Drug Abuse Cases Research Articles

Efforts for Reforming the Criminal Justice System in Implementing Rehabilitation Sentences for Drug Abusers

Drug abuse is a serious problem affecting public health and social stability in Indonesia. The criminal justice system often faces challenges in dealing with drug abuse cases, where the punitive approach often ignores the more humane aspects of rehabilitation. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation policies in the Indonesian criminal justice system related to drug abuse and identify the obstacles faced by judges in imposing rehabilitation punishment. The research method used is normative legal research, with a statutory approach to analyze various relevant laws and policies. Data was collected through literature study and document analysis. The results showed that there are several obstacles in the implementation of rehabilitation policy, including community stigma towards drug abusers, judges' lack of knowledge about the rehabilitation process, limited rehabilitation facilities, and legal uncertainty. The research also found that despite regulations supporting rehabilitation, practices in the field often favor imprisonment. To improve the effectiveness of rehabilitation policies, it is important to provide education and training to judges, develop quality rehabilitation facilities, improve inter-agency coordination, and conduct campaigns to reduce social stigma. These measures are expected to shift the paradigm of handling drug abuse from a retributive to a rehabilitative approach, supporting individual recovery and reintegration into society.

Identification of a novel imidazole-derived GABA agonist isopropoxate: simultaneous detection and quantification of imidazole-derived analogs from human hairs in abused cases by LC-MS/MS.

Distribution and abuse of imidazole-derived γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists, such as etomidate and metomidate, and their analogs have been encountered frequently especially in China. The aim of this study was to identify etomidate, metomidate, propoxate, and isopropoxate more accurately by establishing a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method and applying it to real forensic cases. Onemg of the seized powder was dissolved in 1mL of methanol, and subjected to GC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Hair samples were washed and cut into approximately 2mm sections, then ground to powder by a low-temperature grinder. Twenty mg of the hair powder was extracted with 1mL of methanol, and the supernatant was subjected to LC-MS/MS. Etomidate, metomidate, propoxate, and isopropoxate were chromatographically separated and each mass spectrum was obtained by GC-MS. For LC-MS/MS, tested validation data were all satisfactory. The seized powder samples contained isopropoxate, with an approximate content of 30.9%. Etomidate, etomidate acid, metomidate, and isopropoxate could be determined in the submitted hairs, ranging from 2.89 to 8.09ng/mg, 0.0591-0.177ng/mg, 0.342-2.77ng/mg, and 33.2-130ng/mg, respectively. Mass spectra and ion chromatograms of etomidate, metomidate, isopropoxate, and propoxate were obtained by GC-MS. We have also established a simultaneous and reliable analytical method for etomidate, etomidate acid, metomidate, and isopropoxate in human hair by LC-MS/MS. This is the first report to present analytical results of a novel imidazole-derived GABA agonist isopropoxate in drug abuse cases.

Findings of synthetic cathinones in post-mortem toxicology

Synthetic cathinones (SCs) are a group of new psychoactive substances with amphetamine-like effects but generally higher potency. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and significance of SCs in post-mortem (PM) investigations in Finland, focusing on the three most prevalent substances: α-PVP, α-PHP, and α-PiHP. All PM cases positive for SCs during 2018–2023 were investigated with respect to cause and manner of death, PM blood and urine concentrations, and concomitant use of other drugs of abuse. There were 136 findings of α-PVP, α-PHP, or α-PiHP in 118 death cases, in which the median age at death was 35 years and 82 % were males. Concomitant opioids, stimulants, or sedatives were found in 69–92 % of cases, and cannabis in 39–47 %. In two cases (1.7 %), SCs were the only findings of abused drugs. Thirty-four fatal poisonings (29 %) were identified in which at least one of the three SCs was implicated in the cause of death. The median (range) femoral blood concentrations of α-PVP, α-PHP, and α-PiHP in these poisoning cases were 0.18 (0.03–2.6) mg/L, 0.16 (0.02–0.58) mg/L, and 0.14 (0.03–2.1) mg/L, respectively. α-PVP, α-PHP and α-PiHP were found in 4.0 % of all drug abuse cases and in 2.7 % of all fatal poisonings related to drug abuse, while for amphetamine/methamphetamine, these figures were 44 % and 21 %, respectively. Despite their lower prevalence in PM cases, SCs appear to have similar abuse liability and similar drug use patterns to amphetamine.

