Acute Respiratory Infection Cases Research Articles

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory viral infections in the Arkhangelsk region

In recent years, the incidence of acute respiratory viral diseases (ARVI) in Russia has increased significantly. The Arkhangelsk region is a territory where the incidence of SARS is also increasing. Having considered the data for the last five years, at first there was a decrease in the incidence in 2018– 2019 in the Arkhangelsk region, namely, the incidence of SARS per 100 thousand population in 2018 amounted to 36,211.0, and in 2019–33,275.8. So, in comparison with 2018. The incidence of SARS decreased by 8.1 %, while the incidence increased over the next three years, namely SARS in 2020. This figure was 38,681.9, in 2021–44,643.2, and in 2022–46,566.1. In comparison with the previous year, the incidence of SARS in 2022 increased by 4.3 %. The incidence of SARS in the Arkhangelsk region is 1.6 times higher than in the Russian Federation (28,797.29). According to the state report «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation in 2022», SARS exceed the long-term average (SMP) and amount to 29,059.21 cases per 100,000 population in 2022 against SMP 20,753.87 cases, which determines the epidemiological significance of this infection and reflects the urgency of the problem. Only for 2022. In the Russian Federation, 42.4 million cases of acute upper respiratory tract infections of multiple and unspecified localization (ARVI) were registered, the incidence rate was 29,059.21 per 100,000 population, which exceeds the long — term average incidence rate by 40 % (SMP — 20,753.87 per 100,000 population). In comparison with 2021, there was an increase in the incidence of SARS by 10.7 %. In 2022, 29.1 % of the country's population had SARS (2021–26.25 %) [4–9].

Relationship Between Occupancy Density, Education, And Diet To The Incidence Of ARI Disease In Patients At The Medan Satria Public Health Center In Bekasi City In 2023

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Indonesia has increased with a prevalence of 1 million cases in 2018. West Java province occupies the 7th position with a percentage of 11.2% cases with the number continuing to grow. The high number of ARI cases is influenced by residential density, education, and a person's diet. This study aims to determine the relationship between residential density, education, and diet with the incidence of ARI at the Medan Satria Health Center, Bekasi City in 2023. This research method is quantitative using a cross-sectional approach. The subjects in this study were patients of Puskesmas Medan Satria Bekasi City, the sampling technique used was accidental sampling of as many as 100 respondents who were targeted. The data used are primary and secondary data. Data analysis was carried out univariate and bivariate with the chi-square test. Based on statistical tests, there are two variables that show a relationship, namely education with a p-value = 0.011 with OR = 3.122, diet with a p-value = 0.023 with OR = 0.340, while there is one variable that does not show a relationship, namely residential density with a p-value = 1.000 with the incidence of ARI at the Medan Satria Health Center, Bekasi City. It is expected that the Medan Satria Health Center will conduct health promotion on the risk factors that cause ARI by activating cadres to provide education to the community in the Medan Satria area. This aims to reduce ARI cases in the Medan Satria Health Center area

TRAINING ON MAKING A WATER LEVEL INSTRUMENT AS AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR PEATLAND IN TUMBANG TAHAI VILLAGE, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

Indonesia has 14,905,575 ha of peatlands spread across Sumatra (43.18%), Kalimantan (32.06%) and Papua (24.76%) (Balai Besar Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian, 2011). The area of peatland in Central Kalimantan reaches 2.65 million ha or 16.83% of the total area of Central Kalimantan (Balai Besar Litbang Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian, 2013). Land and forest fires are becoming increasingly severe not only in Central Kalimantan, but also in other regions. This is triggered by activities where peatlands are used for agriculture or plantations coupled with the construction of drainage canals, causing peat water to dry out and become flammable during the dry season. In 1997, catastrophic fires destroyed no less than 2.2 million hectares of peat swamp forest, and destroyed 0.14 - 0.17 Gt of peatland carbon. In addition, it also caused several health problems, for example in Central Kalimantan, during the fires in 2015 there was data on cases of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Central Kalimantan until the fourth week of September 2015, the number of sufferers reached 20,274 people (KMNLHRI and UNDP; 2015). These forest fires also cause great losses in the socio-economic field. This service aims to prevent drought in peatlands by measuring the water level at several points in Tumbang Tahai Village by measuring the water level so that an Early Warning System for peatland drought is formed in the village. It is hoped that the community of Tumbang Tahai Village in particular and the people of Central Kalimantan in general will be able to prevent peatland drought and this can be an initial experience in the practical experience of making, installing and using a water level measuring instrument.

