Case Study Of Poland Research Articles

Cybersecurity discourses and their policy implications

ABSTRACT Since the end of the twentieth century, cybersecurity has become present in multiple sectoral debates in various fields and communities. This makes digital security a highly polysemantic domain. Simply put, there is no single universal understanding of cybersecurity. This paper analyses how different discourses on cybersecurity impact the policies and regulations introduced at the nation-state level. Taking the case study of Poland, it looks at the social and political dynamics between 2008 and 2020. Results indicate that two specific discourses on cybersecurity have been the most influential in terms of impact on public policy – technical and national security. The dominant role of the aforementioned narratives significantly limited the importance of cybercrime topics on the political agenda.

Contribution of GRACE Satellite Mission to the Determination of Orthometric/Normal Heights Corrected for Their Dynamics—A Case Study of Poland

Physical heights were traditionally determined without considering the dynamic processes of the Earth induced from temporal mass variations. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission provided valuable data that allow the estimation of geoid/quasigeoid height changes and vertical deformations of the Earth’s surface induced from temporal mass loading, and thereby temporal variations of physical heights. The objective of this investigation is to discuss the determination of orthometric/normal heights considering mass transports within the Earth’s system. An approach to determine such heights was proposed. First, temporal variations of orthometric/normal heights (ΔH/ΔH*) were determined using the release 6 GRACE-based Global Geopotential Models together with load Love numbers obtained from the preliminary reference Earth model. Then, those variations were modelled and predicted using the seasonal decomposition (SD) method. The proposed approach was tested on the territory of Poland. The main results obtained reveal that ΔH/ΔH* over the area investigated are at the level of a couple of centimetres and that they can be modelled and predicted with a millimetre accuracy using the SD method. Orthometric/normal heights corrected for their dynamics can be determined by combining modelled ΔH/ΔH* with orthometric/normal heights referred to a specific reference epoch.

Simulating a Macrosystem of Cargo Deliveries by Road Transport Based on Big Data Volumes: A Case Study of Poland

Simulation models of transport systems are a key tool for solving many problems in the field of management of these systems. The methodologies for creating such models use datasets on both transport infrastructure and demand for the delivery of goods or passenger transport, however, many factors are considered based on assumptions due to the complexity. This article describes the approach to modeling the cargo transportation system for road transport in Poland based on data obtained by the Central Statistical Office from the TD-E survey. This approach avoids many assumptions about demand as the demand parameters are estimated based on a sample representing the general population—a set of all economic entities generating freight traffic. Basic procedures in the developed approach have been implemented as Python scripts. As a result of the use of the proposed methodology, a country-wide road transport model was obtained based on the TD-E survey from 2018. The adequacy of the developed model was assessed based on the results of the General Traffic Measurement from 2015. The obtained model is of satisfactory quality (the coefficient of determination equals 0.62), which can be improved after calibrating the space resistance functions and improving the traffic distribution procedure.

International Baccalaureate schools as islands of educational resistance. A case study of Poland

ABSTRACT This study discusses International Baccalaureate schools in Poland from the perspective of their educational function to serve as a resistance to counterbalance trends toward nationalisation in the Polish educational landscape. To address this aim, a review of the relevant legislation has been carried out, accompanied by interviews with teachers and students from 9 IB schools in Poland. Results show that during the 30-year history of IB in Poland, international schools seem to have become places where international education is not opposed to its national education programme, however, they do demonstrate their potential to break away from intra-national education in this country. IB programmes have come to represent a counter-revolutionary force that supports grassroots initiatives in schools. International schools potentially remain safe from any authoritarian interference from the government and become ‘islands of educational resistance’ against intra-national tendencies in education.

