Flu Cases Research Articles

The Ural Population Project. Demography and Culture From Microdata in a European-Asian Border Region

The Ural Population Project (URAPP) is built from individual level data transcriptions of 19th- to early 20th-century parish records and mid-19th-century census-like tax revisions manuscripts. This article discusses the source material, the contents, the history of creation and the strategy of the URAPP database and the outcome of the main research topics so far, including historical demography, Jewish studies, indigenous studies and studies of religious minorities in the Urals and Siberia. Our studies of the ethno-religious cultural landscape of the Urals and northwestern Siberia as well as participation in population history projects was more vital backgrounds than the traditional focus on aggregates. The over 65,000 vital events transcribed from parish records of Russian Orthodox Churches and minority religions in and around Ekaterinburg have been the basis for studies of mortality, nuptiality, religion and other characteristics. We found that the Jewish population kept their traditions and connections with relatives in the Pale of Settlement. Prisoners of WWI usually marrying within their own religious group. Infant mortality in Ekaterinburg was lower among Jews and the Catholics, minorities with higher education and western background, while the Orthodox majority exposed their newborn to extremely tough baptism. The burial records show cases of the Spanish flu in 1918–1919, but on a lower level than in the West, supporting recent theories that estimates of flu mortality may be too high. Based on the tax revisions, polygyny was officially recognized among the indigenous Siberian people. The strategy of the URAPP project has evolved from transcribing microdata about minorities towards covering the whole population.

Caution: Not all cough and cold OTC products are effective

Now that COVID-19 pandemic precautions are lifting and people are gathering once again, cold and flu cases are on the rise. Since many individuals will come into pharmacies searching for OTC products for relief, pharmacists will be receiving many questions. But how much is known about the effectiveness of many of these products? Pharmacists can help patients avoid unnecessary costs and delays in self-treatment by knowing which OTC medications are scientifically proven to be ineffective.

STUDY OF TWO YEARS EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TREND OF SWINE FLU (H1N1) CASES BY CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS IN TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL OF WESTERN INDIA

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: To study region-wise monthly incidence, alteration in seasonal trend and geographical distribution of Swine Flu (H1N1) cases in district of western India for two years. After Ethics Committee approval, a cross-sectionalMATERIAL AND METHOD: study was carried out with analysis of two years' demographic prole, geographical distribution and seasonal variation of real time Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) - H1N1 positive cases. Annual change in pattern of positive cases was analyzed by independent sample student's t - test (P < 0.05). Out of 3,524 Seasonal Flu cases investigated by Inuenza A (H1N1) RT-PCR, total 1,600RESULT: Seasonal Flu–positive cases were analyzed. On looking at Age-wise distribution of patients, during rst year, maximum number of Seasonal Flu positive cases was from age group of 1 to 10 years, while during next year, maximum number of cases was from age group of 51 to 60 years. During rst year of epidemic, incidence of 836.12 cases per 1,00,000 population per year was detected with peak during winter as compared to 121.49 cases per 1,00,000 population per year with peak during monsoon in second year of epidemic. DuringINTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Epidemic of Seasonal Flu, Swine Flu (H1N1) positive cases got reduced annually, and seasonal pattern of H1N1 positive cases changed with peak during monsoon as compared to conventional winter peak. Overall change in seasonal trend, pediatric age distribution suggests need of in depth analysis of development of herd immunity, and risk factors involved for monsoon peak with alarming precaution by epidemic preparedness.

Modelling the Extremes of Seasonal Viruses and Hospital Congestion: The Example of Flu in a Swiss Hospital

AbstractViruses causing flu or milder coronavirus colds are often referred to as ‘seasonal viruses’ as they tend to subside in warmer months. In other words, meteorological conditions tend to impact the activity of viruses, and this infor2mation can be exploited for the operational management of hospitals. In this study, we use 3 years of daily data from one of the biggest hospitals in Switzerland and focus on modelling the extremes of hospital visits from patients showing flu-like symptoms and the number of positive flu cases. We propose employing a discrete generalized Pareto distribution for the number of positive and negative cases. Our modelling framework allows for the parameters of these distributions to be linked to covariate effects, and for outlying observations to be dealt with via a robust estimation approach. Because meteorological conditions may vary over time, we use meteorological and not calendar variations to explain hospital charge extremes, and our empirical findings highlight their significance. We propose a measure of hospital congestion and a related tool to estimate the resulting CaRe (Charge-at-Risk-estimation) under different meteorological conditions. The relevant numerical computations can be easily carried out using the freely available GJRM R package. The empirical effectiveness of the proposed method is assessed through a simulation study.

