Analysis Of Case-control Studies Research Articles

The roles of impulsivity, comorbid ADHD, and borderline personality disorder in patients with bulimia nervosa

BackgroundBulimia nervosa (BN) is a serious mental illness with impulsivity as a cardinal symptom. Impulsivity contributes to various other, often comorbid, mental disorders, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). The aim of this study was to explore comorbidities of BN with ADHD and BPD as well as the contribution of impulsivity as an underlying trait linking these disorders.MethodsHundred and fifteen females with BN and 98 healthy matched controls (HC) (age range between 16 and 48 years) were assessed regarding adult and childhood-ADHD, personality disorders and impulsivity.ResultsPatients with BN were more impulsive (p < 0.001) and more often fulfilled criteria of childhood/adulthood ADHD (p < 0.001) than HC, and criteria of BPD than expected in the general population. Childhood-ADHD (p = 0.009) and BPD (p = 0.017) both were significant positive predictors for impulsivity scores found in patients with BN.ConclusionComorbidity with ADHD and BPD often is prevalent in BN and associated with an increase in impulsivity, the latter being a relevant transdiagnostic trait. It might be beneficial to explore impulsivity as well as comorbidities in the clinical care of patients with BN.Level of evidence IIIEvidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

The risk of believing that emotions are bad and uncontrollable: association with orthorexia nervosa

PurposeThis study aimed to explore emotional functioning in individuals with varying levels of orthorexia nervosa (ON) symptoms. Given the established links between emotion dysregulation and other eating disorders (EDs), and the conceptualization of ON within the ED spectrum, this research sought to examine the relationships between ON symptomatology and emotion regulation strategies, alexithymia, and beliefs about emotions.MethodsA large sample (N = 562) completed self-report measures with high psychometric properties, assessing ON traits (E-DOS), emotion regulation strategies (DERS-SF and ERQ), alexithymia (TAS-20), and beliefs about emotions (ERQ). The study used well-validated measures to address limitations of previous research.ResultsIndividuals with high ON traits demonstrated difficulties in most aspects of emotional functioning compared to those with low ON traits. Suppression, but not reappraisal, partially mediated the relationship between beliefs about emotions and ON symptoms. Believing emotions are bad or useless, difficulty controlling impulses, and relying on suppression to regulate emotions were most strongly associated with ON symptoms.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that emotion dysregulation plays an important role in ON symptomatology. The findings suggest that when emotions feel unhelpful or uncontrollable, and maladaptive strategies like suppression are employed, individuals may seek perceived control through pathologically 'healthy' eating. There is currently no diagnosis criteria for ON, and consequently no clear treatment pathway. Our research suggests that specific aspects of emotional functioning such as beliefs about the usefulness of emotions or difficulties with feeling out of control when upset may be a useful treatment target to help individuals with ON develop healthier coping mechanisms and reduce reliance on rigid dietary rules as a means of emotional regulation.Level of evidence.Level III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

Association between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Iron Deficiency in Sudanese Population in Khartoum State

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major gastric infection worldwide and has been associated with many gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases including hematological disorders. Objective: Aimed to study the association between H. pylori infection and iron deficiency among Sudanese population. Materials and Methods: This is analytical case control study, conducted in Sudan, Khartoum state in Omdurman locality, during the period from May 2018 to April 2019. Include 100 samples, the stool and blood samples were collected from 100 Sudanese subjects (50 were infected with H. pylori as cases and 50 were apparently healthy subjects as controls). Stool samples were tested for H. pylori Ag by commercially available kits (HanzouAllTest Biotech Co., Ltd, Germany), all blood samples were analyzed for complete blood count using (SYSMEX KX21N) automated analyzer and serum iron profile (iron, ferritin, and TIBC) using spectrophotometery and turbidimetry. The obtained results is analyzed by SPSS versions 16.0, significant level was set at p-value equal or less than 0.05 and the results were presented in form of tables and figures. Results: The results of H. pylori antigen were positive in all cases and negative in control samples. Serum iron level mean was significantly lower among H. pylori positive patient (62±18.1) than control group (91.3±16.7) (p-value 0.001), serum ferritin level mean was significantly lower in H. pylori infected patients (36.8±16.5) than control group (64±16.4) (p-value 0.003), hemoglobin level mean was significantly lower in H. pylori patients (12.5 ±1.1) than control group (13.8±1.0) (p-value 0.009), PCV level mean was lower in H. pylori patients (37.6±3.1) than control group (41±3.0) (p-value .036), TIBC mean was 313 in cases and 308 in control samples. All other parameters showed no significant difference between H. pylori positive patients and control subjects. Conclusion: This study concluded that H. pylori infection is lead to iron deficiency in Sudanese patients.

