Human Chrysomya bezziana myiasis: A systematic review.

Xianyi Zhou,Geyang Dai,Santhosh Puthiyakunnon,Wenxia Wei,Juan Luo,Lixian Xie,Qianzhen Mo,Li Li,Mingchi Yuen,Songgen Huang,Yongxuan Hu,Philip Spradbery,Yuqin Feng,Xiaohong Zhou,Siting Liang,Xiang Guo,Rangke Wu,Yuehua Xu,Dan Xia,Rongjia Mai,Dzinkambani Moffat Kambalame,Xiaoqing Zhang,Fenglong Jia,Sitong Zhou,Yonggang Yang ,Tianqi Xie

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007391

Abstract

BackgroundMyiasis due to Old World screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, is an important obligate zoonotic disease in the OIE-list of diseases and is found throughout much of Africa, the Indian subcontinent, southeast and east Asia. C. bezziana myiasis causes not only morbidity and death to animals and humans, but also economic losses in the livestock industries. Because of the aggressive and destructive nature of this disease in hosts, we initiated this study to provide a comprehensive understanding of human myiasis caused by C. bezziana.MethodsWe searched the databases in English (PubMed, Embase and African Index Medicus) and Chinese (CNKI, Wanfang, and Duxiu), and international government online reports to 6th February, 2019, to identify studies concerning C. bezziana. Another ten human cases in China and Papua New Guinea that our team had recorded were also included.ResultsWe retrieved 1,048 reports from which 202 studies were ultimately eligible for inclusion in the present descriptive analyses. Since the first human case due to C. bezziana was reported in 1909, we have summarized 291 cases and found that these cases often occurred in patients with poor hygiene, low socio-economic conditions, old age, and underlying diseases including infections, age-related diseases, and noninfectious chronic diseases. But C. bezziana myiasis appears largely neglected as a serious medical or veterinary condition, with human and animal cases only reported in 16 and 24 countries respectively, despite this fly species being recorded in 44 countries worldwide.ConclusionOur findings indicate that cryptic myiasis cases due to the obligate parasite, C. bezziana, are under-recognized. Through this study on C. bezziana etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, prevention and control, we call for more vigilance and awareness of the disease from governments, health authorities, clinicians, veterinary workers, nursing homes, and also the general public.

Highlights

The Old World screw-worm fly Chrysomya bezziana, is an obligate parasite, belonging to the order Diptera, family Calliphoridae, suborder Cyclorrhapha
Since the first human case due to C. bezziana was reported in 1909, we have summarized 291 cases and found that these cases often occurred in patients with poor hygiene, low socio-economic conditions, old age, and underlying diseases including infections, age-related diseases, and noninfectious chronic diseases
Our findings indicate that cryptic myiasis cases due to the obligate parasite, C. bezziana, are under-recognized

Summary

Introduction

The Old World screw-worm fly Chrysomya bezziana, is an obligate parasite, belonging to the order Diptera, family Calliphoridae, suborder Cyclorrhapha. It is distributed throughout much of southeast Asia, the southern part of east Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Middle East, and tropical and subtropical Africa [1, 2]. C. bezziana myiasis causes morbidity and death to animals and humans, and economic losses in the livestock industries. Because of the aggressive and destructive nature of this disease in hosts, we initiated this study to provide a comprehensive understanding of human myiasis caused by C. bezziana

Methods

Results

Conclusion