Case Of Myiasis Research Articles

Case Report: Nasal Myiasis in an Elderly Patient with Atrophic Rhinitis and Facial Sequelae of Leprosy.

We describe a case of nasal myiasis in an 89-year-old Brazilian patient affected by leprosy with severe nasal sequelae. An initial treatment comprising sinusectomy combined with nasal endoscopy removed more than 300 larvae, supplemented by systemic treatment using oral and topical ivermectin and levofloxacin. Infestation recurred after 2 months, was treated similarly, and resolved completely. The case could be attributed to severe nasal leprosy sequelae, with a lack of sneezing reflex, painless ulceration, atrophic rhinitis (ozena), and inability to clean the nose properly due to hand and nose impairment. This case illustrates the importance of long-term medical follow-up of patients with leprosy sequelae.

Sarcophagid Myiasis in the Bufonid Rhinella alata in Panama.

Rhinella alata is a small terrestrial bufonid that occurs in Ecuador, Colombia, and Panama. Between January 2014 and October 2015, we inspected 339 R. alata from Panama and report myiasis in eight of these toads. All infested toads were male and presented with mobile dark fly larvae visible beneath the ventral skin. At necropsy, we identified the larvae as belonging to the family Sarcophagidae (flesh flies). Flesh flies have been variously considered as predators, parasitoids, and parasites of anurans. There are at least four species of flesh flies that infect adult amphibians in the Neotropics, with the most common and widespread being Lepidodexia bufonivora. Myiasis has only rarely been reported in Panamanian anurans. Anuran cases of sarcophagid myiasis are usually fatal and we suspect myiasis as the cause of death for the R. alata that died in the current study.

How deadly sarcophagid fly larvae are for anurans? New interactions and review to Neotropical region.

Myiasis is defined as the infestation of living or necrotic tissues of vertebrates by dipteran larvae. In amphibians, it can be caused by fly larvae belonging to families Calliphoridae, Chloropidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae. In this study, we report new records and infestation intensity of myiasis in anurans from two localities of the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil, and also present a list with myiasis caused by flesh fly Sarcophagidae species in anurans of the Neotropical region. For this, we surveyed anuran communities during two breeding seasons, examined for myiasis signs, and when positive collected the specimens. We found infested individuals of 13 anurans of seven species. Different Sarcophagidae larva morphotypes were collected, and two of them emerged as adult flies of Lepidodexia (Notochaeta) fumipennis and Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens, which were both found in the tree frog Bokermannohyla circumdata. We compiled 21 cases of myiasis in anurans in the Neotropical region from the literature reviewed. This data indicated that hosts of different lineages and modes of life can be affected and that death is often fast. The diversity of myiasis-causing flies in anurans in nature is probably a lot greater than expected, especially if we consider that the encounters are occasional, but at relatively high intensities, can cause rapid deaths.

Oral myiasis of maxilla (palatal gingiva)

Myiasis is an invasion of tissues and organs of humans or animals by fly larvae. Oral myiasis is a rare pathology associated with a medical condition, poor oral hygiene, mouth breathing, and incompetent lip. We present a case of oral myiasis of the maxillary anterior region of the palate, in a 12-year-old male with cerebral palsy and poor oral hygiene. The diagnosis was made on the presence of larvae. The mechanical removal of larvae with hemostat was carried out with ivermectin oral therapy.

Umbilical myiasis in a human neonate – Treated with turpentine oil

Umbilical myiasis in a human neonate is rare. It occurs due to the unhygienic upbringing of the baby. Common sites of myiasis are exposed areas of the body such as extremities, scalp, and back. Herein, we report a case of umbilical myiasis, an extremely rare condition in a 12-day-old neonate.