Tissue-invasive Pathogens in Periodontitis Patients and Their Correlation with Pro-inflammatory Markers: An Analytical Case-control Study

Tissue-invasive Pathogens in Periodontitis Patients and Their Correlation with Pro-inflammatory Markers: An Analytical Case-control Study

Factors associated with asthma symptoms in Colombian subpopulations aged 1 to 17 and 18 to 59: Secondary analysis of the study "Prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases in Colombia 2009-2010".

Asthma, a chronic inflammatory lung disease, is one of the leading causes of disability, demands on health resources, and poor quality of life. It is necessary to identify asthma-related risk factors to reduce the presence and development of symptoms. This study aimed to explore the association of multiple possible factors with asthma symptoms in two subpopulations, children, adolescents, and adults, in six cities in Colombia. This was an observational analytical case-control study based on a cross-sectional study conducted as a secondary analysis of the prevalence of asthma and other allergic diseases in Colombia during 2009 and 2010. Weighted logistic regressions were conducted for each population. Out of the 5978 subjects in the cross-sectional survey, 747 were identified as cases, and 3109 were identified as controls. The prevalence of asthma was 30.8% in the child and adolescent population and 14.7% in the adult population. Among the various factors studied, those associated with asthma symptoms in children/adolescents were: a family history of asthma (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.3-4.7) and rhinitis (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1-3.6); acetaminophen consumption at least once a month (OR 3.6; 95% CI 2.1-6.2); and the presence of birds at home (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1-3.8). Regarding food consumption: fruit consumption (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.1-12.7). In adults, the factors that showed significant association were: a family history of allergic diseases (rhinitis OR 3.3; 95% CI 2.3-4.6), atopic eczema (OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.8-7.0), or asthma (OR 1.8;95% CI 1.3-2.6); acetaminophen consumption at least once a month (OR 2.0; 1.5-2.8); the presence of dogs at home (OR 1.4;95% CI 1.03-1.8), exposure to second-hand smoke (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.2), and exposure to exhaust fumes during the day (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.04-2.7). Our findings suggest that different cultural, environmental, and family factors are associated with asthma symptoms in children and adolescents, and these associations are evident in both males and females.

Dietary habits as risk factor of gallstone disease in Benghazi, Libya: a case control study

Background: Gallstone disease is one of the most common diseases in developed and developing countries; recent studies have expressed evidence in the context of the role of nutrition in the gallstone disease etiology. The most common risk factors for gallstones formations are old age, female gender, obesity and diabetes mellitus. The dietary risk factors, includes consumption of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and dietary products, Moreover, healthy dietary pattern, coffee, rich sources of vitamins as fruits and vegetables do have protection role of gallstones. Our aim is to determine the dietary habits as a risk factor of gallstone diseases admitted in Al-Jala Hospital. Methods: An analytic case control study the data collected from documents of gall bladder stone (GBS) cases that have presented in surgical department and controls from other departments at Al Jala Hospital of Benghazi-Libya between January 2023 and December 2023. Results: The results of the study showed that cases diagnosed with GBS had high dietary intake of carbohydrates, fat, dairy products and meats and whereas had low dietary intake of vegetables and fruits which highly containing fibers, vitamins and minerals in contrast controls had low intake of carbohydrates, fat, dairy products and meats and whereas had high dietary intake of vegetables and fruit (vitamins and minerals) and caffeine. Conclusions: The study concluded that dietary risk factors that contributing to the high prevalence of gall stone formation were because of high intake of high carbohydrates, proteins and fatty diets and low intake of dietary fiber vitamins and minerals as well as caffeine also cases ender and high body mass index (BMI) play important role in gall stone formation.

