Cartographic Models Research Articles

Торговая открытость российских регионов: трансформации во времени и влияние приграничного положения

Introduction. The foreign economic activity of Russia is significantly changing in the current geopolitical context. At the same time, the Russian regions are unevenly integrated into foreign markets. Purpose. The paper aims at assessing trade openness of the regions in terms of their transformations with the focus on the border regions which are considered to be potential leaders of the foreign trade. Materials and Methods. Trade openness of the Russian regions was analyzed with statistical indicators for exports and imports in 2010, 2015, and 2021. A hierarchical cluster analysis defined typology by the regions’ openness. This methodological approach deepened the analysis of the regions’ trade openness, including the border ones, and helped to comply cartographic models for the spatial organizations of the regions in question. Results. The study shows a relative stability of the leading, middle and lagging regions by their trade openness for the period under review. The leaders were characterized as the regions with high socio-economic indicators and developed infrastructure, as well as the cities of federal significance, while the regions with low indicators for socio-economic development turned out to be the outsiders. From a geographical perspective, changes in foreign trade activity in general and in different parts of the border are determined. The border location opportunities turned out to be not fully implemented in many parts of the border, although the study revealed that the regions located in various sections of the border showed the highest level of trading activity in time periods under analysis, which could also be explained by the geopolitical factor. Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate the transformation of the Russian space in terms of the regions’ economic openness. The proposed methodological tools can be used to continue monitoring these changes, especially in the current period of geopolitical shocks, to develop the most appropriate management decisions in setting the goals and priorities of foreign economic policy, including the ones at the regional level.

Cartographic modeling of soil degradation in the Poltava region (based on data of aggregated and integrated components)

Cartographic modeling of soil degradation in the Poltava region (based on data of aggregated and integrated components)

Картографический анализ пространственного распространения сибирской язвы в Таджикистане

Knowledge of the dynamics of the spread and the breadth of coverage of the territorial proximity of a particularly dangerous anthrax infection to certain regions form the right direction and organization of comprehensive anti-epizootic measures that allow the country to limit the spread of the nosounit or minimize it. Cartographic modeling of the spatial distribution of the potential nosoareal of anthrax is very relevant, which makes it possible to predict and determine the degree of risk of epizootics in the future. Regions with a higher probability of occurrence of epizootic foci, the level of potential threat and the geographical location of anthrax outbreaks observed in some regions of Tajikistan, closely related to climatic, demographic and agroeconomical factors, have been identified. A model of the epizootic process has been created, an integral element of which is epizootic zoning, differentiation depending on the intensity of the spread of the disease and the spatial structure of epizootic foci in Tajikistan 2000–2019.

Географический атлас «Территории традиционного природопользования Республики Саха (Якутия)»: Структура и информационное наполнение

The article discusses the current state of issues of atlas mapping of the territories of traditional nature use (TTPs) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It is shown that currently there are no such atlases in Russia, but there is a need to create them based on modern web mapping technologies, which will ensure accessibility for a wide range of users. The necessity of creating a geographical atlas “Territories of traditional nature use of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)”, which systematizes a knowledge about the peculiarities of residence and economic activity of indigenous peoples of the North in Yakutia in the form of a complex of maps, graphic materials and analytical texts, is substantiated. The structure and information content of the developed electronic atlas is presented, the content of sections is described, including various information resources used in the creation of maps. The main features of the thematic content of the atlas sections are highlighted. Examples of maps are given: “Population density of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)”, “Settlement of indigenous peoples of the North in the territories of traditional nature use of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)”. It is assumed that the atlas would be interesting to specialists from other Arctic regions of the Russian Federation, as it is planned to prepare an atlas in the form of a geoportal with the possibility of further replenishment of the database. The proposed solutions on the structure of the atlas, its information content, methods of cartographic display and functional capabilities can be subsequently implemented when creating similar cartographic models for other regions of residence and traditional nature use of indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Russian Far East.

