, ultrasonography, fluorescein fundus angiography, optical coherence tomography, and orbital magnetic resonance imaging were performed to elucidate the multidimensional features of the binocular lesions. Metagenomics next-generation sequencing was utilized to confirm the diagnosis of Cat-scratch disease. The patient’s condition showed improvement after a 6-month combination treatment regimen involving systemic administration of doxycycline hyclate and methylprednisolone tablets, as well as local application of mydriatic and corticosteroid eye drops.ConclusionsWe firstly reported a case of Cat-scratch disease presenting simultaneously with uveitis and fundus nodular lesions caused by Bartonella henselae infection in a child. Timely diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids showed promising outcomes for the prognosis of these ocular disorders.

A Case Series of Cat-Scratch Disease with Ocular Manifestations: Clinical Findings and Treatment Approach.

To present the clinical and demographic characteristics, imaging findings, diagnosis and treatment approach in cases of cat scratch disease (CSD) with ocular involvement. The records of 19 patients followed-up and treated between 2010 and 2020, including detailed ophthalmological examinations, imaging findings, and treatment approach, were evaluated retrospectively. Twenty-three eyes of 19 patients, 7 female (37%) and 12 male (63%), were included in the study. The mean age was 34.1±13.3 (range: 11-56) years, and the mean follow-up duration was 12.6±18.0 (range: 1-81) months. Unilateral involvement was observed in 15 cases (79%). Cat contact was reported in 14 cases (74%). In 6 cases (32%), flu-like symptoms were present before the ocular complaints. The mean visual acuity (VA) at presentation was 0.42±0.36 (range: 0.001-1.0). Anterior uveitis was observed in 3 eyes (13%). Posterior segment findings included neuroretinitis in 14 (61%), superficial retinal infiltrate(s) in 8 (35%), papillitis in 3 (13%), branch retinal artery occlusion in 2 (8%), and cilioretinal artery occlusion in 1 (4%) of the eyes. All cases were positive for Bartonella henselae immunglobulin (Ig)M and/or IgG. Systemic antibiotic therapy was administered to all patients. Intravenous pulse or oral corticosteroids were given, especially in cases with optic disc involvement. The mean final VA was 0.80±0.25 (range: 0.01-1.0). CSD may present with different ocular involvement patterns. Apart from the classical neuroretinitis and macular star appearance, patients may present with isolated optic disc edema, branch retinal artery occlusion, and retinal infiltrations. In such patients, cat contact history and Bartonella serology should be evaluated to differentiate CSD.