Twindemic - An emerging concern in Pakistan.

Dear Madam, As winter approaches, people succumb to a myriad of winter illnesses. Seasonal Influenza (Flu) is predominantly prevalent in the USA and Pakistan. CDC reported 20,000 deaths and 380,000 hospitalizations from flu in 2019 till 2020(1). According to Dr Ebell, we are likely less immune, since we are not exposed to flu for twenty months or even more. There is uncertainty regarding flu strains since it can undergo antigenic shifts and antigenic drift that can cause the evolution of new strains (2). Therefore, CDC estimates that approximately seven hundred thousand people would get hospitalized in the upcoming flu-season (3). Flu season paired with covid-19 classically presents as “Twindemic”. Although influenza (Flu) and Covid share similar clinical symptoms, both can have severe, mild or moderate effects, mode of transmission and preventive strategies, but they still differ in their treatment modalities and vaccines. Therefore, during the covid era it has become challenging to report influenza cases as both diseases present with similar symptoms making clinical diagnosis difficult. However, some studies suggest that preventive measures used for Covid were also effective against the prevention of flu. Hence, the number of flu cases were reported to be lower than expected for the year 2020-2021. People infected with Covid and Influenza at the same time, are more prone to develop severe illness. To keep the pressure off healthcare systems, vaccination programmes are imperative. CDC has issued new guidelines for this potential twindemic this winter, stating that flu vaccines must protect against all 4 influenza virus strains that were noy t the recommendation in prior years. However, in Pakistan Flu shots are not prioritized. Even though CDC recommends a flu shot annually, there is no national influenza vaccination policy in Pakistan. Low levels of vaccination are due to little knowledge regarding the importance of influenza prevention, misinformation about its side effects and lack of public awareness (4), due to which the death toll of influenza was reported to be 42.03 per 100,000 of population as per 2018 data (5). Despite the serious health and economic consequences faced due to influenza, vaccination rates remain low. Pakistan Government must play a pivotal role to include influenza vaccination in its EPI schedule in order to make it available for the citizens at low costs. The risk of co-infection is estimated to be higher as the season changes. ---Continue

Efectividad de la vacuna antigripal en la prevención de la gripe grave

IntroductionInfluenza is one of the diseases with the greatest epidemiological impact and the greatest relevance in the management of health services. The flu vaccine can have great variability each season, so our objective was to know the effectiveness of the flu vaccine for the 2017/2018 season for the prevention of severe cases of flu in a general acute hospital in 385 beds. Material and methodCase control study. All hospitalized patients with laboratory confirmed influenza during the 2017/2018 season were included. Those who met the criteria for a severe case of influenza were considered cases. Those that did not meet the severity criteria were considered controls. The factors associated with the development of severe influenza were calculated. ResultsThe effectiveness adjusted by age group and comorbidity was 60.7% (20.5-80.5). The vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were different in terms of age (P<.0381). The highest proportion of cases were concentrated in those over 65 years of age (45.5%). Vaccination status against severe influenza was found to be an independent protective factor (OR=.746; .694-.831). ConclusionsThe effectiveness of influenza vaccination provided greater protection against infection and reduced the severity of influenza in hospitalized patients. These findings should be considered to improve vaccination strategies and achieve better vaccination coverage in the population at risk.

A novel approach to combat the spread of coronavirus and other respiratory infections with the aid of a smart sanitizing respirator

A novel approach to combat the spread of coronavirus and other respiratory infections with the aid of a smart sanitizing respirator

COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza: No Room for Two.

ObjectiveWith the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019 fears were expressed for a possible twindemic in the coming flu seasons. Fortunately, this was not the case for the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 flu seasons as flu showed very low historical rates during these periods. The objective of our study was to look at the existing flu data for the 2019-2021 period and analyze possible reasons for the near absence of seasonal flu.MethodsWe performed retrospective surveillance regarding seasonal influenza rates for the years 2019-2021, the years that the COVID-19 was present. Epidemiological data concerning seasonal influenza for the years 2019-2021 were collected and analyzedResultsExtremely low numbers of flu cases were reported in FluNet, FluView, and TESSy influenza surveillance systems during the years 2019, 2020, and 2021 compared to previous years prior to COVID-19.ConclusionsA twindemic outbreak during the 2019-2021 flu seasons did not occur despite expressed concerns. The worldwide implementation of mitigation measures for individuals and communities to control severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, the increased flu vaccination rate, the virus interference and the lower rate of testing for flu are the main reasons for the marked decrease in reported flu cases during 2019-2021 flu seasons.