Pencegahan Bahaya Narkoba dan Miras di SDI Lamalewar, Nagawutung, Lembata : Berantas Bersama, Lindungi Masa Depan

This study examines efforts to prevent drug and alcohol abuse at SDI Lamalewar, Nagawutung, Lembata, NTT. This study was motivated by the increasing prevalence of drug abuse in the school-age group in Indonesia, which reached 2.6% (2.3 million people), as well as data from the Lembata Regency BNN which recorded 28 cases of drug abuse throughout 2022, with 15% involving children under the age of 15 years. In Nagawutung District itself, there was a 23% increase in cases of alcohol abuse with 12% of perpetrators under the age of 15 years.

Peran Guru Bimbingan Konseling dalam Merealisasikan Sistem Pendidikan Anti Narkoba di Kalangan Remaja: Studi Kasus Prodi Bimbingan Konseling Unimed

Drugs are substances or drugs that are natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic in nature that cause hallucinations and stimulation. Meanwhile, according to the Narcotics Law article 1 paragraph 1 states that narcotics are artificial substances or those derived from plants that have the effect of hallucinations, decreased awareness, and cause addiction. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation with the number of respondents studied in this study were 10 respondents. This study aims to determine how much the role of counseling teachers in preventing and handling cases of drug abuse in adolescents and the impact of drug abuse on the lives of adolescents as a whole.

PENEGAKAN HUKUM PIDANA PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOTIKA SEBAGAI PELAKU PENGEDAR

Enforcement of criminal law against drug abuse by traffickers is a crucial issue that continues to receive attention from the government and society. This research aims to analyze the monitoring mechanisms applied to drug abuse cases, especially if they involve drug dealers. The methodology used in this research includes a normative legal approach with analysis of applicable laws and regulations, as well as case studies of related court decisions. The survey results show that although various law enforcement efforts have been carried out, there are still several challenges that hinder their effectiveness, such as limited law enforcement resources and lack of coordination between related institutions. This study recommends increasing training and law enforcement capacity, as well as increasing cooperation between agencies to strengthen efforts to eradicate drug trafficking. It is hoped that this research can contribute to improving the criminal law enforcement system in Indonesia, especially in handling drug addiction cases.

Legal Study Analysis of Criminal Law Policy in the Implementation of Integrated Assessment for Drug Abusers based on Law Number 35 of 2009 Concerning Narcotics

Drug crimes pose a serious threat with detrimental effects on the global community, including Indonesia. Drugs are classified as extraordinary crimes that harm physical, mental, social, and economic health. Drug abusers are not criminals who should be imprisoned but individuals who need medical and social rehabilitation, as regulated in Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics. However, the implementation of rehabilitation faces challenges, such as a lack of synchronization among law enforcement agencies and the low number of abusers receiving rehabilitation. This study uses normative juridical research methods with a statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. Secondary data were obtained from legal literature and relevant regulations. The results of the study show that the integrated assessment mechanism, involving both medical and legal evaluations, plays a crucial role in determining whether drug abusers are eligible for rehabilitation or imprisonment. However, various obstacles hinder its implementation, such as differing legal interpretations, sectoral egos among institutions, and inconsistencies in placing drug abusers in rehabilitation centers. Moreover, the criminal law policy that prioritizes rehabilitation as a solution requires reform to be more effective in preventing drug-related crimes. The study recommends improving coordination among law enforcement agencies and revising regulations to ensure rehabilitation is prioritized in handling drug abuse cases, aiming to create a more humane and effective justice system.

Facile fabrication of the immuno-MALDI-MS chip for the enrichment of abused drug in human urine integrated with MALDI-MS analysis