The economic conditions for the development of photovoltaic micro-installations in the context of power grids limitations: a case study for Poland

The last three years in Poland have been a dynamic development of micro-photovoltaic installations. A serious barrier impeding the further development of this renewable energy source are obsolete power networks. The aim of the article is to analyze the conditions related to the development of photovoltaics in Poland and to evaluate the limitations of outdated power grids. This study was conducted and financed in the framework of the research projects: “Economic aspects of low carbon development in the countries of the Visegrad Group”, grant No. 2018/31/B/HS4/00485, “Socio-economic, environmental and technical determinants of the energy poverty in rural areas in Poland”, grant No. 2018/31/B/HS4/00048, granted by the National Science Centre, Poland, program OPUS, and “Economic conditions of energy storage in the context of the development of photovoltaic micro-installations in Poland”, grant No. 2021/05/X/HS4/01377, granted by the National Science Centre, Poland, program MINIATURA. Keywords: photovoltaics, low-carbon development, economy, power grids, Poland

Medial Image of Nuclear Energy in Poland (Case Study) .Analysis of Broadcasts from the Last Six Months of President Campaign

Medial Image of Nuclear Energy in Poland (Case Study) .Analysis of Broadcasts from the Last Six Months of President Campaign

The evaluation of energy consumption in transportation and processing of municipal waste for recovery in a waste-to-energy plant: a case study of Poland.

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) can be produced from combustible materials contained in municipal waste. This article investigates energy and material flow of waste in different scenarios for production of RDF from bulky waste, separately collected waste, and mixed municipal solid waste (MSW). We compare the proportion of energy consumption in transportation, handling waste, and processing using data from the waste collection company in South Poland. The findings show the components of the reverse supply chain consuming the highest value of energy. A model of material and energy flow has taken into consideration collection of waste and transportation by two categories of waste collection vehicles: light commercial vehicles and garbage trucks. The shipping of RDF from pre-treatment facilities uses tipper semi-trailers and walking floor trailers. The findings of the study show production of RDF from municipal solid waste consumes almost 10% of energy potential in RDF. Less energy is required for the production of RDF from bulky waste (2.2-4.8%) or separately collected waste (1.7-4.1%) depending on the efficiency of collection and selected vehicles. Transportation consumes the greatest portion of energy. For mixed municipal solid waste (MSW), it can reach 79%; for separated collection waste, 90%; and for bulky waste, up to 92% of the total energy consumed. Comparing emissions for two categories of the collection vehicles, no significant difference was found for the bulky waste collections. For mixed MSW and separately collected waste, the emissions are higher for garbage trucks. A recommendation for practitioners is optimization of routing to achieve a higher collection rate at a minimized route length. For transportation of RDF to WtE plants, vehicles with higher loading capacity are essential.

Limiting the Right of Access to Public Information in the Age of COVID-19 – Case Study of Poland

Abstract The right of access to public information is one of the most fundamental political rights granted to citizens under Art. 61 of the Polish Constitution. In the Act of 6 September 2001, not only was the procedure for providing the public information specified, but also some detailed rules on obliged entities. In practice, the right to access public information not only enables citizens to take mature political decisions, but also prevents the abuse, corruption, nepotism or waste of public funds. The transparency of public administration actions forces its representatives to behave by the book and to respect the rules governing a democratic state of law as well as human rights. Undoubtedly, the full implementation of the right of access to public information may not be possible in urgent and unexpected scenarios such as a state of emergency or martial law, but any restrictions should always be introduced in a proportionate manner and only to the extent necessary to protect other (more important) goods and values. The epidemic threat facing Poland in March 2020, followed by the state of the epidemic and the accompanying activities of the broadly understood legislator, have significantly impacted the implementation of the openness principle and the right to access public information in the country. Simultaneously, doubts were raised not only due to the scope and nature of these changes, but also because of their constitutionality. In order to obtain a full picture of these threats to the implementation of the law in question, one must take into account possible decisions of the Constitutional Tribunal (with positive or negative effects) in cases that will be ruled on soon. The analysis that we present is aimed not only at determining whether the functioning of the state in the epidemic regime justified the need to limit the constitutional right of access to public information, but also – in a broader systemic context – at demonstrating that the transparency standards existing in our national model need to be strengthened, not weakened.