STUDY OF THE RISK OF PARENTS’ DISSATISFACTION WITH THE QUALITY OF PROVIDING MEDICAL AID TO CHILDREN WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES

Introduction. Reforming the health care system requires defining criteria for assessing patients’ dissatisfaction with the quality of medical care. It is known that the previous experience of communication with a doctor affects the quality of further interaction and compliance with medical recommendations.
 The aim was to predict the risk of parents’ dissatisfaction with the quality of medical care for children with respiratory diseases, depending on the number and reasons for visits to pediatricians and family general practitioners (GP), by the results of the questionnaire.
 Materials and methods. Overall, 171 parents were questioned (87.72 %). The analysis was by logistic regression models using the statistical analysis package MedCalc v.19.4.1 (MedCalc Software Inc, Broekstraat, Belgium, 1993-2020).
 Results. The results of the study show that 125 (83.3 %) parents rated satisfaction with the quality of medical care for children with respiratory diseases (RD) in health care facilities as 5 points by a five-point scale.
 The univariate analysis showed a significant relationship between the risk of parents’ dissatisfaction with the quality of medical care for RD children and the number of ARI visits to the GPs per year (p<0.05), namely: the increase in the number of visits is associated with significant decrease in parental dissatisfaction with quality of medical care, for every next visit (p = 0.040), OR = 0.31 (95 % CI 0.10-0.95). The area under the curve of operational characteristics AUC = 0.66 (95 % CI 0.58-0.74) indicates a weak relationship between the risk of parental dissatisfaction and the number of ARI visits to the GPs per year. When using the stepwise regression, 4 factor features were selected for multivariate analysis, namely: the number of cases of acute respiratory viral infections in a child per year, the number of pneumonias in a child during life, the number of visits to the PHC (primary health care) physician, and to the PHC pediatrician per year. According to this model, an increase in the number of visits to the GP is associated with decrease in parents’ dissatisfaction with the quality of medical care, for each repeated visit (when standardizing by the number of ARI cases in a child per year, the number of pneumonia cases in a child, and the number of visits to the PHC pediatrician) (p = 0.026), OR = 0.25 (95 % CI 0.08-0.85).
 Conclusions. The multifactorial factor logistic regression of the parental dissatisfaction with the quality of medical care for ARI children included 4 factors, including the number of cases of acute respiratory viral infections in a child per year, the number of pneumonias in a child during life, the number of visits to the GP, and to the PCH pediatrician per year. For every next RD-associated visit to the physician, the risk of dissatisfaction with the medical care quality significantly reduces. Positive previous experience of communication between parents and the GP leads to further satisfaction with the quality of medical care for RD children.

Comparative content analysis of biologically active substances in citrus peel

The analysis of the documents of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation shows that in 2021, there were 38.44 million cases of acute upper respiratory infections of multiple and unspecified localization, which accounted for 75.8% of all infectious and parasitic diseases. Researchers are interested in the creation of drugs for the treatment and prevention of acute respiratory viral infections using extracts and essential oils of plants with antiviral activity. Among the significant number of essential oil plants with potential antibacterial and antiviral effects, plants of the citrus family are of particular interest. The citrus fruits are widely used by the food industry, and the peel of the fruits is an industrial waste of food production. It is known that the peel of orange, tangerine, and lemon contains such valuable biologically active groups of substances as flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, and essential oil, which allows considering this product as a potential source of novel medicines and preventive agents. The authors conducted a qualitative analysis of aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic extracts from citrus peel using a complex of pharmacopoeial qualitative reactions. The quantitative determination of the content of extractive substances extracted with 45% and 70% ethyl alcohol and water was carried out, and the quantitative content of essential oil, flavonoids, tannins, and ascorbic acid was established.