Разработка электронных карт объектов культурного наследия Русского Севера

Now, interest in the exploration of territories located in the north of the Russian Federation is growing rapidly. The northern regions of the country began to play one of the key roles due to the redistribution of economic and financial flows, as well as increased attention to security and upholding Russian geopolitical interests. The concept of “Russian North” has moved from the category of ethno-historical to a rigid legal one and includes a list of administrative lands, where there are both huge mineral reserves and unique objects of nature and culture created by various peoples and ethnic groups. The use of geographic information systems (GIS) and maps as the results of the work of GIS is the most efficient, objective and visual tool for displaying cultural heritage objects for further use of knowledge on their functioning and conservation. This article demonstrates the experience of creating a series of electronic maps of cultural heritage objects on the territory of the Russian North (scale 1:6 500 000) based on geoinformation mapping using author’s classifications. The relevance of the study stems from the fact that at the moment there is no single unified database for mapping cultural heritage sites of the Russian North, and all cartographic materials and results of GIS operation that are in the public domain cannot provide all classification units in a single series of visual cartographic models. The article proposes for consideration three electronic maps: “Russian North. Objects of temple architecture of federal importance”, “Russian North. Objects of industrial and civil architecture of federal significance”, “Russian North. Objects of cultural heritage of regional significance”. It is proposed to introduce strict classifications of cultural heritage objects of the Russian North, which are logical for use on a series of electronic maps: categories (federal objects/regional objects), types of objects (monuments/ensembles/places of interest), content types (objects of temple/industrial and civil architecture, etc.) and the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The experience of developing electronic maps of the cultural heritage of the Russian North aims to unite all the objects of these unique territories according to various classifications in a single series of thematic maps and thereby make it possible to simplify decision-making for administrators at various levels when working with protected cultural heritage objects of the Russian North.

THE METHODOLOGY OF TERRITORY ZONING OF THE UKRAINIAN RIGHT-BANK POLISSIA FOR THE GASTRONOMIC TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PURPOSES

Scientific research is devoted to the problem of the gastronomic zoning methods of the Ukrainian Right-bank Polissia. The authors use the scientific facts of landscape, ethnographic, and soil science approaches to the gastronomic zoning of the Ukrainian Right-bank Polissia. The methodological basis of the scientific research is the methods of analysis and synthesis, information, classification, cybernetics, and geographic information mapping. The systematic approach is applied in the course of the scientific development, which presents a designed cartographic model of zoning for the purposes of gastronomic tourism. A territory zoning algorithm is created for the gastronomic tourism development, based on the gastronomic potential indicator of physical and geographical areas, taking into account the selected principles. The developed areas are combined on the principle of neighborhood as a result of integrated zoning, and are mostly homogeneous. A synthetic cartographic model of recipe territory zoning of the Ukrainian Right-bank Polissia has been created according to the level of gastronomic tourism development in the scale of 1: 3,500,000.

Natural degradation of spilt fuel oil on seacoasts: Modelling, mapping, and spatial analysis

In recent decades, numerous oil spills have occurred worldwide and affected coastal environments. In the present paper, we analysed the results of long-term (up to 18 years) field and laboratory studies of temporal changes in the quantity and composition of oil slicks and tar balls in different geographical environments polluted by spilt fuel oil, including the Atlantic coasts of France and Spain, the coasts of the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea in Russia. The empirical statistical model developed in this research allowed us to identify the most significant environmental parameters during the oil pollution transformation process. We used these parameters to evaluate the potential rates of natural degradation of spilt oil stranded ashore and to develop a cartographic model. This is the first time a study offers quantitative maps of the potential of spilt oil natural transformation rates. These maps can be used to identify the most vulnerable seacoasts and to optimise the clean-up techniques.

