Castor Oil-induced Fluid Accumulation Research Articles

Analysis of ethanol extract of Solanum anomalum leaves for Antidiarrheal Activity

Diarrhoea, characterized by increased frequency of stools (3 or more per 24 hrs), increased fluidity of stools and/or the presence of blood/mucus, affects people of any age, but is the third commonest disease in children in developing countries, and is responsible for about one third of all hospitalizations among children under five years. Research into drug treatment of diarrhoea, revealed that several species of Solanum are used in traditional medicine to treat diarrhoea. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and possibly authenticate the antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanol extracts of S. anomalum leaves, as used in traditional medicine. The ethanol extract of S. anomalum leaves was evaluated to authenticate its antidiarrhoeal activity using rats. Ethanol extract at doses of 70, 140 and 210 mg/kg was checked for antidiarrhoeal effect using three models of small bowel transit time, castor oil induced diarrhoea, and castor oil induced accumulation of fluid. The leaf extract caused significant (p<.001) inhibition of small bowel transit time, castor oil induced diarrhoea, and castor oil induced fluid accumulation. In conclusion, the findings of this study show that the ethanol extract of S. anomalum leaves has antidiarrhoeal properties, therefore confirming its traditional use as medicine in the management of diarrhoeal disorders.

Pharmacological and computational evaluation of Sapodilla and its constituents for therapeutic potential in hyperactive gastrointestinal disorders.

Objective(s):This study was designed to investigate various gastrointestinal effects of Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla), exploring its anti-diarrheal, anti-secretary, anti-spasmodic, anti-ulcer and anti-motility potential.Materials and Methods:Antidiarrheal and anti-secretary activities were investigated using castor oil induced diarrhea and castor oil induced fluid accumulation. Isolated rabbit jejunum tissues (antispasmodic) were employed for in vitro experiments. Antiulcer, antimotility and molecular docking were performed using ethanol-HCl induced ulcer assay, charcoal meal transit time and Auto Doc Vina.Results:Mz.Cr exhibited protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea (P<0.05 vs. saline group) and dose-dependently inhibited intestinal fluid secretions (P<0.001 vs. castor oil group). Mz.Cr caused relaxation of spontaneous and K+ (80 Mm)-induced contractions with EC50 values of 0.11mg/ml (0.08-0.1, n=4) and 0.16 mg/ml (0.09-0.2, n=4) respectively (*P<0.05**P<0.01 ***P<0.001). It showed protective effect against gastric ulcers induced by ethanol-HCl (P<0.001 vs. saline group). Mz.Cr reduced distance travelled by charcoal meal (P<0.001 vs. saline group). Plant constituents: caffeoylquinic acid and methyl 4-O-galloylchlorogenate showed high binding affinities (E-value≥-6.5 Kcal/mol) against histaminergic H2 receptors, H+/K+ ATPase pump and voltage gated L-type calcium channels, while possesses moderate affinities (E-value≥8 Kcal/mol) against histaminergic H1, muscarinic M1, M3 and mu-opioid, whereas lower affinities (E-value≥9.5 Kcal/mol) vs. calmodulin, adrenergic α1, phosphodiesterase enzyme and dopaminergic D2 receptors. Lupeol-3-acetate and β-amyrin-3-(3’-dimethyl) butyrate observed weak affinities.Conclusion:In present study, M. zapota is reported to exhibits anti-diarrheal, anti-secretory, anti-spasmodic, anti-motility, anti-ulcer effects and computational binding affinities against gastrointestinal targets.

Antidiarrhoeal properties of Syzygium guineense leaf extract and identification of chemical constituents in its active column fractions.

Background Syzygium guineense (Myrtaceae) has been used in traditional medicine against various ailments, including diarrhoea. This study was conducted to scientifically evaluate the antidiarrheal effects of S. guineense extract and fractions. Methods An ethanol extract of S. guineense leaves was prepared and tested for its effect on small intestinal propulsion in mice and castor oil-induced fluid accumulation in rats. The extract was also evaluated for its effect on itopride-induced small intestine propulsion in mice. Column fractions were also investigated in rats and sub-fractions were tested for activity on spontaneous contractions of isolated rabbit jejunum. Results The results showed that the extract significantly (p<0.05) inhibited intrinsic small intestinal propulsion and itopride-induced propulsive activity, similar to atropine (0.3 mg/kg) although its inhibitory effect against castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and diarrhoea was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Column separation yielded 14 fractions, with three fractions producing significant (p<0.001) inhibition of small intestinal propulsion. Sub-fractions 1, 7 and 16 obtained from an active column fraction also exhibited relaxant effects on isolated rabbit jejunum. Spectral analysis (proton, 13C NMR) of sub-fractions 7 and 16 revealed the presence of betulinic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid in 7 and a mixture of luteolin and friedelane-type triterpenes in 16. Conclusions These findings provide scientific evidence that S. guineense leaf extract possess antidiarrhoeal activity and may be potentially beneficial in treatment diarrhoeal disease. The identified compounds may also be implicated in its antidiarrhoeal effects.