Knowledge about Acute Respiratory Infection and Home Care Practice among Mothers of Under Five Years Children in Hima Rural Municipality, Jumla, Nepal

Background and Objectives: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is defined as acute infective inflammatory changes in any part of respiratory tract, from the nasal mucosa to the alveoli, with an alteration in the respiratory physiology. ARI is a leading causes of mortality and morbidity in under-five children worldwide. This study aimed to assess knowledge about acute respiratory infection and home care practice among mothers of under-five year’s children and to determine the factors associated with it among mothers of under five children in Hima Rural Municipality, Jumla. Materials and Methods: The community based cross sectional study was conducted. Data was collected using systematic random sampling technique method and face to face interview was conducted using pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Data entry was used Epi-data 4.6 version and analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 version. Results: About 94.9% of the participant’s mother had heard about the ARI and 24.9% participant’s mother had high level of knowledge about ARI. 70.8% participants keep the child in a room with window and door close the room warm. As prevention and control highest percentage of the participants mothers 61.1% preferred to give Tito leaf tea. 59.1% mother were breast feeding than frequently to their ARI babies. Conclusion: The most of the women had knowledge about ARI. More than half of mothers preferred health facility for neighbor child as a choice of treatment. Most of the mothers kept their child in a room with window and door closed to keep the room warm. More than half reduce fever by cold sponge and wrap the child with tight and thick when child had ARI. Most of the ARI cases were treated at home and cured. Among total participants less than half followed health post after not cured at home.

Evaluation of Rationality of Drug Use Based on National Rational Drug Use Indicators at Paal Lima Public Health Center Period January – March 2023

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than half of all drugs in the world are prescribed, dispensed and sold in an inappropriate manner and half of patients use drugs inappropriately, thus enabling irrational drug use. If the drug is used irrationally, it can have a negative impact. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rationality of drug use at the Paal Lima Public Health Center for the period January - March 2023 based on the National Rational Drug Use (POR) indicator.
 Method: This study used an observational method with retrospective data collection, namely prescription data for non-pneumonic acute respiratory infections (ARI), non-specific diarrhea, and myalgia during the period January - March 2023. The data were analyzed descriptively by calculating the use of antibiotics, injections, and the average drug items which were then displayed in percentage form. There were 509 prescriptions for non-pneumonic acute respiratory infections (ARI) cases, 74 prescriptions for non-specific diarrhea cases, and 120 prescriptions for myalgia cases.
 Result: The results of the study showed that for the period January - March 2023 it was found that the use of antibiotics in cases of non-pneumonic acute respiratory infections (ARI) was 19.65%, the use of antibiotics in cases of non-specific diarrhea was 35.14%, the use of injections in cases of myalgia was 0%, and the average number of drug items per prescriptions of 3.68 items.
 Conclusion: Overall, the rationality of drug use at the Paal Lima Public Health Center has not met the requirements, so it needs to be improved.

2637. Activity of Respiratory Viruses in Georgia 2020-2022

Abstract Background The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in early 2020 with subsequent implementation of public health and social measures influenced the epidemiology of respiratory viruses worldwide. This study describes circulation of respiratory viruses during two winter seasons and inter-seasonal periods in Georgia. Methods We aggregated data obtained from Influenza like illness (ILI) and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) cases during 2020/21 and 2021/22 (weeks 40-20) and inter-seasonal (weeks 21-39) periods in Georgia. All specimens from patients were screened on 22 respiratory viruses by real time RT-PCR. Results During 2020/21 season 50% (868/1729) specimens tested positive on at least one virus. No influenza virus and few RSV detections were observed in Georgia. Mostly identified virus was Rhino (44.8%) circulating almost all season; followed by Coronavirus OC43 (23.7%), primarily seen in weeks 12-18 and SARS-Cov-2 (15%) with highest detection rates during weeks 48-52. In 2021 inter-season 54% (825/1513) of specimens were positive. A gradual increase in RSV detections was observed in summer. Most seen viruses were Rhino (30%), HMPV (22%) and Parainfluenza virus 3 (21%) circulating mainly in June and July. During 2021/22 season 44% (2012/4545) of specimens screened positive, out of which RSV (25.7%) with earlier circulation in weeks 40-2 and Rhino (25.7%) with most detections in the beginning and at the end of the season. Unusually influenza A/H3 (17%) peaked in late spring (weeks 12-18). SARS-Cov-2, Parainfluenza viruses 3 and 4, Adenoviruses, Human bocavirus, enteroviruses were actively co-circulating too. In 2022 inter-season 54% (1320/2456) of samples tested positive. Influenza A/H3 circulation continued until July. SARS-Cov-2 (27.7%), Rhino (22%), HMPV (14.5%), Parainfluenza virus 3 (12.7%), RSV (10.8%) were mostly seen viruses predominantly in June. Conclusion Wider range respiratory viruses with higher positivity rates were detected among ILI and SARI cases in 2021/22 season compared to 2020/21 presumably due to mitigation of public health and social measures. Low detection rates of SARS-CoV-2 at sentinel sites could be explained by referral of COVID-19 patients to dedicated clinics. RSV and Influenza circulations were unusual in summer months in Georgia. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Analysis of Air and Water Quality at Coal Harbor in Muaro Jambi Regency