Association between climate and infectious diseases among children in Varanasi city, India: A prospective cohort study

The effects of climate on infectious diseases could influence the health impacts, particularly in children in countries with the unfair socioeconomic conditions. In a prospective cohort of 461 children under 16-years-of-age in Varanasi city, India, the association of maximum-temperature (Tmax), relative humidity (RH), absolute humidity (AH), rainfall (RF), wind-speed (WS), and solar radiation (SLR) with prevalent infectious diseases (Diarrhea, Common cold and flu, Pneumonia, Skin-disease and Malaria, and Dengue) was examined using binomial-regression, adjusting for confounders and effect modifiers (socioeconomic-status; SES and child anthropometry), from January 2017 to January 2020. Attributable-fraction (AFx) was calculated due to each climate variable for each infectious disease. The result showed that each unit (1 °C) rise in Tmax was associated with an increase in diarrhea and skin-disease cases by 3.97% (95% CI: 2.92, 5.02) and 3.94% (95% CI: 1.67, 6.22), respectively, whereas, a unit decline in Tmax was associated with an increase in cold and flu cases by 3.87% (95% CI: 2.97, 4.76). Rise in humidity (RH) was associated with increase in cases of cold and flu by 0.73% (95% CI: 0.38, 1.08) and malaria (AH) by 7.19% (95% CI: 1.51, 12.87) while each unit (1 g/m3) decrease in humidity (AH) observed increase in pneumonia cases by 3.02% (95% CI: 0.75, 5.3). WS was positively associated with diarrhea (14.16%; 95% CI: 6.52, 21.80) and negatively with dengue (17.40%; 12.32, 22.48) cases for each unit change (kmph). RF showed marginal association while SLR showed no association at all. The combined AFx due to climatic factors ranged from 9 to 18%. SES and anthropometric parameters modified the climate-morbidity association in children with a high proportion of children found suffering from stunting, wasting, and underweight conditions. Findings from this study draw the attention of government and policymakers to prioritize effective measures for child health as the present association may increase disease burden in the future under climate-change scenarios in already malnourished paediatric population through multiple pathways.

Steering a Historical Disease Forecasting Model Under a Pandemic: Case of Flu and COVID-19

Forecasting influenza in a timely manner aids health organizations and policymakers in adequate preparation and decision making. However, effective influenza forecasting still remains a challenge despite increasing research interest. It is even more challenging amidst the COVID pandemic, when the influenza-like illness (ILI) counts are affected by various factors such as symptomatic similarities with COVID-19 and shift in healthcare seeking patterns of the general population. Under the current pandemic, historical influenza models carry valuable expertise about the disease dynamics but face difficulties adapting. Therefore, we propose CALI-Net, a neural transfer learning architecture which allows us to 'steer' a historical disease forecasting model to new scenarios where flu and COVID co-exist. Our framework enables this adaptation by automatically learning when it should emphasize learning from COVID-related signals and when it should learn from the historical model. Thus, we exploit representations learned from historical ILI data as well as the limited COVID-related signals. Our experiments demonstrate that our approach is successful in adapting a historical forecasting model to the current pandemic. In addition, we show that success in our primary goal, adaptation, does not sacrifice overall performance as compared with state-of-the-art influenza forecasting approaches.

Epidemics and trust: The case of the Spanish Flu.

Recent studies argue that major crises can have long‐lasting effects on individual behavior. While most studies focused on natural disasters, we explore the consequences of the global pandemic caused by a lethal influenza virus in 1918–19: the so‐called “Spanish Flu.” This was by far the worst pandemic of modern history, causing up to 100 million deaths worldwide. Using information about attitudes of respondents to the General Social Survey, we find evidence that experiencing the pandemic likely had permanent consequences in terms of individuals' social trust. Our findings suggest that lower social trust was passed on to the descendants of the survivors of the Spanish Flu who migrated to the United States. As trust is a crucial factor for long‐term economic development, our research offers a new angle from which to assess current health threats.

Study of Profile of Swine Flu Cases Admitted in Tertiary Care Hospital: Lessons Learned!