Wohlfahrtiosis in Italy: a case in a puppy and overview of geographical distribution

The report describes a case of urogenital myiasis in a puppy,Canis lupus familiaris(Carnivora: Canidae) caused byWohlfahrtia magnifica(Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Calabria, southern Italy. This species is an obligatory agent of myiasis in human and other warm-blooded vertebrates. The puppy was healthy and was not living near farm animals, usual hosts of this flesh fly. An overview of cases of human and animal myiasis caused byW. magnificain Italy and of data and specimens documented in entomology museum collections is also reported.

Oral myiasis in a patient with neurological deficit - Case report

The term refers to human and animal parasites caused by fly larvae. The clinical manifestations of myiasis are not specific, they vary according to the area of the body involved and the species of fly. It is strongly associated with poor oral hygiene and is seen in people with predisposing conditions, such as lack of lip sealing due to malocclusion, tooth extraction, decreased body resistance, malnutrition, open-mouth breathing (especially during sleep), alcoholism, senility, neurological disorder, hemiplegia and facial trauma. The present work describes the particularities of diagnosis and treatment of a case of oral myiasis. A 17-year-old male patient with neurological deficit, totally dependent on his daily life activities. Oral examination revealed poor oral hygiene, presence of periodontitis and lesions in the palate and gingival regions, with swelling and presence of large numbers of larvae. Surgery under local anaesthesia was performed. After exposure of the affected region, the larvae were removed. Sixty-two larvae of various sizes were observed. Early and correct diagnosis of oral myiasis can be easily treated by the dentist by mechanical removal of the larvae with or without the use of local chemicals, with a favourable prognosis.

Morphological and initial molecular characterization of Clogmia albipunctatus larvae (Diptera: Psychodidae) causing urinary myiasis in Egypt.

Myiasis is the infestation of human tissues by dipterous fly larvae of the class Insecta. Clogmia albipunctatus, family Psychodidae, is one of the most medically important insects that cause human myiasis. The aim of the present study is the morphological identification and the molecular characterization of moth flies causing many cases of urinary myiasis in Egypt, based on sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA of the larvae. Seven urinary samples of patients complaining of urinary symptoms and giving a history of low socioeconomic level were examined. Recovered larvae were identified using light microscopy and SEM. For molecular identification, the mitochondrial genes Cytochrome B (cytB), NADH1, NADH1, and 16S were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. The morphological and molecular characterization could accurately diagnose our patients to have C. albipunctatus infestation. Such results provided the initial set of data on the molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of moth flies based on DNA barcoding in Egypt.

TREATMENT OF ORAL MYIASIS IN A CEREBRAL PALSY PATIENT

Oral myiasis is a condition caused by the invasion of fly larvae in body tissues. This work aims to notify a clinical case of an oral myiasis in the oral cavity. The patient is 12 years old, male, white, and a carrier of cerebral palsy. He was attended by public health care presenting releasing of larvae through the vestibular face and in adjacent palatine next to elements 12 and 13. The clinical examination verified lack of hygiene, caries, necrotic ulceration, acute inflammation, exhaling fetid smell, bleeding in anterosuperior region, and larvae in this area. Treatment was Vaseline as asphyxiant during 3 days and single-dose ivermectin. In return, multiple larvae were detected within the lesion, the patient was anesthetized, an incision for displacement of the palatine area was made, and 55 larvae were removed. After intervention and surgical finalization, PerioGard was prescribed for cleaning. Therefore, therapeutics is effective.

Intratracheal myiasis followed by tracheal-esophageal fistula: report of a rare case and literature review

BackgroundTo enhance awareness of the clinical features and prevention of endotracheal myiasis.Case presentationA case of intratracheal myiasis is reported. A 61-year-old male patient with a history of laryngectomy was admitted to hospital due to tracheostomal hemorrhage of 3 h duration. Intratracheal myiasis was confirmed by bronchoscopy, and the patient underwent bronchoscopic intervention, which was complicated by a tracheal-esophageal fistula and resolved by endotracheal stenting. Twenty months after stent placement, the fistula had not healed.ConclusionIntratracheal myiasis has serious complications and is difficult to treat. For post-tracheostomy patients, healthcare providers and caregivers should pay attention to the care and monitoring of wounds and maintenance of a tidy, clean living environment to prevent intratracheal myiasis.

