Trafficking Cases Research Articles

Predictors of Multidisciplinary Team Sustainability in Work With Child Sex Trafficking Cases.

A coordinated response by a trained multidisciplinary team (MDT) can help support child sex trafficking (CST) victims, but little is known about factors that influence the development and sustainability of MDTs in this work. An online survey was conducted with 171 professionals who attended a Multidisciplinary Team Child Sex Trafficking (MDT-CST) training to identify factors related to team growth. Increased MDT success was related to: (1) the presence of a CST-specific advocacy organization in the community; (2) other community agencies active in supporting CST victims (e.g., SANE nurses, faith-based organizations, and runaway shelters); (3) a greater breadth of professional representation on the MDT; and (4) agency leadership support for the CST action plan. Most of the MDTs sustained and increased their coordination with other community agencies over time, but the study identified that growth is improved when administrators support team efforts and there are resources and supports for CST victims elsewhere in the community.

Human Trafficking during the COVID-19 Pandemic at Border Land Malaysia-Indonesia, West Kalimantan

The covid-19 pandemic threatens public health alone, therefore most governments in various countries in the world affected by covid-19 take steps in the form of mobility restriction policies to prevent the spread of the virus in the community this also applies in Indonesia. Restrictions on people's mobility make the problems experienced by the community more complex and difficult to control, the number of mass layoffs becomes a trigger for high unemployment in Indonesia. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods. Data collection is done through an online repository, by filtering keywords in search; criminal acts of trafficking, women migrant workers, protection of migrant workers and handling of trafficking cases in the period of emigrants. Each author is tasked with collecting data based on search keywords. Based on the results of research, the high unemployment rate in the pandemic period became one of the main triggers for the criminal act of trafficking in persons. The situation of female migrant workers working abroad is increasingly complex because some of them are undocumented and some have been over-stayers. There are currently around 6 to 8 million Indonesian migrant workers abroad and the majority of them are women. Cases of human trafficking in the border region during the COVID-19 pandemic increased with economic mode. The closure of cross-border postal access is not effective enough in suppressing cases of trafficking at the country's borders. Various efforts have been made by the Indonesian government ranging from implementing policies to efforts to cooperate with various stakeholders — namely the government as regulators, policy makers, as well as law enforcement, and private parties as business actors / recruiters of labor and banking, as well as civil society institutions that are the driving force – to seek protection for Indonesian migrant workers abroad.

Family-Controlled Trafficking in the United States: Victim Characteristics, System Response, and Case Outcomes

ABSTRACT Though limited research has explored trafficker relationships involving family members as perpetrators, it is well documented that some victims of child trafficking are exploited by a family member or by a non-relative facilitated by a family member. This study utilized administrative data from the United States’ Kentucky child welfare system to examine how victim characteristics, case factors, system responses, and case outcomes are related to whether a child is trafficked by a family member perpetrator versus non-relative (only) perpetrator. Analyses were based on 698 alleged victims of child trafficking reported between 2013 and 2017. Findings suggest that victims of family-controlled trafficking were more likely to have a higher number of perpetrators, live in rural communities, and be younger. Further, instances of family-controlled trafficking were found to be more likely reported by anonymous, non-relative community members, and relative reporting parties compared to reporting parties of professionals, law enforcement, courts, and juvenile justice, as reflected in previous literature. Important findings revealed that having a family member involved as the perpetrator of trafficking predicted that the case would not be substantiated and/or founded, compared to cases not involving a family member. Implications for future research regarding the dynamics of family-controlled trafficking cases are discussed. Findings suggest opportunities for enhanced practice, training, and capacity-building in rural communities. To make a significant impact on the reduction of family-controlled trafficking, this study sheds light on the need for enforced penalties for family members as traffickers.

