Cartridge Filters Research Articles

Performance characterization of a novel compact dust collector with pleated filter cartridges

A compact dust collector loaded with four pleated filter cartridges is numerically studied by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The performance of the dust collector is evaluated during filtration and during backwashing, and the predictions are compared with the experimental results. In the filtration operation, the upper right corner entry design effectively guides the airflow to the two sides of the four cartridges through the air opposite-side-wall impacting and rebounding. A relatively poor filtration is found at the right side of the left lower cartridge. The CFD predictions agree well with the experimental data in terms of showing better backwash cleaning performances of the lower cartridges and at the cartridge front positions. During the 50 ms pulse-jet backwashing, the difference between the maximum and minimum air mass flow rates through a total of 16 × 2 inject holes is less than 4.0%. The high pressure of 0.5 MPa draws the air flowing from the normal exit, which acts as the majority of the backwashing air (ca. 73.7%). The hydrostatic pressure acting on the four cartridges is greater than 1750 Pa in 80% of the pulse-jet cleaning time.

Experimental Studies of PowerCore Filters and Pleated Filter Baffles.

The material most commonly used to filter and clean the intake air of vehicle internal combustion engines is pleated filter paper, which in most cases is shaped in the form of a cylinder or panel. The production technology has a low cost and is not complicated. In addition to high separation efficiency and filtration performance, pleated filter media are required to have low initial pressure drop, which depends on the geometry of the bed. Much research has been conducted in this area. Dust accumulated in the filter bed causes an increase in pressure drop, which is the cause of deformation and sticking of pleats. The lack of stability of the pleats, the need to strengthen them, and the need to obtain small sizes while achieving high efficiency and accuracy of filtration of engine intake air was the reason for the development of a different design and a new technology for making filter cartridges called PowerCore. The distinctive feature of these filters is axial flow in one direction of the air stream, which avoids turbulence and thus minimizes pressure drop. This paper presents a comparative analysis of a standard PowerCore and PowerCore G2 filter bed and two cylindrical filters with a pleated filter bed made of cellulose and polyester. The conditions and methodology of experimental testing of filters with test dust are presented. During the tests, the characteristics of separation efficiency and filtration performance, as well as pressure drop as a function of the mass of dust retained on the filter of two PowerCore filters and two cylindrical filters were performed. Three specimens of test filters with the same filtration area were made from each sample of filter bed. The results showed that in each test of the filter bed, there is an initial filtration period characterized by low (96–98%) initial separation efficiency and the presence of large (dpmax) dust grains. As the dust loading of the bed increases, the separation efficiency and filtration performance obtain higher and higher values. The initial period of filtration ends when the conventional value (99.9%) of separation efficiency is reached. The duration of this period depends on the type of filter bed and for the PowerCore G2 filter ends for a dust loading of km = 33.1 g/m2, and for the cellulose filter for km = 117.3 g/m2. During the initial period, the air behind the PowerCore G2 filter contains grains with sizes in the range of dpmax = 9–16 µm. Behind the cellulose filter, dust grains are much larger, dpmax = 17–35 µm. The total operating time of the PowerCore G2 filter, limited by the achievement of the permittivity resistance Δpwdop = 3 kPa, is twice that of the other filter compositions tested.

Improved performance of the opposing pulsed-jet cleaning by annular-slit nozzles for pleated filter cartridges

The opposing pulsed-jet cleaning with round nozzles has been recently introduced to reduce the patchy cleaning often faced during the regeneration of pleated filter cartridges in dust collectors. Additional to the primary nozzle for jetting a cleaning flow, the above technology applies an auxiliary nozzle installed at the cartridge base to launch a second flow for the cleaning. To further improve the performance, this study proposed to adopt an annular-slit nozzle as the primary-one in the above cleaning. The numerical modeling was applied to investigate the flow and pressure fields in a dust collector under the above cleaning with the settings varying the jet distance, h, from 0 to 700 mm, the delay time, Δt, from −0.125 to 0.125 s, and the pressure ratio, PR, from 0 to 4. The peak intensity and uniformity of the static pressure on the inner wall surfaces of filter cartridges during the cleaning were selected as the indicators for the cleaning performance. It is found that the cleaning performance in the cases with an annular-slit nozzle was found to be generally better than that in the cases with a round nozzle. Using an annular-slit nozzle, the air entrainment effect was enhanced, and the collision of both opposing jet flows was occurred in the position much closer to the cartridge opening. The cleaning in the case of Δt > 0 s was in general better than that in the cases of Δt < 0 s (with the optimum achieved at Δt = 0.025 s). The reasonable PR was in the range of 0.5 to 1.5 to realize effective jet airflow collision. The cleaning intensity and C.V. in the cases with an annular-slit nozzle and under the suggested settings of h = 300 mm, Δt = 0.025 s and PR = 1.5 would achieve the values of 1,050 Pa and 0.13 respectively, resulting in the 27 % and 63 % improvement on average (compared to those in the case using a round nozzle).