Peculiarities of art management in a digital context – case study of Poland

Peculiarities of art management in a digital context – case study of Poland

Introduction: New Approaches to Research on Everyday Life in Eastern Europe during World War II: The Case Studies of Poland and Lithuania

Introduction: New Approaches to Research on Everyday Life in Eastern Europe during World War II: The Case Studies of Poland and Lithuania

Influence of hook type on performance, hooking location, injury, and reflex action mortality predictors in float recreational angling for cyprinids: A case study in northeastern Poland

One of the elements critical to the success of catch-and-release fisheries is the use of appropriate gear that permits releasing fish safely. To date, not all fish species have been the focus of comprehensive studies on this topic, and this applies to cyprinids. Fish from this family are distinct because of their pharyngeal teeth and the particular way they ingest food. We evaluated the impact of hook type on cyprinid catch rates (further catch per unit effort (CPUE)), the size of the fish caught, and the welfare of the fish released. Quickly assessing immediate reactions with reflex action mortality predictors (RAMP), we determined the consequences of recreational angling with barbed J-hooks, barbless J-hooks, and circle hooks. During the study, 1,066 fish were caught that belonged to eight native cyprinid species. Hook type did not have a significant impact on the fishing index with the mean CPUE ranging from 14.4 (circle hook) to 17.2 (barbed J-hook). The size of the fish caught also did not depend on hook type. However, hook type influenced the efficiency of hook removal, which was the lowest for circle hooks (45.6 %) and the highest for barbless hooks (63.7 %). Dehooking time was linked significantly with hook type, hook location, and fish species. The longest dehooking time was noted for fish caught with barbed J-hooks. Anatomical hooking locations did not differ in the fish caught with J-hooks, while the hooking location of circle hooks differed significantly in comparison to that of the J-hooks. Deep hooking in fish caught with circle hooks occurred decidedly less frequently as did tissue damage. Bleeding occurred more frequently in fish that exhibited impaired reflex action mortality predictors. Fish caught with circle hooks exhibited the least impaired reflexes. The differences in the build of the anterior part of the cyprinid digestive system and the manner in which theses fishes take up food did not exclude using circle hooks.

Meat and Bone Meal and the Energy Balance of Winter Oilseed Rape—A Case Study in North-Eastern Poland

A two-year field experiment was conducted in Poland to determine energy efficiency (EE) in the production of winter oilseed rape (WOR) in different fertilization: (i) zero-fertilization; (ii) 158 kg N ha−1, 45 kg P ha−1 and 145 kg K ha−1 as mineral fertilizer (NPK); (iii) 1.0 Mg ha−1 meat and bone meal (MBM), 79 kg N ha−1 and 145 kg K ha−1 as mineral fertilizer; (iv) 1.5 Mg ha−1 MBM, 40 kg N ha−1 and 145 kg K ha−1 as mineral fertilizer; and (v) 2.0 Mg ha−1 MBM and 145 kg K ha−1 as mineral fertilizer. The replacement of NPK with MBM decreased energy inputs in WOR production by 20−55%. The NPK had a greater (16–21%) effect on seed yield formation than MBM. The replacement of NPK with MBM decreased the energy output of seeds (14–21%) and total biomass (12–20). The replacement of NPK with MBM decreased (6–13%) the energy gain from seed production. The application of MBM improved the EE ratio in the production of seeds (10–81%) and total biomass (11–85%) relative to NPK. The EE ratio of WOR production increased with a rise in MBM doses.

Illiberal Democracy in the Comparative Analysis of Hungary and Poland

The article analyzes the concept of illiberal democracy exemplified by two case studies of Hungary and Poland. The thesis of the paper states that their political systems showed signs of immaturity and institutional weakness of liberal democracy that caused the impossibility of rejection of illiberal project of political changes. To explain the breakdown of liberal democracy the paper aims at revealing both social and institutional aspects of transformation. The conclusions of the research let us to formulate the four-staged concept of the development of illiberal democracy in Hungary and Poland. The concept bases on the trajectory that begins with the social frustration of liberal democracy that leads to support for a populist party, which after victorious elections, implement the illiberal pattern of democracy. Methodologically the research benefits from the analytic and synthetic methods, the comparative method and institutional approach.