The Issues of Child Trafficking in Southeast Asia

Child trafficking is a modern-day slavery, which involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain a certain type of labor or act of commercial. The trafficking of humans a serious crime that gravely violates the fundamental human rights. Almost every country in the world is involved in trafficking of children. Every year, millions of children are trafficked, and the estimation shows that child trafficking generates billions of dollars of profit per year. Nevertheless, many cases of human trafficking involve forced labor, there are larger socio-economical reasons behind the dreadful cycle. Many of the southeastern countries are still developing, with number of population under the poverty line. As a result, some families are forced to sell their own children into the slavery, leaving no other means of survival left besides. With such reasons, it is critical for the countries to develop with the people by the side, leaving no one behind, with a long-term goal to create a more stable social environment, by creating more jobs, for instance.

Institutional Response to Trafficking in Human Beings in Spain: Are All Victims Equally Protected?

Trafficking in human beings is closely related to the cross-border movements of people and smuggling of migrants. However, the victim-centred regulatory approach to this reality internationally adopted places the protection of victims’ human rights at the centre and demands an institutional response focused on their detection and protection. In order to determine whether this type of approach is being adopted in Spain, an online survey was conducted of 150 bodies, units and organisations that may have come into contact with such victims. The research results make it possible to determine how cases of trafficking are brought to light and which bodies are most effective at detecting them. They also offer information about the type of assistance offered to victims and the protection measures provided for under immigration law that are used depending on the type of trafficking suffered. These findings confirm that the institutional response to trafficking in human beings in Spain remains too focused on the trafficking of foreign women for sexual exploitation. Alternatives are proposed to overcome this highly biased response to the phenomenon.

Human Trafficking on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing Cases as Transnational Crime on Indonesia Coastal Boundary

Indonesian strategic archipelago allows rapid migration of goods and services to its neighbor countries. Along with goods and services, the wide coastal area also facilitates migrant worker to enter and exit Indonesia through several ports. First and foremost interference on the borderless coastal boundary is Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing. The IUU foreign fishing vessels frequently transporting illegal migrant worker obtained through human trafficking, people smuggling, forced labor, child exploitation, torture, and discrimination. This practices can then be categorized as one of the transnational organized crime at sea. This paper focuses on the studies of notorious cases of human trafficking on IUU Fishing. This journal will also observe the lack of prevention measure of transnational crime on UNCLOS and utilization of bilateral and multilateral treaties on IUU Fishing.

Combating Sex Trafficking: The Role of the Hotel—Moral and Ethical Questions

Legitimate companies are key facilitators of human trafficking. These corporate facilitators include not only websites providing advertisements for commercial sex services but also hotels and motels. Analysis of all active federal criminal sex trafficking cases in 2018 and 2019 reveals that in approximately 80% of these cases, victims were exploited at either hotels or motels. This paper studies the prevalence of the hospitality industry in the crime of sex trafficking and the failure of this industry to address this problem until recent civil suits were filed by victims against individual hotels and chains. Drawing on the civil cases filed in federal courts by victims of human trafficking between 2015 and 2021 along the East Coast of the United States, this paper assesses the characteristics of these hotels and the conditions in the hotels that facilitated sex trafficking. The paper then explores the moral and ethical problems posed by the facilitating role of hotel owners/operators in sex trafficking either through collusion or failure to act on and/or report evidence of individual abuse. Suggestions on how to address the problem are provided.

Prostitute or human trafficking victim? Police discernment of human trafficking

PurposeIn 2018, the National Human Trafficking hotline received 275 cases of human trafficking in Pennsylvania, a higher than average portion of the 10,949 human trafficking cases received for the USA. Whether human trafficking victims receive services or enter the criminal justice system as prostitution offenders depends on how police identify them, as police officers are usually the first to interact with human trafficking victims. Thus, understanding how police identify human trafficking is important. The purpose of the study is to explore Pennsylvania police perceptions of human trafficking.Design/methodology/approachScenarios were presented in a survey to 489 Pennsylvania police officers.FindingsPolice training improved officer identification of human trafficking (vs prostitution) involving older victims. Officers with more tenure were less likely to identify older victims of human trafficking than officers with less tenure. However, older officers were better able to successfully identify older (i.e. age 25 years) victims of human trafficking, but officer age had no effect on identifying younger (i.e. age 15 years) victims of human trafficking. The implications are discussed in the study.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the literature by testing (1) whether training affects police ability to identify human trafficking victims in a scenario, controlling for other factors and (2) whether victim age affects officer identification of human trafficking victims. More officers correctly identified younger victims of human trafficking when force was explicitly stated, but more officers misidentified younger victims when force was not explicitly stated and older victims when force was explicitly stated.