Age Dependence of Prognostic Significance of Complete Blood Count Parameters on Mortality from COVID-19

The aim of this study is to determine the age dependence of prognostic significance of complete blood count parameters at the time of admission on mortality from the SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is a single-centre retrospective analytic case-control study covering all 2132 patients with COVID-19 treated in the period 2020–2021 in the hospital. Subject of our study is to compare the diagnostic ability of parameters of the complete blood count (CBC) to predict mortality in different age groups using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and the corresponding area under the curve (AUC) analyses. Out of the red blood cells related parameters, a sufficient accuracy demonstrates only the red blood cell distribution width (RDW-CV), with a gradual decrease of the area under the curve with ageing – from 0.796 in the age groups under 40 and up to 0.601 in the age group of 80 years and above. From the parameters characterizing platelets, the platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) exhibit a sufficient accuracy only in the age group under 50 years. White blood cells related parameters – white blood count (WBC), granulocytes, granulocytes/lymphocytes ratio (G/L) – demonstrate the best prognostic significance with good accuracy for the age under 50 years – AUC above 0.7, which is retained the same only for granulocytes/lymphocytes ratio in the age group under 70 years. With ageing, we again observe a decline of the accuracy to sufficient in the age groups past 70 years. The results from our study give us grounds to accept that the prognostic value of complete blood count parameters for the prediction of the mortality from COVID-19 is different in various age groups, and decreases with ageing. In patients above 70 years, a limited prognostic value for unfavourable course of the disease have only the RDW-CV and G/L.

Endocrine impact of transfusion therapy: parathyroid status in pediatric thalassemia major

Background: Thalassemia major, a severe form of inherited anemia, requires lifelong blood transfusions to manage the condition and sustain hemoglobin levels. However, these repeated transfusions often lead to iron overload, which can deposit in various organs, including endocrine glands and disrupt normal hormone production. One such affected gland is the parathyroid, responsible for regulating calcium and phosphate balance through parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. This study aimed to assess the parathyroid status in children with thalassemia major. Methods: This case-control analytical study design was considered to assess the parathyroid status in children with thalassemia major. The study was carried out at the Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from July 2012 to June 2013. A total of 40 children with thalassemia major (termed as case) and another 32 normal children (termed as control) were included in the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 16. Results: The study found that children with thalassemia major had significantly lower parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and higher phosphate levels compared to healthy controls, though calcium levels were similar between groups. Thalassemia patients, primarily receiving blood from professional donors, underwent transfusions for an average of six years, with limited use of chelation therapy (15%). Hypoparathyroidism was significantly more common in thalassemia patients (10%) compared to controls, with 25% also showing hyperphosphatemia. No significant differences were observed in age or sex distribution between the groups. Conclusions: It can be concluded children with thalassemia possess significantly low serum PTH and high phosphate levels. The serum calcium level does not alter significantly compared to healthy children of similar age and sex. The findings call attention to the critical need for early intervention, regular endocrine screening and diligent chelation therapy in managing thalassemia major.

Effect of Vitamin D on Fasting Blood Sugar and HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

ABSTRACT:Objective: To evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on fasting blood sugar &amp; HbA1c in Type-2 diabetes mellitus patients.Methodology: This was an analytical case control study and was carried out by the Pharmacology Department at the Basic Medical Sciences Institute (BMSI, JPMC) with the collaboration of Diabetic OPD, JPMC, Karachi for the duration of 6 months. In this study 80 patients were selected by non-probability purposive sampling method and open EPI 3.01 version was used to estimate the sample size.Results: The study revealed that pre and post plasma vitamin D proportions in the intervention group were significant (P&lt;0.001) as compared to the group labeled as control which did not show any difference at the end of study (P=0.16). However, there was an insignificant relationship between Vit D and HbA1c with no improvement observed in glycemic control (P=0.74) or HbA1c levels (P=0.20) in the intervention group.Conclusion: According to the study's findings, vitamin D addition has improved plasma vitamin D3 levels and improved insulin sensitivity in patients with T2DM. The current analysis did not find a significant contribution to reducing HbA1c or enhancing glycemic control in individuals with T2DM.