Introduction Swine flu is caused by a novel strain of H1N1 influenza A virus that evolved by genetic assortment. The global pandemic affected India in May 2009. Sporadic cases continue to occur and cause significant morbidity and mortality. Aim To study the clinical profile, laboratory parameters, and outcome of the confirmed cases of swine flu. Methods This was a retrospective study involving confirmed swine flu cases admitted with category B2 and C symptoms from February to September 2019 in Tata Main Hospital. Their case records were analyzed for demographic characteristics, clinical features, treatment, and various outcomes. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on the samples was used to confirm the infection. Observation Of the 12 cases, 33.7% were men and 66.7% were women. There were 66.7% in the age group 41 to 60 years. Case fatality ratio was 25%. Average duration of symptoms was 3.5 ± 2.4 days. Fever and breathlessness (100%) were the commonest symptoms followed by cough and weakness (83.3%). Comorbidities, like diabetes, hypertension and chronic kidney disease, were seen in 25% patients. Pneumonia was the commonest complication. Average length of hospital stay was 17.8 days. Twenty-five percent of the patients needed supplemental oxygen, whereas 25% required noninvasive ventilation and 50% needed mechanical ventilation. Male sex, older age, severity of hypoxemia, need for mechanical ventilation, and involvement of more than 3 radiological zones were the predictors of mortality (P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions H1N1 influenza can present with severe life-threatening illness. The most common cause of death is pneumonia. Mortality is higher in elderly, men, and those requiring invasive ventilation.

Relationship between influenza and dengue outbreaks, and subsequent bacterial sepsis in French Guiana: A time series analysis.

Background: Influenza has been shown to increase the risk for severe bacterial infection, in the tropics the seasonality of influenza epidemics is less marked, and this may not be the case. Dengue is often followed by prolonged asthenia and some physicians hypothesized increased susceptibility to infections based on anecdotal observations.Design and Methods: Time series of influenza and dengue surveillance were confronted bacterial sepsis admissions to test the hypotheses. Monthly surveillance data on influenza and dengue and aggregated sepsis data in Cayenne hospital were matched between 24/10/2007 and 27/09/2016. An ARIMA (1,0,1) model was used.Results The series of the number of monthly cases of sepsis was positively associated with the monthly number of cases of influenza at time t (β=0.001, p=0.0359). Forecasts were imperfectly correlated with sepsis since influenza is not the only risk factor for sepsis. None of the ARIMA models showed a significant link between the dengue series and the sepsis series.Conclusions: There was thus no link between dengue epidemics and sepsis, but it was estimated that for every 1,000 cases of flu there was one additional case of sepsis. In this tropical setting, influenza was highly seasonal, and improved vaccination coverage could have benefits on sepsis.Significance for public healthSimultaneous infections may have complex consequences ranging from synergistic, neutral or antagonistic. Dengue fever and influenza cause repeated epidemics and may have consequences on the host’s immune response. Hypothesizing that an infection by dengue or influenza could increase the risk of bacterial infection we showed that there was no relation between dengue and sepsis, but that there was a relation between influenza and sepsis. Despite the tropical setting of French Guiana, the highly seasonal pattern of influenza suggests the vaccine reimbursement window should be extended.

Global Evidence on the Economic Effects of Disease Suppression During COVID-19

The disease burden of COVID-19 has been well documented around the world, but the economic cost has not. Consequently, no international studies analyze how the severity of the disease burden relates to job loss or other economic outcomes and only a handful have attempted to investigate how disease suppression policies (or non-pharmaceutical interventions) exacerbate or mitigate economic harm. Using data from 321,000 randomly selected adults around the world in 117 countries, we study reported job loss from COVID-19 and how it has affected people subjectively using harmonized, consistent metrics. We validate our measures by linking them to losses in subjective wellbeing on the survey and note their correlations with objective measures available for a limited number of countries. We sketch a theoretical model that relates economic production by industry to disease suppression restrictions and the capacity to work remotely. Testing our model, we find strong evidence that more stringent disease prevention measures increased the risk of economic harm: a one standard deviation change in policy, predicts a 0.3 standard deviation increase in harm. Countries with many deaths per capita, however, did not experience greater economic harm than those with few. These results remain robust to alternative measures of our key variables, including controls for the reduction in flu cases, and the use of within country variation over time in disease suppression policies and deaths. We replicate the findings for the United States using state-level variation in income loss from the U.S. Census Bureau. Disease-suppression policies that are not intended to dampen social contact—such as asymptomatic testing, contact tracing, mask mandates—are not associated with economic harm, whereas school closures and stay-at-home orders predict job loss and other forms of harm. We conclude that the policy responses to COVID-19 had important economic consequences, though our study makes no effort to measure the non-economic benefits of disease suppression.