Human Trafficking of People with a Disability: An Analysis of State and Federal Cases

The current academic discourse examining human trafficking is lacking in focus on survivors with a disability. The increased likelihood of abuse experienced by people with a disability is well documented in the research literature, and a small body of research indicates heightened sex trafficking victimization of minor girls with a disability. Yet, very little research specifically examines sex and/or labor trafficking of people with a disability, and no systematic research analyzes prosecuted cases of trafficking with disability as the focal point of analysis. Drawing from a content analysis of 18 federal and 17 state cases of human trafficking, the current study specifically aimed to increase our understandings of sex and labor trafficking involving survivors with a disability. The findings revealed the following patterns and themes: 1) the type of trafficking experienced (sex, labor, or both), 2) whether state level or federal cases 3) the types of disabilities identified among trafficking survivors, 4) the nature of the relationship between traffickers and survivors, 5) methods of recruitment, 6) case outcomes; and 7) demographic characteristics of traffickers and survivors (e.g., gender/citizenship). Implications include prevention efforts in the form of developmentally grounded sex education and healthy relationships curriculum for survivors with an intellectual disability, as well as specialized anti-trafficking training for those in legal, healthcare, and social services that is inclusive of people with a disability.

Private and public co-operation in preventing corporate crime: the case of labour trafficking in the Finnish construction industry

Private and public co-operation in preventing corporate crime: the case of labour trafficking in the Finnish construction industry

Charging Ahead: Prosecuting Human Trafficking Cases Without Victim Cooperation

Charging Ahead: Prosecuting Human Trafficking Cases Without Victim Cooperation

Web Application based Image Geolocation Analysis to Detect Human Trafficking

Migrant smuggling is a dangerous phenomenon threatening international peace and security. This global concern for many countries is mainly due to the high use of multimedia devices and social media. There are great demands to specify an in depth gathering of information about a suspect’s mobile device while investigating cases of human trafficking and migrant smuggling. The primary purpose of this study is to help resolve the human trafficking problem that currently faces Sudan. In this paper we cover the steps used to geolocate images captured from suspects and victims’ mobile devices cameras. The obtained images are then analyzed using our specialized developed web application. This latter is built using open-source tools such as the Laravel framework and a Google Maps API which is considered as the main component of the web application. The results of the developed web application on a real case in Sudan has proven its usefulness in easing and speeding up the digital investigation process

CRIMINAL LAW FUNCTIONALIZATION OF KIDNEY TRAFFICKING FOR TRANSPLANT PURPOSES

Kidney transplant is a complete therapy for people with terminal renal failure. The number of cases of terminal renal failure was not proportional to the available donors. Due to the lack of kidney donors, some people take advantage of this opportunity by commercializing their kidneys. In Indonesia's laws and regulations, it is clear that there is a prohibition on the trafficking of organs and or tissues for transplant purposes. Until now, cases of buying and selling of body organs or tissues have never reached the Court. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a formulation regulating legal protection for all parties concerned. This article aims to analyze the criminal law's functionalization against the trafficking of kidneys for transplant purposes. The research was carried out with a normative juridical approach in a formulated policy structure, namely reviewing and analyzing regulations both in the Criminal Code including the draft criminal law 2005 as an ius constituendum and outside the Criminal Code, specifically regarding the regulation of trade in organs or tissues for transplant purposes. The result of this research is the functionalization of criminal law in the implementation of kidney trade to benefit transplants. Criminal law enforcement is to make criminal law functioned by legally processing the facts of organ trafficking in the field. This repressive action is intended to create a deterrent effect and is a long-term preventive measure so that it is hoped that there will be no more cases of trafficking in organs in the future. It is necessary to understand that the threat of punishment must remain an ultimum remedium, and is enforced if social control is not yet effective.