Secondary data obtained from the Safety, Health and Environment Department of PT. Winner Prima Sekata (PT. WPS) in Kemingking Dalam Village, Taman Rajo District, Muaro Jambi Regency, in 2022 it was discovered that there were cases of Acute respiratory infections (ARI). Therefore, a study was carried out regarding the analysis of air quality and water quality at the coal port location in Muaro Jambi Regency to determine the extent of the environmental impacts resulting from coal loading and unloading and stockpile activities at the Talang Duku port, Jambi Province. The research was conducted using quantitative survey and descriptive methods. Data analysis is quantitative in nature with the aim of testing predetermined hypotheses. Dust measurement results obtained between 7.98 - 10.00 mg/m3, The allowable dust threshold value is in accordance with the Minister of Manpower Circular Number. SE.01/MEN/1997 concerning the NAB of Chemicals in Workplace Air is 0.9 mg/m. So the dust level in the Muaro Jambi coal port working area exceeds the quality standards set by the Minister of Manpower. Results of calculating the output water pollution index pH and TSS at the PT Outlet point. The WPS of port locations in the period March – June 2023 in each month has a Pij value of 1.08, which means the average pH and TSS value of output water from PT. WPS is at status 1.0 < 1.09 < 5.0 with the description Lightly Polluted. Based on processing with SPSS version 27 using the One way Anova test, it was found that Fcount then H0 was rejected.

Surveillance for the identification of cases of acute respiratory infection by enterovirus D68 in children in a tertiary level care hospital during 2014-2016

Surveillance for the identification of cases of acute respiratory infection by enterovirus D68 in children in a tertiary level care hospital during 2014-2016

Epidemiology of respiratory pathogens in patients with acute respiratory tract infection in Xiamen, China: A retrospective survey from 2020 to 2022

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) are caused by respiratory pathogens and range from asymptomatic infections to severe respiratory diseases. These diseases can be life threatening with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Under the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), little has been reported about the pathogen etiologies and epidemiology of patients suffering from ARTI of all age in Xiamen. Region-specific surveillance in individuals with ARTI of all ages was performed in Xiamen from January 2020 to October 2022. Here, we observed the epidemiological characteristics of thirteen pathogens within ARTI patients and further revealed the difference of that between upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). In total 56.36 % (2358/4184) of the ARTI patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. Rhinovirus (RVs, 29.22 %), influenza A (FluA, 19.59 %), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 18.36 %), metapneumovirus (MPV, 13.91 %), and adenovirus (ADV, 10.31 %) were the five leading respiratory pathogens. Respiratory pathogens displayed age- and season-specific patterns, even between URTI and LRTI. Compared with other groups, a higher proportion of FluA (52.17 % and 68.75 %, respectively) infection was found in the adult group and the elder group, while the lower proportion of RVs (14.11 % and 11.11 %) infection was also observed in them. Although ARTI cases circulated throughout the year, RVs, FluB, and BoV peaked in autumn, and FluA circulated more in summer. Besides, the co-infectious rate was 8.7 % with the most common for RVs. Logistic regression analyses revealed the correlations between respiratory pathogens and disease types. These results are essential for replenishing epidemiological characteristics of common respiratory pathogens that caused ARTI in Xiamen during the epidemic of COVID-19, and a better understanding of it might optimize the local prevention and clinical control.

Pan-India influenza-like illness (ILI) and Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance: epidemiological, clinical and genomic analysis.

Over time, COVID-19 testing has significantly declined across the world. However, it is critical to monitor the virus through surveillance. In late 2020, WHO released interim guidance advising the use of the existing Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) for the integrated surveillance of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. In July 2021, we initiated a pan-India integrated surveillance for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 through the geographically representative network of Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratories (VRDLs) across 26 hospital and laboratory sites and 70 community sites. A total of 34,260 cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) and Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) were enrolled from 4 July 2021 to 31 October 2022. Influenza A(H3) and B/Victoria dominated during 2021 monsoon season while A(H1N1)pdm09 dominated during 2022 monsoon season. The SARS-CoV-2 "variants of concern" (VoC) Delta and Omicron predominated in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Increased proportion of SARI was seen in extremes of age: 90% cases in < 1 year; 68% in 1 to 5 years and 61% in ≥ 8 years age group. Approximately 40.7% of enrolled cases only partially fulfilled WHO ILI and SARI case definitions. Influenza- and SARS-CoV-2-infected comorbid patients had higher risks of hospitalization, ICU admission, and oxygen requirement. The results depicted the varying strains and transmission dynamics of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses over time, thus emphasizing the need to continue and expand surveillance across countries for improved decision making. The study also describes important information related to clinical outcomes of ILI and SARI patients and highlights the need to review existing WHO ILI and SARI case definitions.