Development and coalescence mechanism of an improved filter cartridge for oil mist separators

Oil mist coalescence and filtering are extensively used in the fields of natural gas purification and chemical production. However, it remains technically challenging to capture high-concentration, small-sized, oil mist droplets under complex industrial field conditions. To solve this problem, three novel high-efficiency coalescence filter cartridges are proposed, which have improved filter material arrangements. The filtering performance of the cartridges was evaluated in the laboratory and at a natural gas pipeline pressure station under different working conditions to understand the mechanism by which high-concentration small-sized droplets are captured. According to the laboratory results, the filtration efficiency for droplets> 0.2 µm can reach 99.99% if the first layer in the cartridge has a small pore size (1.5 µm). The use of a filtering material with a large pore size can reduce the pressure drop. An arrangement of layers with increasing pore sizes can significantly improve the quality factor of the cartridges and decrease secondary entrainment. In the field test, the size distributions of the oil mist under compressor “hot standby” and operating conditions were gained for the first time. The median size of oil mist droplets was 1.2 µm during hot standby and 0.5 µm during operation. Under both compressor modes, the downstream oil mist concentrations of the proposed cartridges were> 95% lower than that of an existing commercial cartridge once filtering reached a steady state. In a long-cycle test under field conditions, the proposed cartridges showed more stable filtering performance than the existing product, with the filtration efficiency being about 40% higher after 15 days. Moreover, the oil mist coalescence mechanism was determined by microscopic characterization of liquid channels.

Flow and transport in a pleated filter

A pleated membrane filter consists of a porous membrane layer, which is surrounded by two supporting layers, and the whole structure is pleated and placed into a cylindrical cartridge. Pleated membrane filters are used in a variety of industrial applications, since they offer more surface area to volume ratio that is not found in equivalent flat filters. In this work, we introduce a novel three-dimensional model of a pleated membrane filter that consists of an empty region, a pleated region, and a hollow region. The advection diffusion equation is used to model contaminant concentration in the membrane pores along with Darcy's law to model the flow within the membrane and support layers, while the Stokes equation is used for the flow in the empty region and the hollow region. We further use the key assumptions of our model based on small aspect ratios of the filter cartridge and the pleated membrane to simplify the governing equations, which can be easily solved by numerical methods. By performing these steps, we seek to discover an optimal pleat packing density to find the optimum filter performance, while not exceeding a threshold for the particle concentration at the filter outlet.

Failure of a hollow-fibre shower filter device to prevent exposure of patients to Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in hospital water is a risk for invasive infection. Point-of-use (POU) filters are used to reduce patient exposure to the organism, and hollow-fibre filters are becoming more popular. However, retrograde colonization of the filter mechanism may contaminate the effluent. To assess the efficacy of POU filter head (polysulfone; hollow-fibre matrix) shower filters in preventing the exposure of high-risk patient groups to P.aeruginosa. Pre-flush (opening the outlet and collecting the first 100mL of water) samples were analysed to measure P.aeruginosa contamination from 25 shower outlets (∼21% of all showers on the six wards), with and without a hollow-fibre filter. P.aeruginosa was measured in a subset of outlets harbouring P.aeruginosa (sampling period 19th August 2019 to 10th January 2020). Water from all 25 showers was heavily colonized [>300colony-forming units (cfu)/mL] with P.aeruginosa at the showerhead. P.aeruginosa was found in 32% (8/25) of post-filter shower water effluent samples with a geometric mean of 4x106cfu/mL (N=4) (6.8x104-2x108). Filters were sampled at 15-150 days of use (median 15 days), with 26% (6/23) of filter units becoming colonized before the expiry date. POU filter showerhead units may not be effective in preventing exposure of vulnerable patients to P.aeruginosa in hospital water due to retrograde contamination (external contamination of the showerhead passed back to the filter cartridge itself) or failure of the hollow-fibre filter matrix. Reliance should not be placed on the use of hollow-fibre filters to protect patients from exposure to P.aeruginosa without repeated microbiological monitoring.