International experience of crime investigation in the field of human trafficking

The paper aims to define an effective anti-human trafficking system in Ukraine. On the basis of theoretical information and international experience systematic analysis, the peculiarities of investigating crimes in the field of human trafficking are identified: timely receipt of information concerning crimes commission, assigning a case of human trafficking to an investigator or prosecutor with positive experience in detecting such crimes, cooperation of law enforcement agencies with each other and law enforcement agencies of other states in regard to effective ways of such crimes investigation, an effective system of human trafficking victims support. It is possible to increase the effectiveness of combating human trafficking through activities in the following areas: training of law enforcement officers in accordance with international standards; exchange of experience between Ukrainian law enforcement officers with the employees of relevant institutions of other countries; enshrinement at the statutory level of stricter responsibility for such crimes commission; monitoring the compliance of the Ukrainian anti-human trafficking system activities with international standards; creation of a comprehensive support system for human trafficking victims.

Legal Protection of Child Victims of Human Trafficking (Human Trafficking) District in South Central Timor Review of Law Number 35 Year 2014 Regarding Child Protection

The increase in cases of human trafficking is a problem that has an impact on post-modern civilization. The uneven distribution of opportunities for education for the lower middle class has resulted in many cases of children dropping out of school due to higher education costs, uneven health services in various regions, and the influence of negative issues in the spotlight at home and abroad..In the eastern part of Indonesia, cases of human trafficking generally occur in rural communities with hidden recruitment by the perpetrators coming from the family environment and closest relatives as happened in South Central Timor, among others: Adoption of children who are not appropriate procedural and illegal; Culture (Oko Mama) and family; Become a worker with the promise of a large salary and a decent living; Approach through romance; and kidnapping of victims. Human trafficking cases, both domestically and abroad, are carried out with various modus operandi that are increasingly diverse and complex, so that a comprehensive and synergistic handling is needed. The results of research into criminal acts of human trafficking in East Nusa Tenggara must receive special handling from the government, law enforcement officials, families and communities so that they do not develop which have an effect on children. In addition, children must also receive attention both in growth and development in the community and in terms of education wherever they are and the social impacts that arise on lifestyle changes and on educational orientation..

Managing supply chains and equalising disruption in the post-pandemic era : The challenge of different stages of recovery levels across the globe

It is no secret that the COVID-19 pandemic changed the way we operate, both personally and professionally. With significant impacts in all facets of the business ecosystem across the globe and uncertain recovery timelines, the socioeconomic environment is facing an unprecedented situation measuring damages at local, national and global level. Business operational models have been tested and are still trying to recover from a situation the long-term impact of which is still vague. Systems such as lean and just-in-time (JIT) collapsed as a result of the lockdowns and whole cities were deserted, causing unprecedented levels of poverty among vulnerable populations, significantly increasing cases of trafficking and modern slavery. This paper analyses how rebuilding presents a challenge, but, at the same time, there are numerous opportunities to evaluate, improve and develop next actions, based on a different perspective. The lessons learned from the pandemic include risk mitigation and resilience, without overlooking the ethical face that is encapsulated by strategic business relationships.