The Dutch Body Shape Questionnaire among patients with binge-eating disorder: psychometrics and norms of the full version (BSQ34) and the short version (BSQ8C)

PurposeThis study examined the psychometric properties and provided normative data of the Dutch Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ34) and its shortened BSQ8C among patients with binge-eating disorder.MethodsThe two versions of the BSQ were administered to patients with binge-eating disorder (N = 155) enrolled for treatment, and to a community sample (N = 333). The translation and back-translation of the BSQ were performed by translators with and without eating-disorder expertise. Internal consistency, concurrent validity, test–retest reliability, incremental validity, and sensitivity to change were determined. A receiver-operating-characteristic curve-analysis was used to establish criterion-related validity, for which the Eating Disorder Examination—Shape concern subscale, was used. Uni-dimensionality of the instrument was investigated with confirmatory factor analysis. Norms (population-based T-scores and clinical percentile-scores) were determined.ResultsThe psychometric properties of the BSQs were satisfactory. The BSQ34 discriminated well in body-shape dissatisfaction between patients with binge-eating disorder and the community sample (area-under-the-curve value = 0.91–0.98) and had a unidimensional factor structure. Comparing structural invariance between both samples revealed that scaler invariance was not supported, indicating that items may be interpreted differently by patients with binge-eating disorder and subjects from the community. Analyses were repeated for the BSQ8C, which yielded similar results.ConclusionThe results indicated that both versions of the BSQ appeared suitable to screen for body-shape dissatisfaction among patients with binge-eating disorder. The BSQ34 supplies valuable information on the various types of concerns respondents have, which are critical to consider in clinical settings; the BSQ8C is recommended as a short screening tool.Level of evidence: Level III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

The Relationship Between Personal Hygiene and Scabies Incidence in the Sungai Bilu Health Center Service Area in 2024

Scabies, a highly contagious dermatosis caused by The extremely contagious dermatosis caused by Sarcoptes scabies mite, is a global health issue, especially in tropical and underdeveloped countries. Scabies cases have increased from 18 in 2021 to 242 in 2022 in the Sungai Bilu Health Center's service area in Banjarmasin, Indonesia, highlighting the need for targeted study and intervention. This study compares urban scabies rates to personal hygiene. From February to May 2024, 68 persons (34 cases and 34 controls) participated in the observational analytic case-control study. Primary sources were questionnaires and direct observations, whereas secondary sources were medical records. Cleanliness habits and scabies occurrence were examined using chi-square testing and odds ratio estimates. Scabies prevalence was strongly correlated with hand and nail hygiene (p = 0.004) and bed and bedsheet cleanliness (p = 0.000). Poor hand and nail cleanliness increased scabies risk by 15.783 times, and poor bed hygiene increased it by 25.84 times. Contrary to previous studies, bathing and towel hygiene did not affect scabies cases (p = 0.054 and 0.614, respectively). The findings emphasize the complexity of urban scabies prevention and the need for hygiene. The study shows that community health interventions in Sungai Bilu must focus on hand, nail, and bed hygiene to reduce scabies transmission while maintaining general good hygiene habits.

Risk Factors for Anemia in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in the Treatment Phase