Recirculation Aquaculture System for Rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus Production: Construction and Operation

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to design and operate a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) for the production of rotifers Brachionus calyciflorus, with recognition of preferred food type and effective harvest rate. In experiment 1, four food types (Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina major, Scenedesmus obliquus, and baker's yeast) were used to determine the food type that was preferred by the rotifers. Chlorella vulgaris was the most preferred food type based on the highest rotifer count (365.33 ± 2.18 rotifers/mL). In experiment 2, rotifers were harvested at 10, 30, 50, and 70% of the total volume on a daily basis to determine the sustainable harvest rate. Daily harvesting at 30% maintained the rotifer culture at its stationary phase (381 ± 19.45 rotifers/mL) throughout the experiment. Following use in the RAS, the harvested water was treated using a series of filters (sand, cartridge, and ultraviolet filters) and was reused for algal culture. The results suggested that critical water quality characteristics, including pH (7.4–8.4), dissolved oxygen (3.8–6.8 mg/L), and un‐ionized ammonia (&lt;0.5 mg/L), remained within acceptable limits. We conclude that the freshwater rotifer B. calyciflorus can be produced on a commercial scale by adopting advanced RAS‐based technology with minimum water waste.

Scaled-up multistage reverse electrodialysis pilot study with natural waters

A multistage reverse electrodialysis system was studied at the REDstack research facility (the Afsluitdijk, the Netherlands) for over 30 days to describe the performance of such configuration under natural water conditions. The experiments were done with two 0.22 × 0.22 m2 stacks in series comprising 32 cell pairs (3.1 m2 of membrane area) for stage 1 and 64 cell pairs (6.2 m2 membrane area) for stage 2. The total gross power density at the available salinity gradient was stable at around 0.35 W∙m−2. The total net power density, corrected for the initial pressure drop of the stacks, was 0.25 W∙m−2 at an energy efficiency of 37 %. Throughout the operation, due to increased stack pressure drop, the actual total net power density lowered to 0.1 W∙m−2. A distinct behaviour was found for multivalent ions in each stage. For stage 1, Ca2+ and SO42− were transported from the river water to the seawater side, so-called uphill transport. For stage 2, uphill transport was not found, in line with Donnan potential calculations. Stack autopsy revealed microorganisms with sizes ten times larger than the cartridge filter nominal pore size (5 µm) and biofilm covering part of the spacer open area, both contributing to the increasing pressure drop in the stacks. This study showed that stable gross power densities and high energy efficiencies were obtained from feeding natural waters to a multistage reverse electrodialysis system, independent of fouling. In addition, it emphasized the importance of maintaining pumping power losses low for a viable deployment of the technology.

Volatile Organic Compound Sensing Array and Optoelectronic Filter System using Ion-Pairing Dyes with a Wide Visible Spectrum.

An ideal dye-based sensing array has essential design requirements, including facile preparation methodology, tolerance to water vapor, a broad range of color-responsive changes, and a simple readout system. Here, a brief synthetic route is developed for ion-pairing dyes exhibiting unusual chromatic changes across the entire visible spectrum. It requires only mixing and precipitation under mild conditions. The dyes are applied to a sensing array containing 12 sensing elements with different initial states. Owing to the numerous color variations of the dyes, the color map generated by the array is highly simple yet sufficiently accurate to distinguish among the different functional groups (such as amines, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids) as well as carbon chain lengths. Principle component analysis (PCA) demonstrates that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be well classified according to the color changes of the sensing array. The ion-pairing dyes are embedded into3Dstacked nanofibers via electrospinning, and function as effective harmful-gas (e.g., formaldehyde) sensors with sub-ppm theoretical detection limits (0.15ppm). Finally, the 3D stacked nanofibers can be employed in an optoelectronic filter system that automatically checks for formaldehyde in the surroundings and also confirms the effective removal of the detected formaldehyde by the gas filter cartridge.

