Infant Mortality Cases Research Articles

PELAYANAN RUJUKAN PADA BAYI BARU LAHIR DENGAN ASFIKSIA

Abstract: From 2016 to October 14 cases of infant mortality from 397 treated with asphyxia deaths. This study aims to find out about referral services, referral handling groove BBL asphyxia cases in hospitals and quality of care in referral hospitals Rejang Lebong. Population and sample are all new born mothers with asphyxia reconciled to Curup General hospital 17 peopleTo that end, used a qualitative approach with case study method. The results showed the village midwife already handle asphyxia newborns up with the first step and Positive Pressure Ventilation, but the reference is often delayed because of the inhibiting factors of the family (the economy and the decision to refer should involve a large family) and environmental factors (transportation). As a result hospitals and related institutions need to consider the skills and knowledge of the officers by including officers for NICU and PICU neonatal residential training and for the village midwifwe management training asphyxia.Keywords: Referral Services, Asphyxia, Newborn.

ANALYSIS OF FACTOR AFFECTING INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR) IN EAST JAVA USING MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is one of the important indicators in public health. Indonesia still has a relatively high IMR compared to the neighboring countries. Based on the Indonesian Demographic Health Survey (IDHS) in 2012, IMR in East Java reached 25.50 deaths per 1000 births. IMR decline occurred during 2012 to 2015. Achievement depends on the factors that influence it. This study aims to create a model of IMR based on maternal and external factors in East Java. The method used was a non-reactive study using 38 districts/cities as sample units in East Java, which came from Central Bureau of Statistics secondary data in 2015. Statistical analysis used multiple linear regression. The results showed the independent variables together affected the IMR (p-value = 0,000 <0.05), but partially influenced by the age of the first married mother (p-value = 0,000 <0.05) and the helper delivery of non-medical personnel (p-value = 0.014 <0.05). The conclusion of this study is the regression equation model for IMR in East Java in 2015, which is IMR = 1,064 + 1,319 * (age of first marriage) + 0.439 * (helper of non-medical births). Suggestions for the Government of East Java Province to implement strategies so that infant mortality cases can be reduced.

Financial Liberalization and Health Outcomes in Nigeria: A Case of Infant Mortality

Financial Liberalization and Health Outcomes in Nigeria: A Case of Infant Mortality

Evaluating the impact of PM2.5 atmospheric pollution on population mortality in an urbanized valley in the American tropics

There is enough scientific evidence indicating a relationship between particulate matter in ambient air and health. Since at a global scale there is an important number of people exposed to this pollutant, studies have focused on evaluating its possible effects on human population. Aburrá Valley Metropolitan Area (AMVA), in Antioquia-Colombia, is a region with about 3,909,729 inhabitants (2018), where 79% of PM2.5 present in the atmosphere is emitted by motor vehicles, with 1534 ton/year (AMVA, 2018). In the last decade, monitoring stations have reached daily mean concentrations of 113 μg/m3, which is 226% in excess of the maximum permissible daily level established at 50 μg/m3 by Colombian regulations (AMVA 2016; MinAmbiente, 2017). The object of the study was to evaluate the impact of PM2.5 concentrations in cases of premature mortality of urban population. To this end, the BenMap-CE v.1.1 model was used, together with Krewski et al. (2009) Health Impact functions to evaluate associations with adult mortality (>30 years of age) due to All Causes (AC)—including natural and non-natural—(ICD-10: A00-Y98), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) (ICD-10: I20–I25) and LungCancer (LC) (ICD-10: C34); and Woodruff et al. (2006) functions to explore associations with child mortality (population 0–1 year of age) due to All Causes (AC)—including natural and non-natural. Health impact was evaluated for year 2016 (baseline) and estimated for 2020 and 2030, from annual mean concentrations reported and projected by the environmental authority. The study was carried out based on annual mean mortality rates reported for the period 2007–2016. Among the most relevant results, it was found that for 2016 the areas with the highest annual concentrations of PM2.5 were Medellín (downtown area), Caldas, and Medellín (northern area) (39.4 μg/m3, 33.7 μg/m3, and 33.2 μg/m3, respectively). Consequently, health impact estimations (mortality due to all causes in adults) showed the highest associations: 15.70% (676 cases; CI: 470.29–873.06), 12.90% (32 cases; CI: 22.04–41.34) and 12.63% (736 cases; CI: 508.65–954.76), respectively.For the Aburrá Valley Metropolitan Area in 2016, it was found that death cases attributable to PM2.5 levels were: 1971 cases (CI: 1362.96–2558.62) for adult mortality due to AC, 194 cases (CI: 92.04–284.17) due to LC and 932 cases (CI: 791.33–1063.56), figures comparatively lower than the estimates for 2030, where death cases attributable to the same pollutant were: 5867 cases (CI: 4190.12–7410.53) for adult mortality due to AC, 497 cases (CI: 265.47–666.77) due to LC and 2415 cases (CI: 2157.06–2632.99). These values were calculated from the sum of the estimations given by the BenMap model for each municipality in the Metropolitan Area. Finally, avoidable death cases were calculated for a scenario with the implementation and execution of 100% of the measures for the prevention and control of emissions from motor vehicles, as defined by the Integral Plan for Air Quality Management (PIGECA, AMVA, 2017a) for year 2030: 55.93% of infant mortality cases due to AC; 50.32% in adults due to AC; 55.73% in adults due to LC and 60.87% in adults due to IHD associated with PM2.5.