Analysis and Verification of Space for New Businesses in Raw Material Market—A Case Study of Poland

This article presents an approach to the diagnosis of the business area for new entities on the raw material market in Poland. In the face of the need for changes as a result of the assumptions of the Green Deal and the global transformation of production processes toward a sustainable approach and circular economy, a diagnosis was made of the area that can be explored by new entities in the raw material industry. After the diagnosis of this area, a PESTEL analysis was carried out, which may contribute to a better definition of business goals and the scope of activities for new entities on the market or those who want or need to change industries. PESTEL is an analysis aimed at assessing the macroeconomic environment of a company. It helps in making strategic decisions for the enterprise. The research results presented in this article are part of a project implemented as part of an international cooperation within the V4 countries. In each of them, there is a defined market of mineral resources that can be used by local or foreign entities. The business gap diagnosed in the mineral resource market in Poland, i.e., broadly understood activity in the IT area, may be an indication for potential investors to start new business activities. Additionally, the PESTEL analysis carried out allows the definition of the requirements for the determinants of the business under consideration.

Crambe – Energy efficiency of biomass production and mineral fertilization. A case study in Poland

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fries) is an annual oilseed plant belonging to the family of Brassicaceae. It is mostly cultivated for its high level of erucic acid. Crambe was field tested in Bałcyny in north-eastern (NE) Poland in 2017–2019 to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilization on the energy efficiency in the production of hulled seeds and total biomass (hulled seeds and straw). The N fertilizer rate (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha−1) and the S fertilizer rate (0, 15, and 30 kg ha−1) were the experimental variables. The energy input in the production technology without N and S fertilization was determined at 5.52 GJ ha−1. The highest N (120 kg ha−1) and S (30 kg ha−1) rates caused a 2.7-fold increase in energy inputs. In NE Poland, crambe yields ranged from 1.14 to 1.78 (hulled seeds) and from 1.70 to 2.53 Mg ha−1 DM (straw). The energy output in crambe production was 26.13–40.56 (seeds only) and 56.06–77.64 GJ ha−1 (seeds and straw). The highest energy gain was noted after the application of 60 kg N ha−1 and 30 kg S ha−1 (25.57 GJ ha−1 in seeds) or 90 kg N ha−1 and 30 kg S ha−1 (50.25 GJ ha−1 in total biomass). The energy efficiency ratio of seeds (4.74–4.96) and total biomass (9.54–9.85) was highest in the production technology without N fertilization. Nitrogen (120 kg ha−1) induced a nearly 2-fold decrease in the energy efficiency ratio of seeds and total biomass. Sulfur had a positive influence on the energy output (increase of 3–20%), energy gain (increase of 3–31%) and the energy efficiency ratio (increase of 3–17%) of crambe. The incorporation of S into the N fertilization regime alleviated the decrease in the energy efficiency ratio of crambe production induced by increasing N fertilizer rates.

Assessment of E-government inclusion policies toward seniors: A framework and case study

Digital exclusion of seniors covers both social and technical drivers that affect the magnitude of this phenomenon. It arises from the fear of technology, reduced manual and mental abilities, socio-economic status, and also the mismatch between the technological environment and the needs of the elderly. The consideration of the needs of seniors are mainly implemented through social policies while the provision of government services is achieved through digitization policies and procedures. Our research is addressing two objectives. The first objective is to identify the main determinants affecting the adoption of e-government and its use by seniors. The second objective is to build a research framework for assessing e-government policy for the digital inclusion of the seniors from both social and technical perspectives. This research framework is then validated based on a case study of Poland. Presented framework proves to be a useful tool to evaluate and depict the areas of improvement for a comprehensive e-government policy toward seniors' inclusion.

Influence of Industry 4.0 Projects on Business Operations: Literature and Empirical Pilot Studies Based on Case Studies in Poland

