Cassava Foliage Research Articles

Influence of Sulfur on Fresh Cassava Foliage and Cassava Hay Incubated in Rumen Fluid of Beef Cattle

Two male, rumen fistulated crossbred Brahman-Thai native beef cattle (body weight = 400±50 kg), fed on rice straw as a source of roughage, were used as rumen fluid sources. The treatments were 2x3 factorial arrangements; two roughages (fresh cassava foliage and cassava hay) and three sulfur levels (elemental sulfur) at 0.2 (control), 0.5 and 1% of DM, respectively. The experiment revealed that the rates (c) of gas production, ammonia-nitrogen concentration, true digestibility, total concentration or molar proportions of VFA and microbial biomass were not significantly different between cassava hay and fresh cassava foliage. However, all parameters for cassava hay were higher than for fresh cassava foliage. The supplementation of 0.5% sulfur to fresh cassava foliage resulted in a significant increase in the rate of gas production, true digestibility, total concentration of VFA, microbial biomass, rate of HCN disappearance, thiocyanate appearance and cyanide percentage conversion into thiocyanate. However, there were no effects of sulfur supplementation at 0.2, 0.5 and 1% to cassava hay. The finding suggests the utilization of cassava foliage for rumen microorganisms in terms of fermentation and HCN detoxification could be improved by sulfur supplementation of 0.5% of DM.

Effect of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Foliage Supplementation to Calves on the Viability and Egg Count of Haemonchus contortus Nematodes

Thirty early-weaned 5±3 month-old calves with an average body weight of 96±23 kg were used; 24 were artificially infested with 90 larvae (L3), of H. contortus per kilogram body weight. Calves grazed on African Star Grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) from 0600 to 1300 hours. Grazing was supplemented with lucerne hay (Medicago sativa) or cassava foliage (Manihot esculenta), and 500 g−1 head−1 day−1 of a commercial feed containing 16% crude protein and trace-mineralized salt, offered during the time spent in confinement. Five treatments were compared: (1) infested, supplemented with lucerne; (2) as treatment (1), drenched; (3) infested, supplemented with cassava; (4) as treatment (3), drenched; (5) non-infested, supplemented with cassava. Each treatment had three replicates of two calves. Those that were drenched orally received 7 mg kg−1 albendazole on day 21 after being infested. The experiment lasted until 35 days after infestation. The response criteria were number of nematodes in the abomasum and egg count per gram of feces, both taken at weekly intervals. Numerical data were analysed as a completely randomized design, including the effect of sampling week for egg counts and feed intake. The average number of nematodes found in the abomasums did not differ between treatments (P

Effect of feeding different levels of wilted cassava foliage ( Manihot esculenta, Crantz) on the performance of growing goats

The effects of feeding different levels of wilted cassava foliage ( Manihot esculenta, Crantz) on growth and diet digestibility were studied using local male growing goats with an average body weight of 14.5 kg. Thirty-two animals were randomly allocated to four groups of eight animals in a growth experiment, and four animals were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin Square design to study digestibility. The four diets in both the growth and the digestibility studies were Gamba grass ( Andropogon gayanus) as a sole diet offered ad libitum (control) or supplemented with wilted cassava foliage (WCF) at 20%, 30% and 40% of an expected daily DM intake of 3% of BW. Dry matter (DM) intake was significantly lower in the control group and increased with the level of WCF in the diet, while the DM intake of Gamba grass was not significantly changed. Total DM intake and DM intakes from Gamba grass were 472, 546, 584 and 616 g/d and 472, 457, 457 and 470 g/d for the control and treatments with 20%, 30% and 40% of WCF in the diet, respectively. The inclusion of WCF in the diet increased the apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, N, Neutral detergent Fibre and Acid Detergent Fibre, and resulted in a higher N-retention. The average daily gains of animals fed diets with WCF were significantly higher than in the control group. The highest gain was recorded in goats with 40% of WCF in the diet (55.0 g/d) and lowest for the control (28.9 g/d). In conclusion, supplementing a basal diet of Gamba grass ( Andropogon gayanus) with WCF improved DM intake, digestibility, N-retention and weight gain. The inclusion level of WCF in the diet can be up to 30%–40% of diet DM (21%–24% of total DM intake).