Investigation on Pollution Control Device (PCD) in iron foundry industry to reduce environmental chemicals.

Right from the olden days, many products have been made according to foundry practices in order to generate prosperity in the societies in which they operate while reaping these types of benefits through the operation of foundries. It is alarming that the emissions released by foundries affect human health. Therefore, foundries installed Pollution Control devices (PCDs), in accordance with this development; researchers examined the effectiveness of these PCDs in controlling emissions from foundries in different parts of the world. The emission control obtained by installing these PCDs is explained in this article based on the data gathered from the survey. The cartridge filter equipped with an induction furnace reduced the concentration of SPM to less than 20 mg/Nm3. This result of the investigation indicates that the cartridge filter built into the induction furnace achieves the best efficiency in controlling contaminants from iron foundries. Interestingly, the operation of the cartridge filter has yet to be documented. Therefore, the construction operation, the performance of the cartridge filter, and its efficiency in achieving contaminations control in foundries are described. This will provide useful information on the use of cartridge filters in an induction furnace to reduce Iron foundry emissions.

In-situ Field Gamma Spectrometry in a Radionuclide Air Sampler.

The work being presented is on the development of a system to measure the speciation of airborne radionuclide emissions from the environment during a nuclear emergency. On-site air sampling measurements that were conducted during the Fukushima Daiichi accident were limited because field teams had to be sent out to run the sampling systems and retrieve the filters for gamma spectrometry analysis in a separate laboratory. The start of air sampling was delayed, and it was impossible for emergency responders to use the information about the airborne radionuclide composition in a timely way. The goal of the current study is to develop a system that could provide live, near real-time information about the concentrations of different radionuclides in the air without having to rely on human intervention. The development of the prototype in the current work is largely being enabled by Cd-Zn-Te spectrometers, which provide reasonably high-resolution spectrometry given that it is a room temperature sensor, and allow the measurements to be conducted in the field. A custom filter cartridge has been designed to hold a pair of aerosol and iodine filters in place while keeping the gamma spectrometers as close as possible in order to obtain high count rate efficiencies. A single cartridge holds both filters and has an internal flow channel directing the air flow between them. The cartridge design also facilitates replacing the filters as the accumulated radioactivity on the filters becomes too high. An automation system can move a filter cartridge from the fresh cartridge storage bank to the sampling location (filtration and gamma spectrometry) and return the used filter cartridge to the used cartridge storage bank. The radionuclide air sampling system prototype has been designed and constructed. It has been tested with fixed sources located on the respective aerosol and iodine filters. The real-time data capture aspects of the system were also demonstrated with a live 131I capture experiment. The projected performance of the system during a reactor accident was also simulated, emulating the characteristic detector efficiencies and projecting how the airborne concentrations could be reconstructed. The study has designed and constructed a radionuclide air sampler that could be used for measuring airborne radioactivity in emissions from a nuclear accident. Because the gamma spectrometry measurements are done in situ with good resolution and the system is automated, it would allow data to be transmitted back to an emergency operations center immediately rather than having to wait for additional laboratory analysis.

A Stochastic Filling and Modeling Algorithm of Non-Equal Diameter Particles with Specified Probability Density for Porous Permeable Materials

In this paper, a model generation algorithm for non-equal diameter particles with a specified probability density distribution is proposed. Based on considering the randomness of the size and distribution of the particles, the compact stacking of the particles is realized by the compactness algorithm, and then the spatial distribution of the tightly compacted particles is made to meet the random distribution of the specified probability density and the specified volume fraction by the filtering algorithm. The computational efficiency and effectiveness of the algorithm are verified, and the effects of the particle size and volume fraction on the distribution are analyzed. Finally, the proposed model has been used to study the permeability of a titanium porous filter cartridge. The results show that the size and location of the particle samples that are generated by the proposed algorithm follow specified probability distributions according to the requirements, and the volume fraction can be adjusted. Compared with the traditional algorithm, the computational effort and complexity are reduced. The resultant model can be used to study the permeability of porous materials and provide modeling support for structural optimization and further simulation of porous materials.