For the past decade, Industry 4.0 has become the basis for building competitive advantage for business operations. The key technologies of Industry 4.0 are implemented in enterprises of various industries. This paper focuses on presenting the results of research on the influence of the Industry 4.0 concept on the operations of enterprises that are implementing smart manufacturing (SM) projects. The paper analyses the following areas of influence of projects on the enterprises’ operations: productivity, agility and speed, quality, competitiveness and enterprise value, profitability, staff reduction, delivery improvements, vertical and horizontal integration, resource savings, reduction of operating costs, technology adaptability and quality of machine operations. The paper belongs to the research paper category. The research tool was a questionnaire. The research was carried out in the segment of steel enterprises in Poland. The results of the presented research belong to pilot research of a segment of steel industry in Poland. The main conclusion of the study is that implementation of Industry 4.0 in the Polish steel sector had a positive influence on many factors strictly connected with the innovativeness of the company. Especially, the implementation of this conception in the steel sector leads to an increase in the quality of the product and the possibility to achieve a good level of customization of the product. Those factors are very important for the steel sector potential to succeed on the competitive market. The individual SM projects that were evaluated were a form of case study. The participants of the research were employees in managerial positions and operating technological installations in steel sector enterprises. In the opinion of the surveyed (79 people), depending on the type and scope of changes implemented in the company in the direction of Industry 4.0, decision-makers expect a higher quality of processes and products, the ability to meet customer requirements—the direction of the personalization of products and services, agility and flexibility of performed operations with the use of smart technology and accuracy and precision of performance higher than in the case of manual human activities.

Emission from Internal Combustion Engines and Battery Electric Vehicles: Case Study for Poland

The paper compares the emissions from vehicles including ICEVs (internal combustion engine vehicles) with equivalent emissions from BEVs (battery electric vehicles). Additionally, it analyzes the available source research and the specific energy mix for Poland based on carbon. Mathematical calculations estimate air pollutant emissions. To carry out the analysis and calculations, data were provided by the manufacturers of electricity consumption in the case of vehicles equipped with electric motors and the COPERT model for internal combustion engines. Air pollutants are considered: CO2, NOx, SOx, CO, and Total Suspended Particles (TSP). In addition to exhaust emissions, all solids emissions from road abrasion and tire and brake wear are also considered. The emission of pollutants is estimated based on the emission factors using the average mileage in Polish conditions. The paper compares emissions for three scenarios considering electric vehicles, combustion engine cars, and hybrid cars. Analyses show that introducing cars with electric engines into traffic at the expense of withdrawing vehicles with internal combustion engines is not favorable in Polish conditions. The analysis indicates that CO, CO2, and TSP emissions have decreased, while NOx and SOx emissions have increased.

Organizational model of municipal housing stock management in the contracting system–A case study of Poland

Social housing management across Europe is evolving towards a more market-oriented approach in response to the progressing decentralization of public services and privatization of public housing. In Poland, these trends are particularly related to changes in the organization of municipal housing stock management. One recommended option for such changes has become the evolution from an indirect system based on municipal units into a contracting system based on private entities.This paper presents the organizational model of municipal housing stock management in Poland in the contracting system. The model was designed as an organizational management standard for a typical urban municipality. The model was developed by integrating theoretical solutions and the results of empirical research conducted in Polish cities in view of the key organizational principles. The methodology for developing the model was based on the diagnostic-functional approach to designing organizational systems with the use of the Hijmans competence tables technique. This model strives to enhance the quality and efficiency of municipal housing management services by improving their organization in line with the New Public Management concept. The proposed model could be of interest to other countries where the management of social housing is subjected to restructuring and privatization pressure.

An Empirical Analysis of Renewable Energy Contributions Considering Green Consumer Values—A Case Study of Poland

This article examines the acceptance of renewable energy in the adoption of the climate package, taking into account the GREEN consumer values among consumers in Poland. The research problem addressed in this paper relates to the measurement of consumer values in terms of the GREEN concept; specifically, consumer acceptance of the available offerings provided by real businesses. In addition, consumer needs are important in terms of ensuring the acceptance of renewable energy, which will create opportunities for its production in the context of the Fit 55 climate package. The study formulates some research questions and hypotheses to justify the concept with empirical data by applying statistical tests. The study is presented in several sections with a detailed presentation of secondary and primary data. The main outcome of the research is based on the primary data using a structured survey questionnaire administered in Poland and 557 collected samples. Nowadays, the responsibility also lies with consumers, as green consumption will entail green production. The research concludes that Poland’s consumers have a good level of acceptance of RES, based on the current green energy situation of Poland, which may lead to sustainability and will benefit policy makers in government, corporations and end consumers.