Tuberculosis lungs is disease infectious disease caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is still a disease become threat health Indonesian society which leads to illness , disability and death tall so that need existence mitigation. Research objectives know factor risk the occurrence of anemia in patients tuberculosis lungs in phase treatment . Study This is study retrospective analytic case control Study carried out at the Community Health Center Very Beautiful Subdistrict Genuk City of Semarang. Population all TB patients who are undergo treatment at the Community Health Center Bangetayu. Research sample This from the total population namely 34 case and control patients. The results of 34 respondents case control there is level hemoglobin in patients Tuberculosis lungs with anemia (case) as many as 17 respondents experienced decline hemoglobin levels, namely man with an average hemoglobin level of 12.2 gr/dL (7 respondents), women with The average hemoglobin level was 10.6 gr/dL (2 respondents). A total of 17 respondents non - anemic control , namely the majority is normal with type sex Woman with an average Hemoglobin level of 12.61 gr/dL (17 respondents ). Based on characteristics what kind sex male 29.41% and gender sex women 11.76%. Decrease hemoglobin levels , namely man with an average hemoglobin level of 12.2 gr/dL (5 respondents), women with average hemoglobin level 10.6 gr/dL (2 respondents). Based on characteristics of the type sex women 70.59% (24 respondents) and men 29.41% (10 respondents). Based on characteristics age category adults 64.71% (22 respondents), elderly 23.53% (8 respondents), infants and children 11.76% (4 respondents), and adolescents 0.00% (0 respondents). The results of the bivariate test of hemoglobin levels, age , and type sex there is connection between hemoglobin levels, age, and type sex to Pulmonary Tuberculosis patients in phase treatment. The most influential risk factor o to the occurrence of anemia in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in phase treatment namely on the variables type sex that is own risk of 3,429. Next followed by variables hemoglobin levels that have risk of 0.370. Age No there is factor risk the occurrence anemia in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in phase treatment. The conclusion of this study is that hemoglobin levels and sex are risk factors for anemia in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in the treatment phase. Anemia can affect the diagnosis, prognosis, complications, and response to tuberculosis therapy, so that tuberculosis patients can maintain nutritional intake and therapy compliance to suppress the progression of the disease.

Use of fibrin sealant in vein anastomosis in renal transplantation and its effect in preventing blood loss and postoperative peri-graft collection.

This study is to assess efficacy of fibrin sealant in vein anastomosis in renal transplantation in preventing blood loss and postoperative peri-graft collection. This is a retrospective analytical case-control study of renal transplantations done in a tertiary care center in India in a 1-year period. Fibrin sealant was randomly used in vein anastomosis during the period. All the data were extracted and retrospectively analyzed. Those with fibrin sealant use were the study group and without sealant use were the control group. Primary objective was to assess effectiveness of fibrin sealant in preventing blood loss and postoperative peri-graft collection. Secondary objectives were to evaluate patients' demographic profile, hospital stay and other intraoperative and postoperative characteristics. During the study, 163 patients were enrolled, 82 study group and 81 control group. Warm ischemia, cold ischemia and operative times of study group were 2.57 ± 2.03, 44.23 ± 8.89 and 189.6 ± 51.6min, respectively, and that of control group were 2.67 ± 2.07, 42.37 ± 8.5 and 178.8 ± 54.6min, respectively. The mean intraoperative blood loss in study and control groups was 124.83 ± 110.89 and 155 ± 50.27ml, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p .027). The mean peri-graft collection in study group and control group were 72.33 ± 29.18ml and 134.67 ± 102.84ml, respectively, but the difference was not statistically significant (p .086). The study also demonstrated that the duration of hospital stays significantly differed between two groups (p < .043). In this study, fibrin sealant has demonstrated both safety and efficacy in effectively managing bleeding, sealing vascular anastomoses, and mitigating peri-graft collection.

Embracing a different outlook: Strengths and goals of individuals currently in treatment for anorexia nervosa

PurposeDeveloping personal goals beyond weight and shape, and promoting the agency to pursue those goals, could aid in treatment and recovery from anorexia nervosa (AN). This research explores the strengths, interests and goals of individuals currently receiving treatment for AN and evaluates how treatment services are supporting them to work towards personal goals across all areas of everyday life.MethodA total of 58 community-dwelling adults currently receiving treatment for anorexia nervosa at any stage of recovery completed the Client Assessment of Strengths, Interests and Goals Self-Report (CASIG-SR). Participants reported their goals for accommodation, work and study, interpersonal relationships, recreational activities, spirituality, religion or life purpose, physical health and mental health, and the personal strengths and supports needed to achieve those goals. Concordance scores were calculated between importance of personal goals and level of support from current services regarding these goals.ResultsThemes identified across goals, strengths and supports were Connection, Independence & Confidence, Meaning & Self: The Real Me, and Stability & Balance. Work and study goals and strengths were identified strongly. The key support needed was stability from the current treatment team to provide a stable base for change. Concordance scores indicate support provided for personal goals was less than the importance of the goal to the individual.ConclusionResults suggest goals for everyday living are critical to recovery in anorexia nervosa. Specific clinical considerations to increase motivation and hope are increased access to peer support, a focus on increasing positive affect, supporting safe exercise and promoting outdoor experiences and connection with nature.Level IIIEvidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