Database derived from an electronic medical record-based surveillance network of US emergency department patients with acute respiratory illness

BackgroundFor surveillance of episodic illness, the emergency department (ED) represents one of the largest interfaces for generalizable data about segments of the US public experiencing a need for unscheduled care. This protocol manuscript describes the development and operation of a national network linking symptom, clinical, laboratory and disposition data that provides a public database dedicated to the surveillance of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in EDs.MethodsThe Respiratory Virus Laboratory Emergency Department Network Surveillance (RESP-LENS) network includes 26 academic investigators, from 24 sites, with 91 hospitals, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to survey viral infections. All data originate from electronic medical records (EMRs) accessed by structured query language (SQL) coding. Each Tuesday, data are imported into the standard data form for ARI visits that occurred the prior week (termed the index file); outcomes at 30 days and ED volume are also recorded. Up to 325 data fields can be populated for each case. Data are transferred from sites into an encrypted Google Cloud Platform, then programmatically checked for compliance, parsed, and aggregated into a central database housed on a second cloud platform prior to transfer to CDC.ResultsAs of August, 2023, the network has reported data on over 870,000 ARI cases selected from approximately 5.2 million ED encounters. Post-contracting challenges to network execution have included local shifts in testing policies and platforms, delays in ICD-10 coding to detect ARI cases, and site-level personnel turnover. The network is addressing these challenges and is poised to begin streaming weekly data for dissemination.ConclusionsThe RESP-LENS network provides a weekly updated database that is a public health resource to survey the epidemiology, viral causes, and outcomes of ED patients with acute respiratory infections.

Clinical trial of tolerability, safety, and immunogenicity of the Russian influenza inactivated split vaccine Flu-m in children from 6 months to 9 years of age

Purpose: To study the reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity of the Russian vaccine Flu-M in comparison with Vaxigrip vaccine for influenza prevention in children aged from 6 months to 9 years (phase III).Materials and Methods. In 2021, a clinical study was conducted in which children aged 6 months to 9 years were immunized with Flu-M vaccine (produced by SPbSRIVS, Russia) and Vaxigrip vaccine (produced by Sanofi Pasteur S.A., France). After randomization one group of children was vaccinated with Flu-M, the other with Vaxigrip, and monitored for 180±3 days after vaccination. Children vaccinated between 3 and 9 years of age were studied in phase I, and between 6 months and 3 years of age in phase II. Tolerability and safety were assessed by the frequency and extent of adverse events, as well as by the assessment of vital signs and physical examination. Immunological efficacy assessment criteria were geometric mean antibody titer, seroconversion level, seroconversion factor, seroprotection level.Results. Both vaccines (Flu-M and Vaxigrip) were shown to be well tolerated by children of both age groups. No serious adverse events or severe adverse events were reported in the study. Immunological efficacy criteria were achieved for both vaccines for all strains of influenza virus in children of both age groups at 28 and 56 days after vaccination. No cases of influenza or acute respiratory infections were seen at 180±3 days postvaccination.Conclusion. The results of the clinical study show that the Flu-M and Vaxigrip vaccines are comparable in both age groups of children.The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 05470582).