A review on the occurrence of Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Brazil.

Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858), the New World screwworm, causes primary myiasis in wild and domestic animals in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil. Although this species is considered to occur throughout the country, organized information about its recorded distribution has not been available until now. This article aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the historical and current data published on both immature (myiasis) and adult stages of C. hominivorax in Brazil. A total of 174 articles were found; of these, 141 articles reported myiasis cases in cattle (146 records), humans (68 records), and other mammalian hosts (40 records), and captures of adult flies were reported in 33 articles. C. hominivorax is widespread in Brazil, having been recorded in 208 municipalities in all major biomes of the country.

Rhinomyiasis by Oestrus ovis in a tourist returning from Corsica.

In the Mediterranean basin, one of the most important agents of myiasis is Oestrus ovis Linnaeus 1758 (Diptera, Oestridae). Herein, we report a rare case of nasal myiasis with a secondary infection complication in a patient from northern Italy who had been visiting Corsica. A healthy, 39-year-old Italian woman spent 2 weeks of vacation in Corsica in June 2018. During her stay, she suddenly felt a foreign body inside her nose, followed by cough, pain, burning at the pharyngeal level, cephalalgia, and nasal congestion with secretions from the nostrils. The clinical examination showed a hyperemic and irritated mucosa and endoscopic examination of the patient's nose and right maxillary sinus revealed three tiny mobile larvae, morphologically and molecular identified as L1 instar larvae of Oestrus ovis. The patient's infestation was probably imported from Corsica, as Mediterranean islands are ideal geographical areas for the development of O. ovis, and the timing of infestation match with the period of O. ovis larviposition. Although rhinomyiasis is rare, it should be considered in people returning from abroad presenting with an acute-onset and foreign body sensation in the nose.

Human Chrysomya bezziana myiasis: A systematic review.

BackgroundMyiasis due to Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, is an important obligate zoonotic disease in the OIE-list of diseases and is found throughout much of Africa, the Indian subcontinent, southeast and east Asia. C. bezziana myiasis causes not only morbidity and death to animals and humans, but also economic losses in the livestock industries. Because of the aggressive and destructive nature of this disease in hosts, we initiated this study to provide a comprehensive understanding of human myiasis caused by C. bezziana.MethodsWe searched the databases in English (PubMed, Embase and African Index Medicus) and Chinese (CNKI, Wanfang, and Duxiu), and international government online reports to 6th February, 2019, to identify studies concerning C. bezziana. Another ten human cases in China and Papua New Guinea that our team had recorded were also included.ResultsWe retrieved 1,048 reports from which 202 studies were ultimately eligible for inclusion in the present descriptive analyses. Since the first human case due to C. bezziana was reported in 1909, we have summarized 291 cases and found that these cases often occurred in patients with poor hygiene, low socio-economic conditions, old age, and underlying diseases including infections, age-related diseases, and noninfectious chronic diseases. But C. bezziana myiasis appears largely neglected as a serious medical or veterinary condition, with human and animal cases only reported in 16 and 24 countries respectively, despite this fly species being recorded in 44 countries worldwide.ConclusionOur findings indicate that cryptic myiasis cases due to the obligate parasite, C. bezziana, are under-recognized. Through this study on C. bezziana etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, prevention and control, we call for more vigilance and awareness of the disease from governments, health authorities, clinicians, veterinary workers, nursing homes, and also the general public.