Clinico-epidemiological profile of Influenza A H1N1 cases at a tertiary care institute of Uttarakhand.

Introduction:The swine (H1N1) virus responsible for worldwide pandemics since 2009 is now causing seasonal epidemics. Since then alarming spikes of swine flu cases have been reported from Uttarakhand every year. There are limited studies conducted in this Himalayan belt to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological profile of the patients admitted in tertiary care hospitals.Aims & Objectives:This study aims to summarize the clinical and epidemiological attributes of swine flu and to approximate the burden of Influenza A H1N1 (Swine Flu) cases in this Himalayan belt.Material and Methods:Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of influenza A H1N1 cases from October 2018 to April 2019 were retrospectively and descriptively analyzed using data from the Medical Records Section and the isolation ward at Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences; Shri Mahant Indiresh hospital.Results:A total of 1126 (51.6%) patients were tested of which 30% (338) patients were found to be H1N1 positive. Maximum cases and positivity were detected in the months of January (26.4%), February (50.3%), and March (14.8%), and the patients in the age groups of 41–50 (21.9%) and 51–60 years (19.3%) accounted for majority of the cases. The most common symptoms were fever (85.8%), cough (82.2%), sore throat (82%), and breathlessness (71.3%). A case fatality ratio of 10.9% was observed. A significant statistical association (p value < 0.00001) was reported between co-morbid conditions and death.Conclusion:According to the results of this study, close caution should be exercised in case of patients infected with H1N1 particularly those with co-morbidities.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Self-Medication Among Community Pharmacy Consumers' Perspectives in Derna City, Libya

Self-medication may be associated with side effects and increases the chance of drug interactions and also affects the potency of treatment and quality of life. This study aims to estimate knowledge, attitude and pharmacy practices concerning the usage of the drugs without prescription and identifying demographic factors that could influence self-medication among the consumers of community pharmacy in Derna- Libya. Cross-sectional study was conducted among 389 participants randomly selected depending on multi-stage random sampling technique. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire distributed over 10 different regions in Derna city. This study continued over2 months, in our result 215 (55.3%) of total participant used the self medication, most of them were male, the mean age of participants was 37.40±13.190 ranged from 14 to 83 years, most of participants 179(46%) were in university level, 235(60.4%) were in low-income level and 214(55%) were employee. In our result 111(28.5%) of participants had low level of knowledge regarding the safety of self-medication, 186 (47.8%) don’t known OTC medication and prescription only medication. Based on the attitude total score 215 participants had negative attitude toward self-medications, 159(40.9%) always purchase the medication without prescription, the most common reason for taking self-medication was that there was no need to visit the doctor for minor illness. And the most of medication dispensed without prescription were analgesics antipyretics for cases of cold and flu as well as in pain. Pharmacy practices were good, most of pharmacist provided information about drug interactions if taking this medicine without a prescription (84.6%) and did not face difficulties to find information about the medicine.

Correlation between flu and Wikipedia's pages visualization.

Introduction:This study aimed to assess if the frequency of the Italian general public searches for influenza, using the Wikipedia web-page, are aligned with Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) influenza cases.Materials and Methods:The reported cases of flu were selected from October 2015 to May 2019. Wikipedia Trends was used to assess how many times a specific page was read by users; data were extracted as daily data and aggregated on a weekly basis. The following data were extracted: number of weekly views by users from the October 2015 to May 2019 of the pages: Influenza, Febbre and Tosse (Flu, Fever and Cough, in English). Cross-correlation results are obtained as product-moment correlations between the two times series.Results:Regarding the database with weekly data, temporal correlation was observed between the bulletin of ISS and Wikipedia search trends. The strongest correlation was at a lag of 0 for number of cases and Flu (r=0.7571), Fever and Cough (r=0.7501). The strongest correlation was at a lag of -1 for Fever and Cough (r=0.7501). The strongest correlation was at a lag of 1 for number of cases and Flu (r=0.7559), Fever and Cough (r=0.7501).Conclusions:A possible future application for programming and management interventions of Public Health is proposed.