Antiplasmodial and antidiarrhoeal activities of Dicliptera verticillata leaf extract

Dicliptera verticillata (Forssk) Ch. (Acanthaceae) (leaf) is used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria and diarrhoea in Burkina Faso and among the Ibibios of southern Nigeria. This study was aimed at evaluating the antiplasmodial activities of the ethanol leaf extract of Dicliptera verticillata in Plasmodium berghei infected mice and antidiarrhoeal activity in rats. Suppressive, repository and curative tests were used in determining the antiplasmodial activities in mice following oral administration of the extract (290, 580 and 870 mg/kg). Chloroquine (5 mg/kg) and Pyrimethamine (1.2 mg/kg) were used as standard drugs. The antidiarrhoeal activity of the extract (290, 580, and 870 mg/kg) was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea, fluid accumulation and intestinal transit models. Loperamide (3 mg/kg) and atropine (3 mg/kg) were used as positive controls. The extract showed a dose dependent antiplasmodial activity in the suppressive, repository and curative tests. The mean survival time of the groups treated with extract increased in a dose dependent fashion from 14.33 to 19.33 days compared to control. These results were statically significant (p&lt;0.001) compared to the control. Also, there was a dose-dependent reduction in castor oil–induced diarrhoea and this reduction was significant (P&lt;0.001). A significant (P&lt;0.05 – 0.01) and dose-dependent decrease in intestinal transit and castor oil–induced fluid accumulation was observed. The antiplasmodial and antidiarrhoeal activities of the extract may be due to the presence of alkaloids, saponnins, tannins and flavonoids in the extract. The results of this study confirm the ethnobotanical use of this plant as a malarial and diarrhoeal remedy.

Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of &lt;i&gt;Rhus coriaria&lt;/i&gt; in hyperactive gut disorders

This study was aimed at providing the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Rhus coriaria in diarrhea. In mice, the crude of R. coriaria demonstrated antisecretory and antidiarrheal effects against castor oil-induced fluid accumulation and diarrhea at at 100 and 300 mg/kg, respectively, and was found safe up to tested dose of 5 g/kg. In isolated rabbit jejunum, R. coriaria exhibited concentration-dependent (0.01-3.0 mg/mL) relaxation of spontaneous and high K + (80 mM)-induced contractions, similar to verapamil. The Ca ++ antagonist activity was confirmed when pretreatment of R. coriaria shifted Ca ++ concentration-response curves to the right with suppression of maximal response, similar to verapamil. R. coriaria also suppressed the high K + -evoked transient contractile peaks similar to the effect of cyclopiazonic acid and verapamil. This study indicates that R. coriaria possesses antisecretory, antidiarrheal and antispasmodic properties mediated possibly through Ca ++ antagonist pathway, thus providing evidence to its medicinal use in diarrhea and abdominal spasm. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v9i4.20879

Antidiarrhoeal Activity Of Ethanolic Extract Of Adansonia Digitata Fruit Pulp In Rats.

The antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanolic extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp was evaluated in rats. Studies were investigated on castor oil –induced diarrhoea, castor oil induced fluid accumulation and electrolyte secretion. Adansonia digitata was orally administered to rats at dose rate of 250 and 500mg/kg and Loperamide was used at 3mg/kg as reference antidiarrhoeal drug.The extract produced a dose dependant and significantly protected rats against castor oil induced diarrhoea. The frequency of defecation as well as weight of the feces was significantly (p>0.05) reduced.A preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of A. digitata revealed the presence of, flavonoids, saponins, tannins triterpenes, alkaloids and glycosides.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Carum copticum seeds in experimental rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the antidiarrhoeal activity of 95% total alcoholic extract (TAE) and total aqueous extract (TAQ) of Carum copticum (C. copticum) seeds. MethodsAntidiarrhoeal activity of C. copticum seed extracts at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW was evaluated using experimentally induced castor oil diarrhoea, gastrointestinal transit of charcoal meal and enteropooling activity in male wistar rats and compared to standard drugs. ResultsAt a dose of 100 mg/Kg BW (TAQ and TAE) significantly decreased the diarrhoeal droppings in castor oil induced diarrhoea, the mean distance travelled by charcoal meal showed a significant reduction in the secretion of gastrointestinal fluid accumulation by 39.90% to 50.70%. C. copticum extracts on castor oil induced fluid accumulation showed a greater inhibitory effect on Na+ levels than on K+ concentrations. ConclusionsThese results suggest that C. copticum seed extracts could be used for the treatment of diarrhoea.