A rare case report of aural myiasis in a 24-day old neonate in Tanzania

<p>Aural myiasis refers to the infestation of the ear by the larvae of certain dipterous flies. The disease-producing flies prefer a warm and humid environment and higher incidence occur in tropics and subtropics of Africa and America. Aural myiasis is rare during neonatal life and children with tendencies of poking the ear need immediate review by otorhinolaryngologists for thorough otological review. The objective is thus to report the case of a 24-day old neonate who was diagnosed to have aural myiasis upon otoendoscopy at a private health facility in Tanzania. This is the first reported case of neonatal aural myiasis in our country. Neonates with tendencies to poke ears and with irritability should be handled with care by having immediate Otorhinolaryngologist review to exclude aural pathologies such as aural myiasis. Removal of the maggot, instilling ototopical antibiotics admixed with aural antiseptics, systemic antibiotics and close follow up for meticulous aural toilet remains the main stay in management of aural myiasis.</p>

A case of furuncular myiasis analyzed with enhanced light microscopy techniques

A case of furuncular myiasis analyzed with enhanced light microscopy techniques

Evaluation of myiasis in hospital attending population in a tertiary care hospital in Jalgoan

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Human myiasis can present as aural myiasis, nasal myiasis, ocular, urogenital etc. Aural myiasis can lead to perforation of tympanic membrane, hearing loss, haemorrrhage and rarely the larva migrates into the meninges. Inflammatory reaction at the site if larviposition due to mast cell activation and IgE production may limit larval development. Flies are generally attractive to odour of decaying necrotic tissue, which can arise from chronic otorrhea or sinusitis.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted at Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College in the department of ENT from January 2017 to January 2019. On examination patients were irritable and blood stained ear discharge was noted in aural cases, while similar discharge from the nose in nasal cases. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Over the 2 year study period a total of 200 cases of myiasis were seen. The youngest child seen was 11months and the oldest 70 years of age. Females (57.89%) were affected more commonly than males (41.48%). Most cases (96.8%) were from a rural background. Aural myiasis occurred from May to December. The peak incidence for both was seen from September to October.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Myiasis is a rare and benign manifestation with zero mortality rate. Meanwhile as it has been hypothesized in otolaryngology that intracerebral myiasis can be caused by the transcanal migration and invasion of fly larvae, there was no association between aural myiasisis and intracerebral pathology of any kind observed in the study. The overwhelming majority of cases can be successfully managed without the need for surgical intervention.</p>

A case of imported furuncular cutaneous myiasis and cytochrome oxidaseI gene sequence analysis of the pathogenic Cordylobia anthropophaga

To report a case of imported furuncular cutaneous myiasis, and to analyze the sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰ (COⅠ) gene of the pathogenic Cordylobia anthropophaga. A 33-year-old female patient had a travel history to Ghana and Cameroon in Africa 1 month prior to the presentation. No anti-mosquito measures were taken during her stay, and she hung up the laundries outside to dry for several times. Skin examination showed furuncular protuberances with diameters of 1 - 2 cm on the inner side of the left upper arm as well as on the outer side of the left chest, which were bright red and hard on palpation with irregular borders and a small hole on their central surface. Morphological identification revealed that the larva squeezed from the lesion was suspected as myiasis. After PCR amplification of the COⅠ gene of the larva, an about 650-bp PCR product was acquired. Sequencing and BLAST analysis showed that this product was most closely related to the COⅠ gene (GenBank accession number: FR719158.1) of Cordylobia anthropophaga isolated in Cameroon in 2010 with the sequence similarity being 99.84%, and they were grouped together on the phylogenetic tree. According to the clinical features and travel history of the patient and the sequencing results of the pathogenic Cordylobia anthropophaga, this case was confirmed as imported furuncular cutaneous myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga. Key words: Hypodermyiasis; Muscidae; Electron transport complex Ⅳ; Furuncular cutaneous myiasis; Cordylobia anthropophaga