Performance of growing heifers fed urea treated fresh rice straw supplemented with fresh, ensiled or pelleted cassava foliage

Abstract Sixty-eight growing heifers were used in three experiments to evaluate the effects on feed intake, growth, liver enzymes and thyroid hormone status of four supplemental levels of cassava foliage: 0 (T0), 50 (T50), 75 (T75) and 100 g (T100) crude protein 100 kg− 1 LWt provided by fresh, ensiled or pelleted cassava foliage in diets based on urea treated fresh rice straw (UFRS) ad libitum, 0.72 kg dry matter (DM) of napier grass and 0.26 kg DM of cassava root meal (CRM) 100 kg− 1 LWt. The ensiled cassava foliage (ECF) supplement experiment was conducted from June to October in 2002, and the fresh (FCF) and pelleted (PCF) cassava foliage supplement experiments from February to June and August to December in 2003, respectively. The results showed that increasing the level of cassava foliage supplementation in the all experiments slightly decreased UFRS intake (p 0.05) in the PCF and ECF supplement experiments. It is concluded that FCF with its high HCN and condensed tannin content was slightly unpalatable, had a negative effect on circulating thyroid hormones at higher supplemental levels and an adverse effect on growth rate, while ECF and PCF supplementation resulted in improved growth rate without adverse effect on thyroid hormones and feed intake when fed to growing heifers.

Inclusão de silagem de rama de mandioca na alimentação de vacas em lactação, mantidas em pasto de <em>Cynodon</em>: consumo e digestibilidade

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the intake and digestibility of Holsteins dairy cow fed with Cynodon graze and inclusion levels (0, 10, 20 e 30%) of superior third of cassava foliage silage (STCFS). Eight lactating dairy cow were used in a square design 4x4 and to inclusion levels, regression was used. The following aspects were analyzed: organic matter intake (OMI), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), total carbohydrate (TC), nonfiber carbohydrate (NFC); apparent digestibility of organic matter (ADOM), crude protein (ADCP), neutral detergent fiber (ADNDF), total carbohydrate (ADTC), nonfiber carbohydrate (ADNFC). The inclusion levels of STCFS had an increasing effect (p < 0.05) to total OMI, STCFS + concentrate DOI, STCFS + concentrate NDF, total CP, total TC, total NFC in kg/day and total OMI and total % live weight. The ADCP had decreasing effect (p < 0.05) with the increase of inclusion levels of STCFS.

Yield and Chemical Composition of Cassava Foliage and Tuber Yield as Influenced by Harvesting Height and Cutting Interval

A 3x4 factorial field experiment with a complete randomised split-plot design with four replicates was conducted from June 2002 to March 2003 at the experimental farm of the Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,to determine effects of different harvesting heights (10, 30 and 50 cm above the ground) and cutting intervals (45, 60, 90 and 285 days) on yield of foliage and tubers, and chemical composition of the foliage. Cassava of the variety KM 94 grown in plots of 5 m×10 m at a planting distance of 30 cm×50 cm was hand-harvested according to respective treatments, starting 105 days after planting. Foliage from the control treatment (285 days) and all tubers were only harvested at the final harvest 285 days after planting. Dry matter and crude protein foliage yields increased in all treatments compared to the control. Mean foliage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields were 4.57, 3.53, 2.49, and 0.64 tonnes DM ha - 1 and 939, 684, 495 and 123 kg CP ha - 1 with 45, 60, 90 and 285 day cutting intervals, respectively. At harvesting heights of 10, 30 and 50 cm the DM yields were 4.27, 3.67 and 2.65 tonnes ha - 1 and the CP yields were 810, 745 and 564 kg ha - 1 , respectively. The leaf DM proportion was high, ranging from 47 to 65%. The proportion of leaf and petiole increased and the stem decreased with increasing harvesting heights and decreasing cutting intervals. Crude protein content in cassava foliage ranged from 17.7 to 22.6% and was affected by harvesting height and cutting interval. The ADF and NDF contents of foliage varied between 22.6 and 30.2%, and 34.2 and 41.2% of DM, respectively. The fresh tuber yield in the control treatment was 34.5 tonnes ha - 1 . Cutting interval and harvesting height had significant negative effects on tuber yield. The most extreme effect was for the frequent foliage harvesting at 10 cm harvesting height, which reduced the tuber yield by 72%, while the 90 day cutting intervals and 50 cm harvesting height only reduced the yield by 7%. The mean fresh tuber yield decreased by 56, 45 and 27% in total when the foliage was harvested at 45, 60 and 90 day cutting intervals, respectively. It is concluded that the clear effects on quantity and quality of foliage and the effect on tuber yield allow alternative foliage harvesting principles depending on the need of fodder for animals, value of tubers and harvesting cost. An initial foliage harvest 105 days after planting and later harvests with 90 days intervals at 50 cm harvesting height increased the foliage DM and CP yield threefold, but showed only marginal negative effect on tuber yield.