SARS-CoV-2 - an update in virology: A Narrative Review

Background: SARS-CoV-2 is the highly infectious new coronavirus, which has been associated with the pandemic COVID-19. The majority of those pathogenic coronaviruses are benign, namely HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1, and they have been linked to common cases of flu. Two of these viruses namely SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus are known to have caused more severe infections. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the Coronaviruses are divided into four groups, which are: Alpha-CoV, Beta -CoV, Gamma-CoV, and Delta -CoV. The Beta- CoV genus is further classified into four lineages, which are referred to as Groups A, B, C, and D. At the genomic level, SARS-CoV-2 has been identified to match with the lineage B of Beta coronavirus. This infection affects the respiratory tract, mainly the lungs' alveoli, and can cause a wide variety of symptoms ranging from discharge from the nose and a sore throat to respiratory distress, septic shock, and failure of multiple organs. To date, millions of people have been affected by the virus. The current mortality rate is around 6%. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent the spread of the infection. An extensive literature review was done using Pubmed, Medline, Pubmed Central, Embase, Goggle Scholar databases from January 20, 2020, till October 20, 2020.&#x0D; Conclusion: COVID-19 is the third outbreak of a pathogenic human coronavirus, after MERS and SARS. Its high rate of transmissibility has taken a toll on citizens' personal and professional lives globally. The peculiarities of SARS-CoV-2, regarding its genomic uniqueness and the role of Malayan pangolins as intermediate hosts, still demands more research to determine the degree to which they partake in the generation of the pathogenicity and infectiousness of the virus.

The Flu : an Analysis of Economic Costs and Morbidity Rates in Poland in the Period 2013-2019 Using Adaptive Prediction Methods

The flu is one of the most common human illnesses in the world. The number of infections is increasing year after year, and a flu pandemic could cause significant losses in the global economy. The aim of the study is to analyse the economic costs of the flu in Poland and to investigate the number of flu cases with the use of selected adaptive prediction methods. The research was conducted using monthly data collected by the National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene for the period from January 2013 to December 2019. Three forecasting methods were used to perform the analyses: the moving average model, the Winters multiplicate model and the creeping trend model. The research results indicate that it is possible to use the creeping trend model to generate short-term prognoses for the flu. In addition, implementing programs to improve the effectiveness of flu prevention in Poland will help reduce the negative health, social and economic effects it creates. (original abstract)

A Prospective Study on Epidemiology, Clinical Profile and Outcome of Hospitalized Cases of Swine Flu (H1N1) During 2018-2019 Outbreak in North West Zone of Rajasthan

Background: Since World Health Organization declared H1N1 (Swine flu) a pandemic disease on April 29, 2009, it is continuing to be a major public health problem and it has significant regional and seasonal variation. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate epidemiology, clinical profile, course of illness and their outcome. Material and Method: Present prospective crosssectional study was conducted on RT-PCR confirmed cases of swine flu admitted in dedicated swine flu ward in the Department of Medicine, S.P. Medical College &amp; Associated Group of P.B.M. Hospitals, Bikaner. All patients were subjected to detailed clinical examination and relevant investigation as per proforma. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected. All patients subjected for routine lab examination including complete blood count, renal function test, liver function test, fasting blood sugar, ABG, X-ray chest PA view and other specific investigation as per requirement. Result: Most females belonged to age group 18-35 years and most of the malesbelonged to age group &gt;55 years. Most of cases belonged to category C (62%) and urban residential area (55.7%). Most common symptom was cough (98.7%) followed by fever (91.1%), sore throat (86.1%), sputum (83.5%), nasal discharge (73.4%), breathlessness (72.2%), headache (58.2%), chest pain (27.8%) and palpitation (16.5%). Our study shows multiple organ involvement during the course of swine flu as indicated by increasing blood urea (36.7%), serum direct bilirubin (19%), serum creatinine (18.9%), SGOT (68.3%), SGPT (37.8%) and decreasing serum albumin (63.3%). Overall mortality rate in our study was 8.8%.It was high in females (9.1%) as compare to males(8.6%).All deceased belonged to category C and cough was the most common presenting symptom followed by sore throat, nasal discharge, sputum and fever. Conclusion: Our study shows there are certain factors which can affect outcome in the cases of swine flu. Female gender, elderly age, co morbidity and the duration of illness(6-10 days) are the important factors associated with poor outcome. Early recognition and alertness is important to reduce morbidity and mortality. Patients should also be screened for multiple organ involvement at the time of hospitalization by laboratory test like CBC, RFT, LFT for early diagnosis of multiple organ involvement so as to treat appropriately to prevent multiple organ failure and mortality.