Role of the Rosa canina L. leaf extract as an antidiarrheal drug in rodents.

Objectives:The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of the leaf extract of Rosa canina L. against experimental diarrhea induced by castor oil in rodents.Materials and Methods:The methanol extract of Rosa canina L. (30 and 60 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally to two groups of mice (five animals per group) in order to evaluate the activity of the extract against the castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice. Two other groups received normal saline and diphenoxylate (5 mg/kg) as positive control. The effect of the extract on intestinal transit and castor oil-induced intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) was assessed. The effects of the extract on the isolated rabbit jejunum and on the isolated rat ileum were studied.Results:The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Rosa Canina L. revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and volatile oil. Intraperitoneal LD50 of the extract was found to be 455.19 ± 23 mg/kg in mice. The antidiarrheal effect of the methanolic extract exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of the spontaneous pendular movement of the isolated rabbit jejunum and inhibited acetylcholine-induced contraction of the rat ileum. A dose-dependent decrease in gastrointestinal transit was observed with extracts (30 and 60 mg/kg), which also protected mice against castor oil-induced diarrhea and castor oil-induced fluid accumulation, respectively.Conclusions:The presence of some of the phytochemicals in the leaf extract may be responsible for the observed effects, and also the basis for its use in traditional medicine as an antidiarrheal drug.

Antidiarrheal, antisecretory, and bronchodilatory activities of Hypericum perforatum

This study describes the antidiarrheal, antisecretory, and bronchodilatory activities of Hypericum perforatum Linn. (Hypericaceae), commonly known as St. John’s wort, to justify its traditional use in the hyperactivity of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. The crude extract of Hypericum perforatum (Hp.Cr) at a dose of 500 mg/kg caused 20% protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice and 60% at 1000 mg/kg (p < 0.05 vs. saline). Hp.Cr at 300 and 1000 mg/kg reduced the castor oil-induced fluid accumulation in mice to 107.0 ± 3.3 g (p < 0.01) and 84.0 ± 4.2 g (p < 0.001) respectively, whereas in the castor oil-treated group, it was 126.9 ± 3.9 g. When tested against carbachol (CCh)-mediated bronchoconstriction in rats under anesthesia, Hp.Cr dose-dependently (3– 30 mg/kg) suppressed the CCh (1 μmol/kg)-induced increase in the inspiratory pressure. Thus this study rationalizes the Hypericum perforatum usefulness in overactive gut and airways disorders, such as diarrhea and asthma.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of Combretum sericeum roots in rats

The antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of Combretum sericeum roots was evaluated in rats. Studies were carried out on castor oil induced diarrhea, gastrointestinal motility and castor oil induced fluid accumulation. The extract (25 and 50 mg/kg) causes a dose dependent protection against castor oil induced diarrhea and castor oil induced fluid accumulation and decreased markedly gastrointestinal transit. The intraperitoneal LD50 of the extract was found to be 177.48 mg/kg in mice. A preliminary phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of C. sericeum roots revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones and alkaloids. The results obtained showed that the water extract of C. sericeumroots may be active against diarrhea and this may be the basis for its use traditionally for gastrointestinal disorders. Key words: Combretum sericeum, diarrhea, gastrointestinal tract and tannins.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of the standardised extract of Cinnamomum tamala in experimental rats

The present study was designed to investigate the antidiarrhoeal potential of 50% ethanolic extract of Cinnamomum tamala on experimentally induced castor oil diarrhoea, gastric emptying of phenol red meal, gastrointestinal transit of charcoal meal and in vitro mast cell degranulation activity. C. tamala extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, orally) produced a dose-dependent reduction in the total amount of faecal matter in castor oil-induced diarrhoea. The mean distance travelled by charcoal meal at 50 and 100 mg/kg of extract showed a significant reduction in the secretion of gastrointestinal fluid accumulation by 32.5-65.0%. The Na(+) and K(+) concentrations on castor oil-induced fluid accumulation showed a greater inhibitory effect on Na(+) levels than on K(+) concentrations. C. tamala significantly reduced the lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001) and increased the catalase (P < 0.01) activity in comparison to the castor oil-induced groups. C. tamala leaf extract did not show any significant effect at a higher dose (15 mg/ml) on mast cell degranulation. However, the extract in the dose of 5 and 10 mg/ml conferred significant mast cell protective action (P < 0.001). The percentage of eugenol in extract is 3.8% w/w, and total tannin is 247.5 mg/g. The result indicates the Indian spice C. tamala is useful for diarrhoea.