Effect of different temperature treated of CASMEREA on ruminal degradability of goats

Cassava root meal is a fine powder from the manufacture of chips and/or starch. Their disposal increases otherwise environmental pollution and health hazards. Nevertheless, ruminants can be fed on cassava tuberous roots, foliage, peel and residue obtained after processing cassava including cassava meal. Evidence so far shows that cassava meal is good source of energy which, when fortified, promote positive and high performance in cattle, sheep and goats. Cassava meal contains high level of energy and has been used as readily fermentable energy in the rations. However, the lack of nitrogen supplied from cassava meal that it is important to include nitrogen sources to balance the energy-nitrogen supply for the microbial activities in the rumen. The objective of this experiment was developing the new products from cassava meal namely, CASMEREA (cassava meal + urea) or commonly name “starea” or “casarea”.

Caracterização químico-bromatológica da silagem do terço superior da rama de mandioca

Aiming to characterize the cassava foliage silage, samples were collected in eight different periods according to their silage use. They were analyzed by chemical composition, quantifying fractions of nitrogen and carbohydrates compositions, and estimating parameters of the digestive kinetics of carbohydrates, through in vitro technique of gas production. The total digestible nutrients were also considered. The obtained data were described statistically. The average values found for dry matter (DM) were 25.2%, organic matter 92.6% DM, crude protein 19.5 DM, ether extract 4.3% DM, neutral detergent fiber 50.8% DM, acid detergent fiber 40.9% DM, non fibrous carbohydrate 68.9% DM, calcium 0.88% and phosphorus 0.22%. Results showed that the superior third of cassava foliage silage varied in chemical composition.

Utilização de fezes (eqüina ou bovina) em substituição ao líquido ruminal como fonte de inóculo para determinação da digestibilidade in vitro de alimentos para ruminantes

The goal of work was to evaluate the utilization of equine (EF) and bovine feces (BF), obtained from the rectum, as the source of alternative inoculum to ruminal liquor (RL), for determinate the in vitro dry matter digestibility according to the technique described by Tilley and Terry, adapted to ruminal fermentation (DAISYII/ ANKOM&reg; . One Holstein cow, donor of ruminal liquor and feces, and one Percheron mare with donor of feces were used, receiving concentrated ration and with access to a Cynodon dactylon sward. The completely randomized experimental designer was used with three treatments and four replications. Seven feedstuffs were used: corn ground (CGR), triticale ground (TTG), soybean hulls (SBH), superior third of cassava foliage silage (CFS), alfalfa hay (AFH), Tifton 85 hay (TFH) and Coast-cross hay (CCH). The inoculum prepared with feces presented ability of degradation, however with less efficiency related to the ruminal liquor.