Heavy metals and micronutrients assessment in soil and groundwater using geospatial analyses under agricultural exploitation in dry areas

This study used a geospatial model to evaluate the regional distributions and buildup of various Heavy Metals (HM) and micronutrients as a result of groundwater irrigation used for lengthy periods in Egypt’s El-Kharga and El-Farafra oases, which were formed on western desert terrain, were the subject of the study. To fulfill this aim, field sampling of soil and groundwater was integrated with cartographic modeling. The evaluated HM concentrations in the water samples are below the permitted level for irrigation. The surface soil’s element concentrations were within acceptable limits. However, protracted mobility and a potency risk for soil smearing were not spotted. The apportionment of HM concentricity versus soil profundity showed that the assemblage was primarily in the topsoil. Future management plans should consider ongoing HM level monitoring. The lands are divided into three classes: II, III, and IV, according to their capabilities, while the soils are divided into three classes based on their suitability: moderately suitable class S2, marginally acceptable class S3, and permanently unsuitable class N2. Additionally, soil fertility and quality were categorized into low and moderate categories. Land evaluations indicate that they are promising areas for agricultural investment under the conditions of using modern agricultural techniques. The most important results of the study are that the non-technical use of irrigation water in some areas has exacerbated the problems of salinity, especially in those where the drainage characteristics are poor. Concentrations of HM were found only in agricultural areas adjacent to urban areas and poor drainage, especially in agricultural areas reclaimed for more than 50 years. High concentrations of HM were also found in shallow wells close to the same places, and there were no significant concentrations in blind wells. The main recommendation of the study is the necessity of using modern agricultural and irrigation systems in those places.

Entropy approach to assessment of the ecological state of a water course

Purpose. Water quality assessment of the Dnipro Reservoir using the entropy index. Methods. Analytical-synthetic method, geo-informational (cartographic modeling), analysis of information sources, entropy analysis. Results. It was established that the water does not meet the upper limit of the 1st quality class according to DSTU 4808:2007 by all parameters except BOD5, COD and suspended matter. There is a decrease in the level of BOD5 at posts in the city of Dnipro, which indicates the entry into the watercourse of substances that inhibit biochemical processes (t4 and t5) and a gradual increase of this indicator at the exit from the city and further downstream, which indicates the entry of organic substances. The oxygen content decreases in the part of the watercourse located in the city (t4 - t6) and increases in the middle and lower part of the reservoir. There is also a trend of growth of sulfates, nitrogen compounds, phosphates, SPAR and COD for control points located within the city of Dnipro. The highest values of the entropy index of water quality are characteristic of points t2 (0.5444), t7 (0.6264) and t8 (0.5322). These control points are located at a considerable distance from industrial centers, so pollution caused by agricultural production probably plays a decisive role in the formation of water quality. The lowest value of the index (0.3889) is characteristic of item t1 - s. Shulgivka, after GVK Dnipro-Donbas. Conclusions. It was established that the main water pollutants are nitrites, nitrates, phosphates and suspended solids. It can cause a negative impact on health due to mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, and also accelerates the eutrophication of the water body. A negative impact of agro-industrial production on the ecological condition of the Dnieper Reservoir is observed. The value of the entropy index of water quality ranges from 0.3889 to 0.6264.

Environmental assessment of the water quality of the Kaniv reservoir

Safe drinking water is a basic requirement for good health. Fresh water is already a limited resource in many parts of the world. In the next century, it will become even more limited due to population growth, urbanization and climate change. Purpose. Provide a comprehensive assessment of the water quality of the Kaniv Reservoir based on the calculation of the Water Quality Index (WQI). Methods. Analytical-synthetic method, geo-information (cartographic modeling), analysis of information sources, mathematical modeling. Results. There is an increase in BOD, COD and dissolved oxygen content in the area of the Kaniv Reservoir from the hydropost 500 m above the Bortnytsky Aeration Station (BAS) to the hydropost 2 km below the Kanivska Hydropower Station’s dam. The only exception is the hydropost 500 m below the BAS, for which the corresponding values are the largest, and the BOD indicator exceeds the established standards by 1.5 times. Ammonium content 500 m below BAS exceeds the standards established by Directive 98/83/EC by almost 3 times. Exceeding the normative values for the content of sulfates and chlorides and suspended substances were not recorded. The least polluted water is observed at hydrostations located below Ukrainka and Pereyaslav-Khmelnytskyi. The highest value of the water quality index is 242, which is typical for the hydropost 500 m above the BAS and corresponds to the value of the worst quality. Conclusions. It was in the immediate vicinity of the city of Kyiv that the water turned out to be the most polluted. This may indicate the imperfection of industrial, domestic and agricultural wastewater treatment systems. For the hydropost 500 m below the BAS, excesses of the normative values for the parameters of ammonium and BOD content were also recorded, while other parameters are either at the limit of the norm or approaching it. Studies of the water quality of the Kaniv Reservoir showed that its quality according to the WQI indicator varies from 59 to 242 (from low to the worst). Accordingly, such water, in the absence of another source, can be used for drinking after passing proper multi-stage purification.