Neonatal umbilical myiasis

Infestation is a state of being invaded or overrun by parasites. Myiasis is an infestation caused by dipterous fly. Even though human myiasis is a rare infestation particularly in newborn period unlike animal myiasis as neonate is just newly introduced to the environment and during this period neonate usually more protected and taken care by us. In rural areas of tropical countries where good hygiene conditions will not be there, authors are still identifying these cases. Risk factors for myiasis usually poor socioeconomic conditions and unhygienic environment. Finding cases of umbilical myiasis usually indicates poor environmental sanitary measures at that particular place. Here authors are presenting a case of neonatal umbilical myiasis caused by Chrysomya megacephala. These flies usually lay their eggs over the wounds or moisture dead necrotic tissues unlike other species of flies where they usually lay eggs over the animal fecus. But some other free-living flies(saprophagous) also cause myiasis due to accidental laying of eggs over dead necrotic tissues due to open defecation. In present case authors identified myiasis as early as third completed day of life, means infestation occurred at the time of delivery as incubation period for hatching eggs to larvae usually 4-8 days. These larvae able to survive inside deep tissue by breathing through a small hole. Even though myiasis usually have good prognosis it will become a focus for secondary infections. If deep-seated causes severe morbidity and even in extreme cases causes death also. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, authors can identify the species by microscopic examination of third stage larvae and finding age of the larvae also useful in identifying time of infestation. Treatments usually direct removal of larvae from the site by manipulation, irrigation, suffocation by ether and surgery if deep-seated. As they usually create nadir for infection by bacteria ruling out secondary infection and treatment is necessary. It is better to take preventive strategies like birthplace cleanliness and environmental sanitation. Tracking the case helpful in finding the places where authors need to improve sanitary measures it is better to give feedback to appropriate administrative officers to prevent home deliveries.

Deconstructing the eradication of new world screwworm in North America: retrospective analysis and climate warming effects.

Before its eradication from North America, the subtropical‐tropical new world screwworm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) invaded southwestern temperate areas of the U.S.A., where it caused myiasis in wildlife and livestock. Outbreaks of the fly occurred during years when adult migrants were carried northward on North American monsoon winds from the northern areas of Mexico and south Texas. We deconstruct, retrospectively, the biology and the effect of weather on the eradication of the fly in North America. Screwworm was found to be an ideal candidate for eradication using the sterile insect technique (SIT) because females mate only once, whereas males are polygynous, and, although it has a high reproductive potential, field population growth rates are low in tropical areas. In northern areas, eradication was enhanced by cool‐cold weather, whereas eradication in tropical Mexico and Central America is explained by the SIT. Despite low average efficacy of SIT releases (approximately 1.7%), the added pressure of massive SIT releases reduced intrinsically low fly populations, leading to mate‐limited extinction. Non‐autochthonous cases of myiasis occur in North America and, if the fly reestablishes, climate warming by 2045–2055 will expand the area of favourability and increase the frequency and severity of outbreaks.

Urogenital Myiasis in Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia: Case Report

Background: Myiasis is the infestation of human beings with fly larvae which feed on hosts living or dead tissue. The diagnosis of this case made by presence of larvae in affected body parts. In tropical countries myiasis can present commonly but still there is no a report of Urogenital myiasis case presentation in the case of Ethiopia. Case presentation : A 19 years old male patient presented to Dermatology clinic at wolaita sodo university teaching and referral hospital with complaining of an itchy and painful small red raised/nodular/a painful penile lesion on the urethral meatus and glans of penis and on physical examination shows well demarcated centrally punctuated nodular lesion over the glans of the penis and urethral meatus with serous exudates discharge from opening that had appeared on the lesion. He had been treated with antibiotics treated for suspected Furuncle before three weeks at early onset, but not improved. Then the patient was successfully managed by manual removal of larvae after white petrolatum Vaseline application and local anesthesia for twenty minutes and antibiotics therapy. Conclusion: Genital myiasis should be considered as differential diagnosis for nodular lesions on the gentalia, particularly in tropical countries where myiasis is more frequent, as in the case presented. Keywords: Myiasis, Urogenital, wolaita sodo, Infestation DOI : 10.7176/JHMN/59-08