Investigating the Association Between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Poultry Chicken Consumption Among Females Aged 15–30 in District East Karachi

Background: This study aimed to explore the association between poultry chicken meat consumption and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among females aged 15–30 years, classified as youth in the Pakistani context as per Pakistan’s National Human Development Report 2017. Methodology: A retrospective analytical case-control study was conducted in the Outpatient Department of Jinnah Medical and Dental College Hospital, Korangi, Karachi, over six months. The study included a total of 110 age-matched females, comprising 55 PCOS patients (cases) and 55 healthy females (controls). Participants were enrolled based on the Rotterdam Criteria. Results: Menstrual history, Body Mass Index (BMI), hirsutism, and acne scores were significantly associated with PCOS. Using the chi-square test, the frequency of poultry chicken consumption (&lt;0.0001) and the quantity consumed (0.001) were found to be statistically significant in relation to PCOS. Conclusion: This study identifies a significant association between poultry chicken consumption and PCOS. Additionally, PCOS was significantly associated with hirsutism, acne, menstrual irregularities, and obesity.

Comparative Trial Evaluating a High- Versus Low-Integration Hyaluronic Acid Filler for Contouring the Jawline.

Contour deficits of the jawline are an area of concern for many aesthetic patients. While the use of hyaluronic acid (HA) for jawline enhancement has been described previously, comparative investigations of HA fillers manufactured with different technologies are limited. Therefore, the aim of the current investigation was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Restylane Lyft (HA-L) and Restylane Defyne (HA-D) for contouring of the jawline. This prospective clinical trial enrolled forty (40) participants. Twenty (20) participants with thin skin were treated with HA-D, and twenty (20) participants with thick skin were treated with HA-L. Visits occurred at Screening/Baseline (treatment), Week 2 (touch-up), and Months 1, 3, and 6. At each visit, a blinded evaluator rated 3-dimensional participant imagery according to the Jawline Volume Loss Scale and participants completed the Jawline Subject Satisfaction Scale. Frequency of treatment-emergent adverse events was collected via participant diaries, and product integration characteristics were evaluated via ultrasound. Chi-square tests of independence revealed statistically significant improvements in severities of jawline volume loss, which were maximal at Month 1 (100%) and maintained until Month 6 (82.05%). At Month 1, 92.10% of participants reported being satisfied with overall treatment effects. Adverse events were expected per the product monographs and did not vary per group. On ultrasound, HA-L displayed targeted product integration and HA-D displayed diffuse product integration. Results support the use of HA-L and HA-D for the contouring of the jawline with each product capable of providing distinct advantages depending on patient attributes (e.g., skin thickness, underlying bone structure, desired outcomes). Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case-control analytic studies. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Screen time, problematic screen use, and eating disorder symptoms among early adolescents: findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study

PurposeEmerging research evidence suggests positive relationships between higher screen time and eating disorders. However, few studies have examined the prospective associations between screen use and eating disorder symptoms in early adolescents and how problematic screen use may contribute to symptom development.MethodsWe analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 10,246, 2016–2020, ages 9–14). Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the longitudinal associations between baseline self-reported screen time and eating disorder symptoms in year two. Logistic regression analyses were also used to estimate cross-sectional associations between problematic screen use in year two (either problematic social media or mobile phone use) and eating disorder symptoms in year two. Eating disorder symptoms based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS-5) included fear of weight gain, self-worth tied to weight, engaging in compensatory behaviors, binge eating, and distress with binge eating.ResultsEach additional hour of total screen time and social media use was associated with higher odds of fear of weight gain, self-worth tied to weight, compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain, binge eating, and distress with binge eating two years later (odds ratio [OR] 1.05–1.55). Both problematic social media and mobile phone use were associated with higher odds of all eating disorder symptoms (OR 1.26–1.82).ConclusionsFindings suggest greater total screen time, social media use, and problematic screen use are associated with more eating disorder symptoms in early adolescence. Clinicians should consider assessing for problem screen use and, when high, screen for disordered eating.Level of evidenceLevel III: Evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies.