Reverse osmosis treatment system for landfill leachate: Operation conditions, advantages and challenges

Landfill leachate treatment by Reverse Osmosis (RO) system was evaluated in this study. Operational conditions of sand filters, sulfuric acid dosing and pH adjustment, cartridge filters and cat pumps, and membrane modules were discussed in detail. Advantages and challenges of RO for leachate treatment in developing countries handled with sustainability logic. The system has been successfully applied in leachate treatment with high removal rates as 98% of COD, 99% of total Nitrogen and suspended solids and substantial heavy metal removal. However, high costly operating expenses, dependency on the manufacturers for membranes, chemicals and other materials indicated the system unsustainable. Especially high-strength characteristic of leachate, high energy consumption of RO process, difficulty to struggle with scaling problems, limited lifetime of membranes and management/treatment of concentrate were expressed as the constraints of the system.

Numerical simulation of the effect of air-intake on the indoor flow field of a dedusting equipment cabin used in tunnel construction

There is a significant amount of dust during tunnel construction. As a comprehensive prevention method for tunnel dust, dust collector technology has been widely used in tunnel construction. The flow field distribution in a dedusting equipment cabin directly affects the treatment efficiency of tunnel dust. In this study, using a dedusting equipment compartment with 5 (in row) × 20 (in column) filter cartridges (FCs, diameter of 0.35 m) as the research object, the effects of air-intake mode, position, and other parameters on the airflow rate of FCs inside the cabin, and indoor air distribution characteristics were studied using a numerical calculation method, which was verified by an experiment. The results indicated that for the cabin with only an end air-intake, the length of the cabin cannot be too long, as this would cause a low airflow rate of the FCs located at the center of the cabin. Furthermore, the effects of setting a baffle and grille on the total airflow rate of the FCs inside the cabin with only an end air-intake was more significant than that with both an end air-intake and side air-intakes, the difference of the total airflow rate among them can be up to 59%. Setting a baffle at the end of an air-intake significantly reduced the total airflow rate of the FCs about 59%, which was significantly increased about 5% by setting grilles. Additionally, the side air-intakes improved the total airflow rate of the FCs more than the end air-intake by about 24%, but the intake efficiency of the former was lower than that of latter by about 61%. Finally, based on cabins with only an end air-intake, setting the side air-intakes on the cabin where the airflow rate of FCs is low, can significantly improve the total airflow rate of FCs in the cabin, particularly the FCs around the side air-intakes, the increase here can reach 36% compared with other locations.

High-quality and easy-to-regenerate personal filter.

Proper respiratory tract protection is the key factor to limiting the rate of COVID-19 spread and providing a safe environment for health care workers. Traditional N95 (FFP2) respirators are not easy to regenerate and thus create certain financial and ecological burdens; moreover, their quality may vary significantly. A solution that would overcome these disadvantages is desirable. In this study a commercially available knit polyester fleece fabric was selected as the filter material, and a total of 25 filters of different areas and thicknesses were prepared. Then, the size-resolved filtration efficiency (40-400 nm) and pressure drop were evaluated at a volumetric flow rate of 95 L/min. We showed the excellent synergistic effect of expanding the filtration area and increasing the number of filtering layers on the filtration efficiency; a filter cartridge with 8 layers of knit polyester fabric with a surface area of 900 cm2 and sized 25 × 14 × 8 cm achieved filtration efficiencies of 98% at 95 L/min and 99.5% at 30 L/min. The assembled filter kit consists of a filter cartridge (14 Pa) carried in a small backpack connected to a half mask with a total pressure drop of 84 Pa at 95 L/min. In addition, it is reusable, and the filter material can be regenerated at least ten times by simple methods, such as boiling. We have demonstrated a novel approach for creating high-quality and easy-to-breathe-through respiratory protective equipment that reduces operating costs and is a green solution because it is easy to regenerate.

The use of citizen science in fish eDNA metabarcoding for evaluating regional biodiversity in a coastal marine region: A pilot study