BackgroundDrug abuse can result in both physical and mental health issues for individuals, and can also contribute to broader societal problems. The number of drug abuse cases rose to 296 million in 2021. The sample pretreatment methods commonly employed typically require longer processing times and occasionally necessitate derivatization. Furthermore, with the increase in sample sizes, traditional chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for analyzing abused drugs were no longer sufficient to handle such numerous samples. In this study, immuno-MALDI-MS chip were fabricated for specific enrichment of illicit drugs, integrating with the rapid and accurate capabilities of MALDI-MS for high-throughput analysis of drug abuse. ResultsThe immuno-MALDI-MS chip was successfully prepared by coating an aluminum chip with antibody-conjugated boronic acid-modified gold nanoparticles. Ketamine, a frequently abused illicit drug, served as the proof of concept for this study. The immuno-MALDI-MS chip was employed to selectively enrich ketamine in human urine samples, facilitating direct MALDI-MS analysis with the addition of α-CHCA matrix solution. The challenge of detecting abused drugs, exacerbated by interfering peaks in the low m/z region from salts and small molecules in human urine samples, was successfully overcome. The developed method exhibited a wide linear range of 10–5000 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 3.3 ng/mL for ketamine. Notably, the proposed method enabled high-throughput screening and accurate confirmation of ketamine concentrations in suspects' urine samples within few minutes, requiring a minimal sample volume of 1 μL. The obtained data were in complete agreement with the previous GC/MS analysis. SignificanceA straightforward, cost-effective and sensitive method for the selective enrichment and absolute quantification of abused drugs was developed using a homemade immuno-MALDI-MS chip integrated with MALDI-MS analysis. This method combines the advantages of immunoassay and mass spectrometry, offering both speed and accuracy. The reported method for the quantification of ketamine in human urine offers a practical approach and has the potential to analyze emerging new psychoactive substances in the future.

Unravelling The Nexus: Social Environment and Peer Influence in Drug Abuse in Lawas, Sarawak

The rising issue of drug abuse in Sarawak, demands urgent attention as the problem shows no signs of abating. The primary goal of this research is to investigate the most influential factor that contributes to the rise in drug abuse in Lawas and how it affects the selected individual social awareness. By delving into this dynamic, the study aims to enhance the comprehension of the issue and, consequently, develop more effective strategies to mitigate its consequences. The research employed qualitative methodology, with in-depth interviews as the primary data collection method. Six participants participated in the in-depth interviews and each referred to using pseudonyms. Participants 1 and 2 are presently enrolled in rehabilitation programs facilitated by the National Anti-Drug Agency (NADA/AADK) division in Limbang. Participants 3, 4, and 5 were selected from the families, relatives, and friends of former addicts. Participant 6 plays a pivotal role as an officer responsible for drug enforcement in Lawas. The study employed social learning theory to gain a comprehensive perspective on the subject matter. The data analysis revealed that the social environment functions as the macro factor, while susceptibility to peer influence serves as the micro factor in drug abuse cases in Lawas and there is a relationship between the factor and the selected individual social awareness. The findings from this research hold immense relevance for a wide spectrum of stakeholders, with a particular emphasis on community and societal development, in addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by drug abuse issues in Lawas, Sarawak.

The Enigma of Humanistic Justice in Addressing Narcotics Abuse

Drug abuse is a complex problem that requires a comprehensive solution. This includes how the concept is used in various aspects of tackling drug abuse. Justice in drug abuse eradication is a complex enigma, especially when the approach taken tends to be repressive and pays less attention to humanitarian aspects. Restorative justice is an alternative paradigm for handling drug abuse in Indonesia by linking it to the values of Pancasila. Restorative justice emphasizes recovery, reconciliation, and reintegration of offenders, victims, and society. This approach is in line with Pancasila values such as humanity, unity, and social justice. Restorative justice does not only enforce the law, but also pays attention to the social and psychological aspects involved in drug abuse cases. Applying restorative justice to the rehabilitation of drug addicts helps them overcome their addiction and become productive members of society again. Implementing restorative justice requires the cooperation of various stakeholders, including government, law enforcement, and local communities. This research aims to explore and understand the complexity of humanistic justice in the context of drug abuse treatment, as well as examine the definition and concept of humanistic justice in the context of drug abuse. This research uses an empirical juridical method, with interviews conducted at the Kediri City Attorney's Office and observation visits to post-rehabilitation drug abusers. Results of this study show that to overcome this, a comprehensive approach is needed that affects many aspects of life. The noble values of Pancasila provide a solid foundation in developing effective coping strategies.