Parental styles are associated with eating disorder symptoms, anxiety, interpersonal difficulties, and nucleus accumbens response

ObjectivesEating disorders (EDs) typically emerge during adolescence. Parental bonding has a lasting impact on a child’s mental health during those developmentally critical years. There remains uncertainty over whether parental bonding is a risk factor for developing or maintaining specifically EDs or, rather, general psychopathology and the associated underlying brain function.MethodsForty-one young adult healthy control individuals (HC, 26.6 ± 3.5 years) and 46 individuals with EDs (25 with anorexia nervosa, AN, 22.8 ± 6.4 years, and 21 with bulimia nervosa, BN, 23.5 ± 4.2 years) completed the parental bonding instrument (PBI), assessments for anxiety, depression, and ED behaviors, and underwent a conditioning paradigm during brain imaging.ResultsIn both groups, perceived parental care and overprotection were correlated with state and trait anxiety and interpersonal alienation, and in HC only, with body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. Individuals with an ED reported lower self-perceived parental care, but higher overprotection compared to the HC group. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) response was related to bonding measures in both groups and right NAc response mediated the relationship between maternal care and trait anxiety in HC.ConclusionsPerceived parental bonding is associated with general psychopathology, including elevated anxiety and interpersonal difficulties across HC and ED groups. Lower perceived parental care and higher overprotection could predispose healthy individuals to develop problems with body shape or weight; however, other, maybe biological factors may determine whether a person will develop an ED. The link between perceived parental bonding, NAc valence processing and anxiety implicates dopaminergic circuits that should be studied further.Level of Evidence: Level III: Case–control analytic study

Changes in Corneal Endothelial Cells and Central Corneal Thickness in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

Purpose: The aim of the research is to investigate the impact of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) on corneal endothelial cells and central corneal thickness. Methods: In this analytic case-control study, the research sample included 60 patients (120 eyes), which was divided into two groups: the PEX group, 30 patients (60 eyes) obtained inclusion criteria and the control group, 30 patients (60 eyes) for result comparison, from patients visiting the ophthalmic clinic at Tishreen University Hospital. PEX degree was assessed using a slit lamp and the morphology of endothelial cells: endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation (COV) , percentage of hexagonal cells (EX%), average cell area (Avg.Cell Area) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were assessed using a specular microscope. Results: The average of ECD was lower in the PEX group compared with the control group (p-value = 0.0001). The average of EX% was lower in the PEX group compared with the control group (p-value = 0.0001). No statistically significant differences were observed between the research groups in COV values (p-value = 0.9). The Avg.Cell Area was higher in the PEX group compared with the control group (p-value = 0.003). The average of CCT was lower in the PEX group compared with the control group (p-value = 0.04). Conclusion: Corneal endothelial cells morphology and central corneal thickness are affected in eyes with PEX syndrome, and these changes increase with the severity of PEX.

Risk Factors for Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Myocardial Revascularization Surgery: A 15-Year Experience.

Background: Myocardial revascularization surgery (MRV) is a revascularization therapy for coronary artery disease aimed at improving survival conditions. Elderly patients with increased comorbidities undergoing MRV face challenges in preventing postoperative complications, including atrial fibrillation (AF), a common arrhythmia occurring in 40% of cases or even in 80% of cases if the procedure is combined with valve surgery. This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with the appearance of postoperative AF (POAF) in patients undergoing isolated MRV. Methods: This is an epidemiological, retrospective, and analytical case-control study (90 cases and 360 controls). Results: Mortality within the group of patients who presented with POAF in the study population was 15.5%, and 9.44% in the control group. Logistic regression showed an association of AF with the presurgical variables age >60 years and urgent/emergency surgery and the postsurgical variables cardiogenic shock, blood transfusion, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, orotracheal reintubation, and mechanical ventilation time. Conclusions: Strategies should be proposed for the timely identification of risk factors and postoperative complications related to AF onset to avoid the increased morbidity and mortality associated with this type of arrhythmia during the postoperative period.