Analysis of parainfluenza virus infection in acute respiratory tract infection adult cases in Shanghai, 2015-2021

Objective: To study the infection status and epidemiological characteristics of parainfluenza virus (PIV) in acute respiratory tract infection adult cases in Shanghai from 2015 to 2021, and to provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling PIV. Methods: Acute respiratory tract infections were collected from 13 hospitals in Shanghai from 2015 to 2021. Relevant information was registered, and respiratory specimens were sampled to detect respiratory pathogens by multiplex PCR. Results: A total of 5 104 adult acute respiratory tract infection cases were included; the overall positive rate of the respiratory pathogens was 29.37% (1 499/5 104). The positive rate of PIV was 2.61% (133/5 104), compared with 2.32% (55/2 369) and 2.85% (78/2 735) in influenza-like cases (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases, respectively. Among them, PIV3 accounted for the highest proportion (62.41%, 83/133), followed by PIV1 (18.80%, 25/133), PIV2 (9.77%, 13/133), and PIV4 (9.02%, 12/133). The incidence of PIV-positive cases was mainly distributed in the first and second quarters, accounting for 62.41% (83/133). The difference in the incidence in each quarter was significant (χ2=24.78, P<0.001). Mixed infection accounted for 18.80% (25/133) of 133 PIV-positive cases, the mixed infection rates of ILI and SARI were 18.18% (10/55) and 19.23% (15/78), respectively, and the main mixed pathogen of PIV was coronavirus 229E. Conclusions: There are a certain proportion of PIV-positive acute respiratory tract infection cases in Shanghai. It is necessary to strengthen the etiological surveillance in acute respiratory tract infection cases, especially the mixed infection of PIV and other pathogens.

Epidemiological effectiveness of domestic influenza vaccines in cases with vaccination against a new coronavirus infection in 2022–2023

The study presents the results of an epidemiological prospective field cohort study on a comparative assessment of the epidemiological effectiveness of domestic inactivated influenza vaccines and vaccines against new coronavirus infection during immunization of adults aged 18 years. Statistically significant differences were found in the incidence of influenza, acute upper respiratory infections, and new coronavirus infection between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. The etiologies of cases of acute upper respiratory infections registered in the study participants during the epidemic season of influenza in 2022–2023 were verified. The clinical symptoms of influenza in the vaccinated group were significantly less severe than those in the unvaccinated group. No significant differences were found in the clinical picture of acute upper respiratory infections between the compared groups. Influenza immunoprophylaxis is an urgent problem, which consists of the ability of viruses to change their antigenic structure and avoid immunity, remaining in constant circulation. Thus, the antigenic composition of influenza vaccines must be systematically updated to ensure the formation of effective population immunity. More studies on the etiological spectrum of respiratory pathogens and assessment of the epidemiological effectiveness of vaccination against vaccine-controlled infections in the analyzed groups are needed. Therefore, to assess immunological protection, including the assessment of the epidemiological effectiveness of seasonal vaccines used against influenza and new coronavirus infection, the priority age group includes individuals aged 18–25 years (especially those belonging to organized collectives) and adults with an unfavorable premorbid background. The use of domestic vaccines against influenza and the new coronavirus infection for specific immunoprophylaxis is generally recognized as the most effective sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measure in the morbidity management of several infectious diseases.

HUBUNGAN KONDISI FISIK RUMAH DENGAN PENYAKIT ISPA PADA BALITA DI DESA PAYA MABAR KECAMATAN TEBING TINGGI KABUPATEN SERDANG BEDAGAI TAHUN 2022

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of the main causes of death by killing ± 4 million children under five each year. There were 108 cases of acute respiratory infection in Paya Mabar Village. This study aims to determine the relationship between the physical condition of the house and respiratory disease in toddlers in Paya Mabar Village, Tebing Tinggi District, Serdang Bedagai Regency in 2022. This type of research is an analytical survey with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, where the number of samples was 52 respondents. The data analysis technique used the chi-square statistical test. The results showed that there was a relationship between occupancy density (p=0.042), OR(0.618), CI(0.202-1.887), wall type (p=0.012), OR(1.000), CI( 0.275-3.643), Floor type (p=0.000), OR(0.071), CI(0.019-0.272), Roof (p=0.041), OR(1.406), CI(0.446-4.432), (p=0.026) , OR(0.230), CI(0.071-0.744), and Humidity (p=0.001), OR(9.048), CI(2.571-31.842) on ISPA Disease in toddlers. The most dominant variable was humidity with OR(9.048). Therefore, it is suggested to people who have toddlers to improve the condition of the physical environment of the house, open ventilation so that there is a change of air to avoid high humidity, always clean the home environment to prevent ARI in toddlers.

Implementation of a Surveillance System for Severe Acute Respiratory Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Austria: Protocol for a Retrospective Longitudinal Feasibility Study.