Sociological Analysis of Restorative Justice in Rehabilitative Law Enforcement for Drug Abuse Cases

The escalating trend in drug abuse, particularly among the youth, necessitates a unified approach from all law enforcement entities to address this shift in paradigm. It is essential to view drug addicts and victims of drug abuse not only as perpetrators but also as victims, warranting the incorporation of rehabilitation as an alternative form of punishment. The severity of narcotics crime in Indonesia poses a profound threat not only to individual health both physical and mental but also to societal well-being and national development, potentially compromising state security and sovereignty. This paper explores the enforcement of narcotics law in Indonesia as dictated by Law Number 35 of 2009 and examines the application of restorative justice, a concept often referred to in criminal law enforcement, which emphasizes recovery and atonement for the perpetrator or their family towards the victim, facilitating out-of-court reconciliatory efforts. By examining the legal sociological perspective, this research advocates for resolving narcotics-related criminal cases through means that prioritize restoration over retribution. It argues for a restorative justice approach, where the focus shifts from imprisonment to alternatives like medical and social rehabilitation, aiming for a resolution that restores harmony and agreement between involved parties, thereby aligning legal outcomes with societal values and needs.

Integrasi Program Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan Napza Bersama Civitas Akademika dan Aparat Desa

Abuse of Narcotics and Addictive Substances (NAPZA) is a serious problem that threatens the younger generation, including in Cijagang Village, Cikalong Kulon District, Cianjur Regency. In 2023, 20 cases of drug abuse will be recorded, and in 2024 there will be an additional 2 cases through this program. Socialization of Drug Abuse Prevention through School Communities, intervention carried out on January 27 2024. The aim is to provide knowledge and understanding about the dangers of drug abuse. The methods used include social initiation, social assessment, social organizing, intervention planning, social intervention, evaluation and termination. As a result, 38 out of 60 students attended, with an increase in understanding seen from the pre-test and post-test. This shows that students' knowledge and understanding regarding the implementation of Drug Abuse Prevention Socialization has increased significantly so that this activity is considered successful

Criminal Careers and Drug Abuse Among Adolescents in Indonesia

The engagement of adolescents in drug abuse cases is a complex process that requires explanation and reflection. This study aims to explain the criminal careers of adolescents engaged in drug abuse. Such inclinations are often overlooked in studies concerning adolescent involvement in drug abuse cases in Indonesia. In addition to addressing the inadequacies of prior research, this study aims to expound the criminal careers of adolescents involved in drug abuse cases in Indonesia. This is a descriptive qualitative study that utilizes primary and secondary data. The study's findings highlight three important situations of adolescents' criminal careers in drug abuse cases. Firstly, the initial phase of adolescent drug abuse is precipitated by experimentation, peer influence, and a curiosity about drugs. Secondly, active drug abuse among adolescents manifests in various forms such as users, abusers, and addicts. Lastly, active participation in drug abuse among adolescents leads to a progression in behavior from from users to dealers, users to sellers, and addicts to dealers. This study also emphasizes the need to explain the perceptions and motivations of adolescents who engage in drug abuse cases to acquire a better understanding of their conduct.

A Concurrent Analysis of Drug Relapse Risk, Drug Avoidance Self-Efficacy, and Aftercare Experiences among Aftercare Program Clients

The cases of drug use and abuse have predominantly increased globally. This issue has become the most significant challenge among mental health professionals, the national government, and the general population. With the absence of substantial research about drug relapse and avoidance in the Philippines, this mixed-method research seeks to find out the relationship between drug relapse risk and drug avoidance self-efficacy among substance users who participated in the aftercare program. This study employed a concurrent mixed method design, combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the quantitative phase, the Advance Warning of Relapse (AWARE) Questionnaire and Drug Avoidance Self-Efficacy Scale (DASES) were administered to 66 participants from the Aftercare Program (ACP) at the Department of Health Treatment and Rehabilitation Center in Eastern Visayas. The aim was to establish a correlation between the risk of drug relapse and drug avoidance self-efficacy. In the qualitative phase, interviews were conducted with five participants who met the study's inclusion criteria. Purposive sampling was used to select these participants. Quantitative findings revealed that ACP clients had low drug relapse risk and high drug avoidance self-efficacy. Moreover, Pearson product-moment correlation shows an inverse relationship between lower drug relapse risk and high drug avoidance self-efficacy, and vice-versa. However, the correlation between these variables is weak, indicating that drug avoidance self-efficacy is not a strong predictor of relapse risk in aftercare program clients. Similarly, qualitative results exposed the client’s experiences in the After Care Program. Six themes emerge from their experiences, such as their various reasons for taking the drugs, the effects of substance use, their effective coping mechanisms, the treatment of their communities, their accomplishment of recovery goals, and overcoming challenges in their recovery. The study suggests that individuals who participate in the aftercare programs are trying their best to recover and increase their self-efficacy to avoid using drugs. This strong self-efficacy, in combination with various factors such as family support, the acceptance of the community, and continued reminders of the consequences of substance abuse, decreased their vulnerability to use drugs in high-risk situations. The findings will increase the awareness of Filipinos in the prevention and treatment of substance use among their loved ones, relatives, and friends. Likewise, the findings recommend improving the aftercare program to increase its effectiveness and efficiency in preventing relapse among individuals in recovery.