Evaluation of cassava foliage as a protein supplement for sheep

Three trials were conducted to evaluate the potential of cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage (leaves and petioles) as a protein supplement for sheep. In the first trial, nylon bag degradability of cassava foliage was studied. Proximate analysis of cassava foliage was conducted before and after the incubation. Rumen Ammonia Concentration (RAC) and pH were determined at 0, 4 and 8 hours after feeding cassava foliage diet (30%). Proximate composition of sundried cassava foliage was (%) DM 91.25, CP 18.55, NDF, 31.41, ADF, 29.2, EE, 6.6, Ash, 12.95. Nylon-bag dry matter disappearance (DMD) increased significantly (P 0.05) in the live weight gains of rams on the control diet compared with those supplemented except for those supplemented with cassava foliage and groundnut haulms combined at 1% level where the weight gain was significantly higher (P 0.05) affected by feeding either supplement. Supplementing digitaria hay with cassava foliage at both 0.5% and 1.0% BW did not significantly increase the nitrogen retention values, but groundnut haulms supplemented at 1.0% BW significantly (P<0.05) increased the nitrogen retention values. Keywords: Cassava foliage, nylon-bag degradation, rumen-ammonia, concentration incubation, dry matter disappearance, nitrogen retention.

Infochemical-mediated niche use by the predatory mites Typhlodromalus manihoti and T. aripo (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

In Africa, Typhlodromalus manihoti and T. aripo, two introduced predators of the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa, occupy different parts of cassava foliage. In the present study, niche use by these two predators, as mediated by prey-induced infochemicals, was investigated. In response to prey feeding damage, cassava plant parts emit volatile blends, that attract phytoseiidae predators. When given a choice between old cassava leaves infested with M. tanajoa and either apices or young cassava leaves infested with M. tanajoa, T. aripo displayed a marked preference for odors emitted from either infested apices or infested young leaves over infested old leaves but showed no preference for odors from apices versus young leaves, all infested with M. tanajoa. Typhlodromalus manihoti did not discriminate between volatiles from the three infested cassava plant parts. Our data show that T. aripo uses differences in volatile blends released by infested cassava plant parts and restricts its fundamental niche to a realized niche, which enables coexistence with its competitor T. manihoti.

Effects of Timing of Initial Cutting and Subsequent Cutting on Yields and Chemical Compositions of Cassava Hay and Its Supplementation on Lactating Dairy Cows

Two experiments were conducted to examine the production and quality of cassava hay and its utilization in diets for dairy cows. In experiment I, a 2×2 Factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications was carried out to determine the effects of different initial (IC) and subsequent cutting (SC) on yield and composition of cassava plant. The results revealed that cassava could produce from 4 to 7 tonne of DM and 1.2 to 1.6 tonne of CP for the first six months after planting. CP content in cassava plant ranged from 20.8 to 28.5% and was affected by different SC regimes. Condensed tannin in cassava foliage ranged from 4.9 to 5.5%. Initial cutting at 2 months with subsequent cutting at 2 month intervals was the optimal to obtain high dry matter and protein yield. In the second experiment, five crossbred Holstein-Friesian cows in mid lactation with an initial live-weight of 505±6.1 kg and average milk yield of 10.78±1.2 kg/d were randomly assigned in a 5×5 Latin square design to study the effects of 2 levels of CH (1 and 2 kg/hd/d) and concentrate (1 to 2 kg of milk and 1 to 3 kg of milk) on milk yield and milk composition. The results showed that cassava hay increased rumen NH3-N and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) (p<0.05). Cassava hay tended to increase milk production and 4% FCM. Milk protein increased in cows fed cassava hay (p<0.05). Moreover, cassava hay could reduce concentrate levels in dairy rations thus resulting in increased economic returns. Cassava hay can be a good source of forage to reduce concentrate supplementation and improve milk quality. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 12 : 1763-1769)

Effects of Different Foliages and Sugar Cane in the Diet in Late Pregnancy on Ewe and Lamb Performance