An Examination of the Sex Trafficking Dilemma in Three States and the Prevalence of Task Force Involvement in the Prosecution of Human/Sex Trafficking Cases

There is a problem investigating and eliminating sex trafficking. This problem has negatively impacted victims of sex trafficking, especially those who are trafficked into prostitution rings. A possible cause of this problem is the high male demand for commercial sex and the lack of education about the factors involved in sex trafficking. The purpose of this research study is to explore the prevalence of task force involvement in the prosecution of human/sex trafficking cases as well as the possible solutions that can be used to close the gap in the prosecution of human/sex trafficking cases (Brents, Jackson, Hausbeck, 2010) (Farley, 2007). There is a gap in the research specifically regarding the challenges that the legal system has in eradicating sex trafficking. By doing research into the different elements that contribute to sex trafficking, and conducting interviews with law enforcement, task forces, and researchers through a qualitative method, this study found in all the responses combined show patterns in the need to address the gap with law enforcement. Ways this can be done include training across the whole department, the use of victim advocates and trauma-bonding, setting up safety plans in school, creating more awareness, and having better prevention methods. All of these solutions start with law enforcement being a part of a task force.

International Legal Instruments in Responding to Human Trafficking

Human trafficking grows and develops rapidly, with various motives and types of crimes. Various obstacles are faced in handling human trafficking cases, ranging from inadequate legal instruments to weak law enforcement. This study overviewed the international legal instrument on human trafficking cases, following the identification of the recent forms and issues in enquiring how international legal instruments deal with human trafficking. This study used legal research method by referring to international laws as the source of law in compiling this human trafficking research. This study found that various instruments and international cooperation have dealt with human trafficking cases. However, in various related studies, these different legal instruments did not have a clear and binding force when the issue occurs in the domestic state. In addition, human trafficking in various legal instruments also had many types, and all of them are interrelated. This study highlighted and concluded that in making various international legal instruments effective in this case, more intensive international cooperation was needed, both regionally and globally.
 KEYWORDS: Human Trafficking, Labor Human Rights, Criminal Law.

Seen Yet Unseen: A Case of Human Trafficking at Harris High School

Although anyone can become a victim, commercial exploitation and human trafficking disproportionately affect women, girls, and communities of color within the United States. Despite its prevalence, misinformation and a widespread lack of understanding on this issue create barriers to identifying and supporting trafficking victims. School staff are critically positioned to both identify and support the needs of trafficked youth. This article offers a fact-based case example of human trafficking in a small town in New York State, including one principal’s challenges and opportunities in addressing human trafficking in her school. Programming and practice frameworks that utilize trauma-informed care, cultural and linguistic responsiveness, and human rights approaches are offered as strategies for engagement with this topic.

The Role of the Prosecutor Against the Actors of Narcotics Crime Category 1 in the Binjai District Prosecutor

Cases of narcotics trafficking and abuse in recent years have increased rapidly in big cities in Indonesia, including in Binjai City, where the average users are farmers, drivers, students, and school dropouts. The role of prosecutors as one of the important elements in the criminal justice system occupies a very important role in carrying out their duties and authorities in order to carry out law enforcement, namely prosecution in narcotics crime cases in court, so it is important to conduct research on the role of the prosecutor against the actors of narcotics crime category 1 in the Binjai District Prosecutor. This research is normative and descriptive analysis. The legal theory used in this research is the theory of the criminal justice system, law enforcement, and the purpose of the law. The data used is secondary data which can consist of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The data collection technique is library research. Data analysis is qualitative. The Prosecutor's Office as a subsystem of the criminal justice system contained in the current legislation, both in the Criminal Procedure Code and in the Prosecutor's Law No. 16 of 2004, namely as investigators and public prosecutors. Factors that hinder prosecutors in carrying out law enforcement against perpetrators of narcotics crime group I in Binjai City are the facilities or facilities that support law enforcement. Efforts made by the prosecutor in prosecuting the handling of criminal acts of narcotics abuse Category I at the Binjai City Public Prosecutor's Office that have been carried out so far include holding knowledge sharing meetings between fellow law enforcers, conducting management improvements, conducting legal counseling regarding narcotics crimes. In the general public, continuing education of prosecutors, especially narcotics crimes, and the program for prosecutors to enter schools. This activity is to provide counseling to students regarding the dangers and impacts of narcotics use among school children.