Restorative Justice in Drug Abuse Cases: An Effort to Effective Social Rehabilitation

Restorative Justice in Drug Abuse Cases: An Effort to Effective Social Rehabilitation

The Prevalence of Drug Abuse as it Relates to Psychosocial Reasons among University Athletes in Selected Competitive Sports in Kenya

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to explore the prevalence of drug abuse as it relates to psychosocial reasons that include peer pressure, social environment, emotional state and relationships; among university athletes involved in selected competitive sports.
 Methodology: The study used a mixed methods research design with an intention to capture and utilize both qualitative and quantitative data. The study sample comprised 300 respondents. Out of the 300 students, 173 (57.7%) were male and 127 (42.3%) were female players derived from six selected competitive sports at the universities in Kenya. The selected sports were badminton, tennis, basketball, volleyball, soccer and rugby. Stratified sampling followed by simple random sampling was used to select 10 universities proportionately (4 private and 6 public), the method was the most appropriate to capture universities with women rugby in addition to the five other selected sports. The study sought to investigate the prevalence of drug abuse due to factors such as psychosocial, medicinal and competition. SPSS computer version 20 was used to process data. The data was presented in form of tables.
 Findings: Data indicated clearly that athletes had abused drugs due to various psychosocial reasons. The prevalence per gender was close at 18% and 12.12% for males and females respectively. Peer pressure was regarded as a great contributor to drug abuse among the youth. Another psychosocial indicator is the emotional state of a particular individual. Students, just like other members of society, go through various challenging situations in life. The other indicator regarding drug abuse due to psychosocial factors is depression. Four (4, 40%) of the 10 dean of students interviewed said that students were victims of drug abuse due to depression. They alluded the depression cases mostly to relationship issues and financial challenges while the students are in session. The data was presented in form of Tables.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social Learning Theory, Stress-Coping Theory and Social Control Theory may be used to anchor future studies. It is recommended that university athletes be sensitized on proper use of sports to relieve stress and maintain emotional balance. Further, only qualified coaches and sports officers should be allowed to mentor and man sports in the universities. According to some heads of sports seven out of the ten (70%) and 4 of the 10 (40%) deans of students interviewed, some coaches may not report cases of drug abuse by athletes. This could be attributed to the fact that the coaches, who mostly are on casual basis, could fear experiencing bad blood with the players thereby threatening their jobs. Trained sports officers and coaches should accompany the university athletes always and act as worthy mentors to the young athletes.

Collaborative Governance In The Rehabilitation Of Drug Abuse Victims In Medan City

This research examines collaborative governance in the rehabilitation of drug abuse victims in Medan City, North Sumatra Province. The drug phenomenon in this area is a serious problem with a high number of cases and suspects of drug crimes. Data from the Research, Data and Information Center of the National Narcotics Agency in 2021 recorded 41,084 cases of drug abuse and 53,405 suspects throughout Indonesia. North Sumatra became one of the provinces with the highest number of cases, reaching 6,077 cases, and Medan City accounted for 2,416 cases, the highest among other areas in the province. Collaborative actions were taken to prevent the development of drug abuse cases involving several key components. Medan Plus Foundation provides adequate rehabilitation facilities, including safe housing, specialized therapy rooms, and medical facilities. Regular education and counseling programs are implemented using lectures, group discussions, and visual presentations to raise awareness among victims and the community. In mentoring and counseling, Medan Plus Foundation applies Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to change harmful mindsets and behaviors. Regular monitoring and evaluation are conducted with predetermined tools, including reports involving various relevant parties for transparency and accountability. Although collaborative efforts have been made, this study shows the need for further efforts to improve the effectiveness of the CBT program

Assessment of Community Pharmacists’ Perception on Over the Counter Medications Use of Their Clients in Adama Town, Oromia, Ethiopia