Detection and Molecular Characterization of <i>Cronobacter sakazakii</i> Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) from North Central Region, Nigeria

Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogen that currently contaminates a wide spectrum of foods including powdered milk and poses a lethal threat to neonates, the elderly and persons with immune deficiencies. They cause life threatening neonatal meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. A total of 360 samples of powdered infant formula were collected from postnatal hospital attendees reconstituting the PIF for their children in the North Central region of Nigeria where cases of infant mortality are very high and presenting as enterocolitis and diarrhea. Pre-enriched samples were cultured in chromogenic Cronobacter broth and were then further sub-cultured into a chromogenic Cronobacter sakazakii agar. They were positive, exhibiting yellowish cultures typical of Cronobacter sakazakii. Biochemical tests of the isolates were also carried out and indicated the presence of Cronobacter sakazakii. The isolates were then characterized molecularly using specie specific PCR detection of Cronobacter sakazakii. The targeted genes of interest were ompA gene and CPA gene. The isolates tested showed bands for ompA gene on electrophoresis imager and were confirmed as Cronobacter sakazakii. In Nigeria, majority of infants are still fed with PIF. There is no existing data on the detection of Cronobacter sakazakii previously reported in the North central region of Nigeria hence the need to carry out the present study. The result of the study demonstrated the need for effective prevention and control measures as contamination of PIF with Cronobacter sakazakii constituted potential public health risk to neonates and infants.

Client And Coalitions dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak di Kabupaten Kupang

One important factor that determines the successful implementation of mother and child policy is support from community especially the community whose be the target of the polices (clients) and also certain parties (coalitions) who have an interest in the policy. This paper aims to find clients and coalitions in the implementation of health mothers and children in Kupang Regency, which is one of the regions in Indonesia with the highest infant mortality cases. The method used is descriptive qualitative, by using one indicator in Najam implementation models, namely client and coalitions for analysis. The results of the study show that the implementation of Perda No 3 of 2016 as maternal and child health policy in Kupang Regency has not received support from the community, especially those who are the client of the policy. Therefore, it is recommended that the Kupang Regencial Government increase the socialization to the people in particular who are the clients of this policy

HUBUNGAN BERAT BAYI LAHIR DENGAN KEMATIAN BAYI

Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) merupakan indikator kualitas kesejahteraan hidup suatu penduduk di dunia terutama kesehatan anak. Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR) dan terutama prematur menjadi penyebab utama kematian bayi. Upaya pemeliharaan kesehatan bayi dan anak bukan hanya merupakan tanggung jawab orang tua, melainkan juga masyarakat dan pemerintah dengan tujuan salah satunya adalah menurunkan AKB. Meskipun AKB di Kabupaten Cilacap masih di bawah target atau tidak melampaui MDGs, namun masih ditemukan kasus kematian bayi sebanyak 143 kematian bayi ditemukan di Kabupaten Cilacap yang terdiri dari 105 kematian neonatal dan 38 kematian post neonatal dari 28.481 kelahiran hidup. Dengan demikian, AKB Kabupaten Cilacap tahun 2017 sebesar 5 per 1.000 kelahiran hidup. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan berat lahir dengan kematian bayi. Metode Penelitian menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan teknik total sampling menggunakan data sekunder yang tercatat lengkap pada rekam medik dengan kriteria inklusi bayi usia 0-12 bulan yang mengalami kematian di RSUD Cilacap selama tahun 2016-2018 sebanyak 170 sampel. Selanjutnya, data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi square. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa di RSUD Cilacap pada tahun 2016-2018 sebagian besar yaitu 153 (90%) kasus kematian terjadi pada kematian neonatal. BBLR mengalami kematian neonatal sebanyak 105 bayi dengan hasil analisis chi square x2 sebanyak 5.129. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan adanya hubungan antara berat lahir dengan kematian bayi