Antidiarrhoeal activities of aqueous extract of Stereospermum kunthianum (Cham, Sandrine Petit) stem bark in rodents

The antidiarrhoeal effect of the aqueous extract of Stereospermum kunthianum (Cham, Sandrine Petit) stem bark was investigated in in vivo experimentally-induced diarrhoeal models using mice and rats. The extract (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced castor oil-induced intestinal transit in mice, with the greatest effect observed with the 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract. The pretreatment of mice with the extract (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent and significant (p < 0.05) delay in the onset of diarrhoea, frequency of stooling, decreased weight of wet stools and the general diarrhoeal score in mice. The effect of the extract on the normal intestinal transit in mice was not significant. However, in the phenol red meal test in rats, the extract (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg) in a doserelated manner, significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the normal intestinal transit in rats, without a significant effect on the gastric emptying compared to loperamide (5 mg/kg) treated rats. The extract produced no significant effect on the castor oil-induced fluid accumulation in rats. Also, the extract produced no mortalities in mice at a maximum oral dose of 8 g/kg; it is therefore well tolerated and relatively safe by oral route. The results indicate that the aqueous extract possesses antidiarrhoeal activity. This is a possible reason for its antidiarrhoeal use in traditional medicine.

Antidiarrhoeal activities of aqueous extract of Stereospermum kunthianum (Cham, Sandrine Petit) stem bark in rodents

The antidiarrhoeal effect of the aqueous extract of Stereospermum kunthianum (Cham, Sandrine Petit) stem bark was investigated in in vivo experimentally-induced diarrhoeal models using mice and rats. The extract (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced castor oil-induced intestinal transit in mice, with the greatest effect observed with the 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract. The pretreatment of mice with the extract (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent and significant (p < 0.05) delay in the onset of diarrhoea, frequency of stooling, decreased weight of wet stools and the general diarrhoeal score in mice. The effect of the extract on the normal intestinal transit in mice was not significant. However, in the phenol red meal test in rats, the extract (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg) in a doserelated manner, significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the normal intestinal transit in rats, without a significant effect on the gastric emptying compared to loperamide (5 mg/kg) treated rats. The extract produced no significant effect on the castor oil-induced fluid accumulation in rats. Also, the extract produced no mortalities in mice at a maximum oral dose of 8 g/kg; it is therefore well tolerated and relatively safe by oral route. The results indicate that the aqueous extract possesses antidiarrhoeal activity. This is a possible reason for its antidiarrhoeal use in traditional medicine.

Antidiarrhoeal activity of Ziziphus mauritiana root extract in rodents

Preliminary phytochemical screening of the root extract of Ziziphus mauritiana revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and volatile oil. Intraperitoneal LD50 of the extract was found to be 447.21 ± 20 mg/kg (bw) in mice. The Antidiarrhoeal effect of the methanolic extract as evaluated exhibited a concentration dependent inhibition of the spontaneous pendular movement of the isolated rabbit jejunum and inhibited acetylcholine induced contraction of rat ileum. A dose dependent decrease of gastrointestinal transit was observed with extracts (25 and 50 mg/kg) which also protected mice against castor oil induced dirrhoea and castor oil induced fluid accumulation, respectively. The presence of some of the phytochemicals in the root extract may be responsible for the observed effects, and also the basis for its use in traditional medicine as antidiarrhoeal drug

Effect of methanolic extract of Cassia nigricans leaves on rat gastrointestinal tract

The effects of the methanolic extract of Cassia nigricans leaves were investigated on experimentally-induced diarrhoea and ulceration in rat. The extract dose-dependently reduced both the small intestinal propulsive movement ( P<0.01–0.001), and castor oil-induced fluid accumulation ( P<0.05–0.001). Its inhibitory effects on intestinal propulsive movement and fluid accumulation were significantly ( P<0.05) antagonised by yohimbine. However, castor oil-induced diarrhoea was increased. The extract also reduced significantly ( P<0.05–0.001) the ulcers induced by both indomethacin and ethanol. The results indicate that the observed antidiarrhoeal effect might in part be due to α 2-adrenoceptor stimulation.