Background: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are those that are offered to consumers without the need of a prescription. Pharmacists are among the medical professionals who play a crucial role in educating patients and assisting them in selecting nonprescription medications safely. Inappropriate self-medication with OTC drugs can have serious implications especially in extremes of ages including pregnant and lactating mothers. Therefore, the findings of this study may be used as preliminary information by concerned bodies. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate community pharmacists' perceptions of their clients' use of OTC drugs in Adama, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods: 94 community pharmacists in Adama town participated in a cross-sectional descriptive survey that was carried out at pharmacies between April to May of 2023. Data were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire, and a pilot study was conducted prior to the real data collection. After being coded and cleaned, the data was imported into SPSS version 21 for analysis. The mean, median, standard deviation, and inter-quartile range were used to characterize quantitative data. Frequency and percentage were utilized to characterize the qualitative data. Tables and graphs were utilized to present the results. Results: 98.9% of the respondents completed the survey. More than half (52.1%) of the participants held a Bachelor of Pharmacy qualification. According to 24.5% of pharmacists, OTC drugs were safe to dispense. Painkillers (94.7%) and cold, cough, and sore throat medications (78.7%) were the most often requested OTC medications. The choice of OTC medication dispensed was made by either pharmacists (66%) or consumers (34%). Insufficient knowledge of consumer (46.8%) and lack of exposure to medical information (25.5%) were the primary causes of OTC drug misuse. When they found a case of drug abuse, the majority (89.4%) of them said that counseling the clients was the best course of action. Conclusion: Inadequate knowledge of consumers and lack of exposure to medical information was the most leading cause of inappropriate use of OTC drugs, and the therapeutic categories of OTC drugs that patients misused the most were pain relievers (62.8%) as reported by community pharmacists. The majority (89.4%) of community pharmacists believed that counseling the clients was the best course of action when they found a case of OTC drug misuse. It is the duty of community pharmacists in patient education about OTC medications and their typical adverse effects. The Regional Health Bureau and Ministry of Health should provide learning opportunities for druggists to upgrade their education level and provide continuous pre-service and in-service training on OTC medication for all community pharmacists.

Oral Pathophysiology in Substance Abuse: A Systematic Analysis of Recreational and Medicinal Drug Impact with Forensic Correlations

Background: This manuscript explores the impact of recreational and medicinal drug abuse on oral health and its forensic implications. Drug abuse, whether recreational or through prescribed medications, has adverse effects on oral tissues. Materials: A comprehensive literature review covered various drug types, analyzing oral manifestations such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, xerostomia, oral mucosal lesions, and dental attrition. Results: Findings revealed severe oral health deterioration due to drug abuse, including tooth decay, gum tissue damage, dry mouth, and oral ulcers. Forensic implications were highlighted, linking oral health findings to drug abuse history in investigations. Conclusion: Collaborative efforts among dental practitioners, forensic experts, and toxicologists are crucial for reliable oral health assessments. Early identification of drug abuse cases can aid intervention and resolution of forensic cases. Understanding the oral health consequences of drug abuse plays a critical role in providing valuable evidence in forensic investigations.

Marketing Channel Strategies of Drug Trafficking Rats in Indonesia

The dark market distribution channels for drug trafficking have become a chronic problem and a promising market in Indonesia. This circulation has reached remote villages and hamlets, regardless of individuals' identities or social statuses, making them potential quick recipients of narcotics. The National Narcotics Agency (BNN) states that preventing its distribution is more challenging than dealing with the culprits who use drugs. This research utilizes a systemic investigation method designed to understand the strategies of the dark market distribution channels for drug trafficking in Indonesia, employing a qualitative approach. For the current study, the researcher will commence the investigation in the Sumenep Regency, focusing on the location of the Sumenep Regency Penitentiary (LAPAS). The informants interviewed for the required data include detainees with drug abuse cases, former drug users and traffickers, the narcotics unit of the Sumenep Police Resort (Polres), the BNN of Sumenep Regency, and other informants believed to have knowledge about the dark market distribution channels for drugs in Indonesia. From the conducted research, it can be explained that the distribution of drug marketing does not use existing e-commerce platforms but relies on direct marketing to consumers or patients. Meanwhile, the marketing distribution extends through Surabaya, Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and even from Kalimantan and Malaysia. As for the island regions of Banyuwangi and Bali, the distribution is also part of the marketing channels.