The Relationship between Exposure Tobacco Smoke in Pregnant Women with Perinatal Death in Jember Regency

Perinatal death is an indicator of the success implementing a country's health services. Perinatal death rate in Indonesia in 2012 was 26/1000 live births. In 2017 there were 225 cases of infant mortality from 34,669 births in Jember Regency. Perinatal death is influenced by maternal, infant, health services and the living environment. The environmental conditions of the residence can be affected by cigarette smoke. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of exposure tobacco smoke in pregnant women with perinatal death in Jember Regency and to find out the main source of exposure tobacco smoke in pregnant women in Jember Regency. Type of research is analytic observation with case control study design. The sampling technique is consecutive sampling. The study sample was mothers who had a dead baby in the perinatal period (perinatal death) who resided in the Jember regency on the birth of January-December 2017. The sample size was 30 for each group. Collected data was carried out by univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test and fisher exact test if the chi-square test requirements were not met. Results of univariate analysis in this study showed that 89.47% of the main sources of exposure tobacco smoke originated from home and 73.68% from husbands. Results of the chi-square test between exposure tobacco smoke with perinatal death p value 0.579 (p> 0.05). Confounding variables that had no significant difference between the case and control groups were parity (p = 0.116, p> 0.05), education (p = 0.083, p> 0.05), birth distance (p = 0.26, p> 0.05), and birth attendants (p = 0.492, p> 0.05). Based on the results of these studies it can be concluded that exposure tobacco smoke in pregnant women is not associated with perinatal death and the main source of exposure tobacco smoke in pregnant women comes from home and at most from husbands.
 
 Keywords: exposure tobacco smoke, pregnant women, perinatal death

Possible Male Infanticide in Wild Orangutans and a Re-evaluation of Infanticide Risk

Infanticide as a male reproductive tactic is widespread across mammals, and is particularly prevalent in catarrhine primates. While it has never been observed in wild orangutans, infanticide by non-sire males has been predicted to occur due to their extremely long inter-birth intervals, semi-solitary social structure, and the presence of female counter-tactics to infanticide. Here, we report on the disappearance of a healthy four-month-old infant, along with a serious foot injury suffered by the primiparous mother. No other cases of infant mortality have been observed at this site in 30 years of study. Using photographic measurements of the injury, and information on the behavior and bite size of potential predators, we evaluate the possible causes of this injury. The context, including the behavior of the female and the presence of a new male at the time of the injury, lead us to conclude that the most likely cause of the infant loss and maternal injury was male infanticide. We suggest that in orangutans, and other species where nulliparous females are not preferred mates, these females may be less successful at using paternity confusion as an infanticide avoidance tactic, thus increasing the likelihood of infanticide of their first-born infants.

ASPEK-ASPEK DALAM IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN DAERAH NOMOR 3 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG KESEHATAN IBU, BAYI BARU LAHIR, BAYI, DAN ANAK BALITA PADA DESA CEMPAKA KECAMATAN AMUNTAI SELATAN KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI UTARA

The vision of the health development in the future is "Indonesia sehat (Healthy Indonesia)". Problems related to the implementation of the local law of KIBBLA in the village of Cempaka South Amuntai subdistrict is that many cases of labor process is not performed in health facilities, poor mother and infant health. One of the efforts of the Local Government regency of Hulu Sungai Utara to decrease maternal and infant mortality cases and to ensure the health of mothers, infants and children under five is to make a policy through the regulation regency of Hulu Sungai Utara number 3 in 2014 that regulate the health of mothers, newborns, Infants and toddlers (KIBBLA). Problems related to the implementation of the local law of KIBBLA in the village of Cempaka South Amuntai subdistrict is that many cases of labor process is not performed in health facilities, poor mother and infant health. Result of the research showed that implementation of Perda KIBBLA in the village of Cempaka in some aspects is already good, seen from communication, staff, and commitment. However, from several points also need improvements in order to support the implementation of Perda KIBBLA, such as polindes / puskesdes and also SOPs (Standard Operating Procedure).

Greenspace and Infant Mortality in Philadelphia, PA.