The risk of a large number of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases emerging is a global concern. SARI can overwhelm the health care capacity and cause several deaths. Therefore, the Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety will explore the feasibility of implementing an automatic electronically based SARI surveillance system at a tertiary care hospital in Austria as part of the hospital network, initiated by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. We aim to investigate the availability of routinely collected health record data pertaining to respiratory infections and the optimal approach to use such available data for systematic surveillance of SARI in a real-world setting, describe the characteristics of patients with SARI before and after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, and investigate the feasibility of identifying the risk factors for a severe outcome (intensive care unit admission or death) in patients with SARI. We will test the feasibility of a surveillance system, as part of a large European network, at a tertiary care hospital in the province of Lower Austria (called Regional Hospital Wiener Neustadt). It will be a cross-sectional study for the inventory of the electronic data records and implementation of automatic data retrieval for the period of January 2019 through the end of December 2022. The analysis will include an exploration of the database structure, descriptive analysis of the general characteristics of the patients with SARI, estimation of the SARI incidence rate, and assessment of the risk factors and different levels of severity of patients with SARI using logistic regression analysis. This will be the first study to assess the feasibility of SARI surveillance at a large 800-bed tertiary care hospital in Austria. It will provide a general overview of the potential for establishing a hospital-based surveillance system for SARI. In addition, if successful, the electronic surveillance will be able to improve the response to early warning signs of new SARI, which will better inform policy makers in strengthening the surveillance system. The findings will support the expansion of the SARI hospital-based surveillance system to other hospitals in Austria. This network will be of use to Austria in preparing for future pandemics. PRR1-10.2196/47547.

Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae Detected in Hospitalized Pediatric Acute Respiratory Infection Cases in Central Vietnam.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the major bacterial pathogen causing high pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children <5 years of age. This study aimed to determine the molecular epidemiology of S. pneumoniae detected among hospitalized pediatric ARI cases at Khanh Hoa General Hospital, Nha Trang, Vietnam, from October 2015 to September 2016 (pre-PCV). We performed semi-quantitative culture to isolate S. pneumoniae. Serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, resistance gene detection and multi-locus sequence typing were also performed. During the study period, 1300 cases were enrolled and 413 (31.8%) S. pneumoniae were isolated. School attendance, age <3 years old and prior antibiotic use before admission were positively associated with S. pneumoniae isolation. Major serotypes were 6A/B (35.9%), 19F (23.7%) and 23F (12.7%), which accounted for 80.3% of vaccine-type pneumococci. High resistance to Clarithromycin, Erythromycin and Clindamycin (86.7%, 85%, 78.2%) and the mutant drug-resistant genes pbp1A (98.1%), pbp2b (98.8%), pbp2x (99.6%) ermB (96.6%) and mefA (30.3%) were detected. MLST data showed high genetic diversity among the isolates with dominant ST 320 (21.2%) and ST 13223 (19.3%), which were mainly found in Vietnam. Non-typeables accounted for most of the new STs found in the study. Vaccine-type pneumococcus and macrolide resistance were commonly detected among hospitalized pediatric ARI cases.

Influence of COVID-19 pandemic on the virus spectrum in children with respiratory infection in Xuzhou, China: a long-term active surveillance study from 2015 to 2021

BackgroundTo investigate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on the prevalence of respiratory viruses among pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in Xuzhou from 2015–2021.MethodsSevere acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases in hospitalized children were collected from 2015–2021 in Xuzhou, China. Influenza virus(IFV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza virus type 3(hPIV-3), human rhinovirus (hRV), human adenovirus(hAdV), human coronavirus(hCoV) were detected by real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR), and the results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 23.0 software.ResultsA total of 1663 samples with SARI were collected from 2015–2021, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.67:1 and a total virus detection rate of 38.5% (641/1663). The total detection rate of respiratory viruses decreased from 46.2% (2015–2019) to 36% (2020–2021) under the control measures for COVID-19 (P < 0.01). The three viruses with the highest detection rates changed from hRV, RSV, and hPIV-3 to hRV, RSV, and hCoV. The epidemic trend of hPIV-3 and hAdV was upside down before and after control measures(P < 0.01); however, the epidemic trend of RV and RSV had not changed from 2015 to 2021(P > 0.05). After the control measures, the detection rate of hPIV-3 decreased in all age groups, and the detection rate of hCoV increased in all except the 1 ~ 3 years old group.ConclusionsImplementing control measures for COVID-19 outbreak curbed the spread of respiratory viruses among children as a whole. However, the epidemic of RV and RSV was not affected by the COVID-19 control policy.