To test the feasibility of a citizen science program for fish eDNA metabarcoding in coastal marine environments, we recruited six groups of voluntary citizens for a science education course at a natural history museum. We held a seminar on eDNA and a workshop for seawater sampling and on-site filtration using syringes and filter cartridges for the participants. After that, they selected single survey sites following the guidelines for conducting a safe field trip. They performed seawater sampling and on-site filtration at these sites during their summer holidays. The six selected sites unexpectedly included diverse coastal habitats within a 40 km radius, located at temperate latitudes in central Japan (~35°N). After the field trips, they returned filtered cartridges to the museum, and we extracted eDNA from the filters. We performed fish eDNA metabarcoding, along with data analysis. Consequently, we identified 140 fish species across 66 families and 118 genera from the six samples, with species richness ranging from 14 to 66. Despite its limited sample size, such a diverse taxonomic range of fish species exhibited spatial biodiversity patterns within the region, which are consistent with species distribution. These include north-south and urbanization gradients of species richness, geographic structure of the fish communities, and varying salinity preferences of the component species. This case study demonstrates the potential of fish eDNA metabarcoding as an educational and scientific tool to raise public awareness and perform large-scale citizen science initiatives encompassing regional, national, or global fauna.

A new method to improve the pulse-jet cleaning performance of filter cartridges and its application to dust control in underground coal mines

Cartridge collectors are widely used in industry for the control of dust emissions, especially for fine particulate matter. Regular pulse-jet cleaning is necessary to remove the dust cake from the filter cartridge. Incomplete cleaning, however, is usually a challenging problem for the cartridge collector. To address this issue, this study proposes a new method to improve the cleaning effect of the filter cartridge by covering the filter with coating particles that could reduce the adhesion force between the dust layer and the filter media. Laboratory experiments have validated the effectiveness, which showed that using coating particles could improve the regeneration efficiency and reduce the residual dust mass in the pulse-jet cleaning. In addition, field tests in the coal mine have demonstrated that using coating particles could retard the decline in the airflow rate of the dust collector, allowing its dust removal efficiency to be maintained at a high level.

The effects of filter characteristics of single-filter cartridge on dust removal performance with simulation and experimental analysis.

To obtain the adaptability range of the single-filter cartridge dust collector, a numerical analysis of the key component (filter cartridge) that affects the filter performance of the dust collector is carried out. The study found that the filtration air velocity gradually decreases from the top A to the bottom C of the filter cartridge surface. During the filtration process, along the surface of the filter cartridge from C to A, the pressure first drops and then rises. At C, the negative pressure is the largest, with an average of about 525 Pa. The ineffective filtration area of section A of the upper part of the filter cartridge accounts for 2/5 of the filtration area, and the concentration of the first layer of dust is y = (0.01 ± a) + 0.02 × (0.08 ± b)x exponentially decreasing. The critical particle size range that the filter cartridge can filter dust is M≥1.87 μm, and the best dust removal range of the dust collector is N≥4.625 μm. An agreement between experiment and simulating results proves the validity of simulation model and reliability of the experimental data. Enterprises can choose a reasonable dust removal method based on the research results to optimize the adaptability of the working environment and the dust collector. It also provides a theoretical basis for researchers to solve the problems in the filtration and cleaning process.

Fouling investigation of cartridge filter (CF) used as “firewall” in a nanofiltration drinking water plant

The cartridge filter (CF) as a “firewall” is crucial between pretreatment and nanofiltration (NF) units, but CF fouling with risk has received limited attention. The systematic autopsy for CFs (CF1 and CF2) applied in a NF drinking water plant was conducted to reveal CF fouling profile. Herein, scale blocks, irregular-shaped particles, and stacked-floc clusters were observed as the main morphologies of foulants. The major elements from foulants included Fe, Ca, Al, Mg, Na, P, and Si. The dissolved matters especially bioproducts resulted in the secondary pollution of permeated water. Biofouling was mainly caused by Proteobacteria phyla, and consisted of a large proportion of polysaccharides (11% and 25.1%), proteins (10.3% and 22.7%), lipids (21.7% and 22.4%), respectively. In addition, an obvious contrast was observed regarding the antifouling performance of CFs. The surface scaling degree of CF1 with horizontal irregular loose-pleats was more serious than CF2 with vertical regular compact-pleats, while the latter with high-density pleats appeared the higher fouling potential due to a greater capacity for organic foulants in the inner layers of “firewall” and better bio-diversity and bio-evenness of microbial communities. This study provides a deeper insight into CF fouling and contributes to the application of CFs.

H2O Innovation's Piedmont secures international orders for housings and couplings

H2O Innovation Inc's independent subsidiary Piedmont recently secured 13 orders for fibreglass reinforced (FRP) cartridge filter housings, stainless steel duplex couplings and PiPerLinkTM permeate connectors.