Despite mounting evidence that urban greenspace protects against mortality in adults, few studies have explored the relationship between greenspace and death among infants. Here, we describe results from an analysis of associations between greenness and infant mortality in Philadelphia, PA. We used images of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), derived from processed satellite data, to estimate greenness density in each census tract. We linked these data with census tract level counts of total infant mortality cases (n = 963) and births (n = 113,610) in years 2010-2014, and used Bayesian spatial areal unit, conditional autoregressive models to estimate associations between greenness and infant mortality. The models included a set of random effects to account for spatial autocorrelation between neighboring census tracts. Infant mortality counts were modeled using a Poisson distribution, and the logarithm of total births in each census tract was specified as the offset term. The following variables were included as potential confounders and effect modifiers: percentage non-Hispanic black, percentage living below the poverty line, an indicator of housing quality, and population density. In adjusted models, the rate of infant mortality was 27% higher in less green compared to more green tracts (95% CI 1.02-1.59). These results contribute further evidence that greenspace may be a health promoting environmental asset.

Modeling of Maternal Mortality and Infant Mortality Cases in East Kalimantan using Poisson Regression Approach Based on Local Linear Estimator

The Poisson regression is the popular regression model on the discrete response variables. The regression function in the Poisson regres-sion model can be estimate by using both the parametric and the nonparametric approaches. In this research, we study the Poisson regres-sion by using the nonparametric regression approach based on local linear estimator for modeling the maternal mortality and the infant mor-tality cases in East Kalimantan Indonesia. According to the model, we get that the model works nicely to explain the relationship between the maternal mortality case and the shaman number, and between the infant mortality case and the shaman number in East Kalimantan. Also, we obtain their determination coefficient (R2) values of 0.929094 and 0.9625168, respectively.

The Investigation of Rate of Birth Asphyxia and its Relationship with Delivery Mode at Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Isfahan during 2013, 2014, and 2015.

Background:Birth asphyxia is considered as one of the biggest challenges faced by perinatal care experts. According to the WHO, in 2005, one-fourth of infant mortality cases occurred due to birth asphyxia.Methods:This study is a retrospective study done on the newborn population with gestational ages of 36 weeks or higher during the years 2013, 2014, and 2015 to find the relationship between the number of birth asphyxia cases and the years. As a secondary objective, the relationship between the mode of delivery and the cases of birth asphyxia were investigated using logistic regression test. The inclusion criteria consisted of three cases, namely, gestational age of 36 weeks or higher, 5 min Apgar of <5, and umbilical cord pH of <7.1. The exclusion criteria involved hydrops fetalis, cyanotic heart disease, chromosomal abnormality, and congenital infections.Results:From the two independent variables of the study, only the variable “year” showed a significant difference between the years 2013 and 2015 (P < 0.01). The delivery mode did not have any statistically significant influence on the newborns’ affliction with birth asphyxia (P = 0.993).Conclusions:According to the results, there is a significant difference between the rate of birth asphyxia in Iran and its global rate in 2015, and regarding its multiple growth from 2013 to 2015, conducting a more comprehensive and extensive research on birth asphyxia risk factors at a delivery time seems justified and inevitable.

Determinants of Health Investment in Nigeria: A Case of Infant Mortality (2000-2014)

Determinants of Health Investment in Nigeria: A Case of Infant Mortality (2000-2014)

Associations between Area-Level Greenness and Infant Mortality Rates in Philadelphia, PA

In our rapidly urbanizing world, there is great interest in using greening strategies to promote health. A growing body of epidemiologic literature shows that green space protects against mortality among adults. However, few studies have explored the relationship between green space and infant mortality, defined as any death occurring in children under one year of age. We investigated the relationship between overall greenness and census-tract level rates of infant mortality in Philadelphia, PA, for years 2010-2014. Overall greenness in each census tract was estimated using satellite images of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Census tract level counts of total annual infant mortality cases and births were downloaded from the Vital Statistics Report of the City of Philadelphia. Aggregate numbers of infant deaths and births within each census tract for all years of the study period were calculated. We used Bayesian spatial areal unit, conditional autoregressive models to estimate associations between greenness and infant mortality. The models included a set of random effects to account for spatial autocorrelation between neighboring census tracts. Infant mortality counts were modeled using a Poisson distribution, and the logarithm of total births in each census tract was specified as the offset term. Models were adjusted for census-tract level percentages Black/non-Hispanic and living below the poverty line. Across 371 census tracts, the mortality rate ranged from 0 to 49.5/1,000 births. In adjusted models, the rate of infant mortality was 22% higher in less green compared to more green tracts. In stratified models, the relationship between greenness and infant mortality was stronger in tracts with higher percentages living below the poverty line. These results contribute to mounting evidence that urban greenness is a health promoting environmental asset.