Thirty mature pregnant ewes of the Phan Rang breed with an initial live weight of 30 to 45 kg were used to compare the effects of three different diets in late pregnancy on ewe and lamb performance. All diets contained 20% of whole sugar cane, 16% rice bran, 26% cassava root and 6% molasses urea block. The remaining 32% of dry matter consisted of Jackfruit (JF diet), 16% each of Jackfruit and Cassava foliage (JF+CS diet) or Jackfruit and Flemingia foliage (JF+FM diet). The diets were fed at 3.5% of actual BW of the individual animal. The foliages were offered at 120% of the amount decided in the diets of the requirements. The JF+CS diet resulted in significantly higher feed intake than the JF diet, and also a higher feed intake than the JF+FM diet, but this difference was not significant. The ewe weight changes during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy, or from start to 24 h after lambing, were significantly different. The highest weight gain was obtained from the ewes fed the JF+CS diet. Diets had no effect on weight changes of ewes during 3 weeks after lambing but a significant effect on the litter birth weight, with the JF+CS diet giving the highest litter birth weight. There was, however, no effect on the litter weight at 21 days or litter growth rate from birth to 21 days due to the experimental diets. (Asian- Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 6 : 828-833)

Desempenho de coelhos em crescimento alimentados com diferentes níveis de feno da rama da mandioca (Manihot esculenta, crantz)

Com o objetivo de estudar o feno do terço superior da rama da mandioca no desempenho de coelhos em crescimento, foram utilizados 32 coelhos da Raça Nova Zelândia Branco, de 50 a 70 dias de idade. Os animais foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental, em blocos casualizados dentro de sexo, com 4 tratamentos (4 níveis de inclusão de feno de mandioca 0, 10, 20 e 30%) e 8 animais em cada bloco, com duas repetições dentro de cada bloco, sendo as repetições de um animal por unidade experimental. O peso vivo aos 70 dias de idade diminuiu linearmente (P&lt;0,05) à medida que se aumentou o nível de inclusão do feno da rama da mandioca nas dietas. Por outro lado, as demais características de desempenho e carcaça não foram afetadas com os níveis de inclusão do feno. Os dados indicam que o feno da rama da mandioca é viável até o nível de 20% nas rações.

Valor nutritivo do feno da rama da mandioca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) para coelhos em crescimento

Foi conduzido um ensaio de digestibilidade para determinar o valor nutritivo do feno do terço superior da rama de mandioca, variedade "Mantiqueira" (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) em dezesseiscoelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, oito machos e oito fêmeas, com 50 dias de idade. Foi usado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e oito repetições por tratamento. Na dieta teste, o feno da rama da mandioca substituiu 30% MS da dieta referência contendo 19,30% de proteína bruta, 12,86% de fibra bruta e 4558 kcal/kg de energia bruta. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra bruta e energia do feno da rama da mandioca foram 41,29; 41,95; 43,72; 33,77; e 36,63%, respectivamente. Os teores de matéria seca digestível, matéria orgânica digestível, proteína digestível, fibra bruta digestível e energia digestível para o feno da rama da mandioca foram 35,58; 37,93; 7,69; 8,85%; e 1639 kcal/kg, respectivamente.

Cassava foliage: Chemical composition, cyanide content and effect of drying on cyanide elimination

AbstractThe chemical composition and cyanide concentration in the foliage of four cassava cultivars (M Col 113, M Col 22, M Col 1684, CM 342–170) were evaluated at four plant ages (6, 8, 10 and 12 months). The effect on cyanide elimination of sun‐drying on a concrete floor and of oven‐drying at 60°C was also studied, including some observations on the tannin content of dried foliage. The proximal composition, calcium and phosphorus contents, as well as the amino acid composition of dried cassava foliage compared favourably to that of sun‐cured lucerne meal. In most cases, foliage from 6‐to 12‐month‐old plants contained 25 to 30% dry matter, and as dried foliage had 13 to 20% crude protein and 16 to 20% crude fibre. Crude protein and crude fibre were the two chemical constituents which varied the most with plant age. The average gross energy of dried cassava foliage was 4.12 kcal kg−1 with a range of 3.90 to 4.35 kcal kg−1. Sun‐drying eliminated more cyanide than oven‐drying (82 to 94% vs 68 to 76%, respectively) and in addition, most of the cyanide in sun‐dried foliage was free cyanide (62 to 77%) whereas only 24 to 36% was found as such in oven‐dried foliage. Sun‐dried foliage samples had consistently lower tannin content than the corresponding oven‐dried samples.