KORELASI KEBERSIHAN BOTOL SUSU DENGAN KEJADIAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAFASAN AKUT (ISPA) PADA BAYI USIA 1-12 BULAN

Acute Respiratory Infection is an acute infection involving upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract. This infection is causedby viruses, fungi and bacteria. At the end of 2000, ISPA reached 6 cases among 1000 babies and toddlers. In 2003, cases of infant mortality due to ISPA as many as 5 out of 1000 children under five.&#x0D; This study aimed at determining the relationship of Cleaning the Milk Bottle With Acute Respiratory Infection Incidence. The research design was analytical method with cross sectional approach. The population was 57 people and sample size was 30 respondents who had infants during January - April 2017 who got acute respiratory infection. The sampling technique was Accidental sampling. Data of cleaning milk bottle were collected by interviewing mothers who had babies 1-12 months while data of the incidence of acute respiratory infection based on medical record of respondens. Data scored and analyzed by spearman rank statistical test.&#x0D; Based on result of research got 46,7% or 14 responden, the cleaning of milk bottle were less cathegory and 73,3% or 22 respondens had acute respiratory infection. Result of statistic test showed ρ ≤ 0,05. the ρ value = 0,000. It was concluded H˳ refused and Hı accepted which mean there was correlation between the cleaning milk bottle with the incidence of acute respiratory infection at infant.&#x0D; The researcher suggested to health workers and mothers to pay more attention to health care for their babies and the environment.

Literature Review Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah

Indonesia is one of the developing countries with the highest maternal mortality and infant. The infant mortality cases in 2015 asmany as 33,278 cases decreased compared to the year 2015 of 32,007 and in 2017 in the first semester as many as 10,294 cases.One of the causes is the incidence of Low Birth Weight (LBW) of 38.85%. LBW is the birth weight less than 2,500 grams. The reviewof LBW is done by literature review from DOAJ, Pubmed, Scholar and Garuda portal. The literature search using several keywords is"Low Birth Weight ", "risk factors" with four literature publications from 2007-2017. LBW incidence is influenced from maternaldemography status, maternal health status, condition of pregnancy and baby. The four journals DOAJ, Pubmed, Scholar andGaruda portal described risk factors of LBW occurrence include sociodemography (maternal age &lt;18 years and&gt; 34 years,education level, occupation type, family income, kin), maternal health status obstetric history, parity, birth spacing, anemia, history ofdiabetes, malaria, baby malpresentation history, Premature Rupture Of The Membrane, maternal nutritional status, infections,diseases and complications of pregnancy), status of ANC (frequency and quality of care, health worker, site of pregnancyexamination, history of unchecked pregnancy, irregular ANC).

Protocol for the economic evaluation of a community-based intervention to improve growth among children under two in rural India (CARING trial)

IntroductionUndernutrition affects ∼165 million children globally and contributes up to 45% of all child deaths. India has the highest proportion of global undernutrition-related morbidity and mortality. This protocol describes the...

ETHICAL DILEMMA IN THE PREGNANCY WITH FETAL MALFORMATIONS

Congenital heart malformations, with an incidence of 6-8/1,000 births, represent about 30% of cases of infant mortality due to congenital abnormalities. Of these, most require immediate corrective surgery in the neonatal period. Kidney and urinary tract malformations have an incidence of approximately 1%. The development of ultrasound techniques allowed for prenatal diagnosis of many fetal malformations, some of them life-threatening. Thus, important ethical problems occur, concerning abortion or guidance of the pregnant woman to a center where the newborn will be operated in the first hours of life.

HUBUNGAN PENGARUH PENOLONG KELAHIRAN TERHADAP STATUS KELAHIRAN BAYI DENGAN KONTROL VARIABEL CONFOUNDING DI KABUPATEN BULELENG (STUDI KASUS: PUSKESMAS SUKASADA II)

One indicator of the Human Development Index (HDI) is the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). IMR is lower HDI showed a better area when compared with other regions for different values ??of the same indicators. This study aims to determine the relationship between the birth attendants birth status and confounding variables that affect the status of births in Buleleng regency, with Sukasada II health center located in District Sukasada - Buleleng regency as the location of the observed cases of infant mortality. Results of analysis using logistic regression showed that (1) birth attendants, (2) maternal age, and (3) income household heads have a real influence on the status of the baby's birth. Birth status with medical birth attendants have the opportunity to live 2,427 times compared with non-medical birth attendants with controlled variables maternal age and income of the family head.