Electronic cartographic GIS models of the environmental state of the Dniester canyon

The Dniester Canyon is a deep gorge, 100-120-140 m, between the Podil Upland on the left bank and the Carpathian and Prut-Dniester Uplands on the right bank. The canyon is famous for its classic geological sections of the Silurian and Devonian systems, between which there is a gradual transition. There are only four such incisions in the world: ours, as well as in the Czech Republic, Scotland and the United States. Great geomorphological attractiveness of the canyon: two Upper Pleocene supra-canyon and five Quaternary intra-canyon river terraces; caves, waterfalls, travertine formations, bizarre rocks of physical and chemical weathering. The rocky flora and fauna are protected by natural monuments, reserves, regional landscapes and natural national parks. These objects are listed in the Red and Green Books. Therefore, the Dniester Canyon was chosen as one of the seven wonders of nature. That is why it is necessary to preserve this national heritage for present and future generations. To do this, environmental safety systems are developed by GIS mapping methods. The electronic cartographic material in geoinformation systems are digital or vector maps. The Vector maps are created based on the registration of raster scanned map material or satellite images. Vector layers can be interpolated or created from thematic maps using databases. Most often, measuring operations in GIS packages are implemented in the form of special functions and presented as a separate menu item. Such functions include: measurement (determination) of point coordinates; measurement of distances between two specified coordinates (with or without taking into account the three-dimensional coordinate system); measuring the length of a straight or broken line; measuring the length of the perimeter of the polygon; measuring the area of the landfill; measurement of volumes using the surface and cutting plane. Selection operations help the user to get exactly the information he needs at the moment of working with GIS. The selection of the necessary part of information from one or more cartographic databases is carried out using queries.

Cartographic technique for determining areas of soil contamination by heavy metals

ABSTRACT Soils are the interface of streams of matter and energy. In the modern world, they are constantly under man-made pressure, not least from pollution, so we need to monitor their status. If we know the points of impact, we can model the flows of solid particles and salts in solution, predict the trajectory of pollutants and, thereby, reduce the number of samples needed in a monitoring scheme. This is especially useful in areas of subdued relief where it is hard to see the zones of concentration. Sampling points may be selected according to accumulative surface curvature that separates shedding zones from the receiving zones where sampling should be concentrated. The cartographic model clearly indicates the zones of concentration and, so, minimises the chance of sampling the wrong places.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of degraded lands in the Cogalnic basin in the 21st century

The paper analyses the degree of damage to the territory of the Cogâlnic river basin by landslides and linear erosion, characteristics expressed by numerical indices as the ratio of the areas affected by these processes to the total surface of the reference territorial unit. For this, cartographic models of the dynamics of degraded land areas were developed for the years 2004 and 2020. The main territorial units that need to be protected to mitigate linear erosion are highlighted.

Population biobank as a basis for determining spatial variation of clinically relevant pharmacogenetic biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases

The introduction of pharmacogenetic tests among the Russian population faces a fundamental limitation — pronounced genetic differences between populations. The genetic geography of pharmacogenetic markers of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) helps to remove these limitations.Aim. To reveal the spatial variation of the gene pools of the indigenous European Russian population in terms of DNA markers that are significant for the pharmacotherapy of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) using the population biobank collections.Material and methods. A total of 3170 samples from 61 populations of the Biobank of Northern Eurasia, which represents the gene pools of the indigenous Eastern Europe population, were studied using two pharmacogenetic DNA marker arrays as follows: 60 most significant markers and 24 markers associated with CVDs. Using the multivariate statistics and genetic geography, a comparison of gene pool variation was made.Results. A cartographic atlas has been created that includes maps of the distribution among the Eastern Europe population of 24 pharmacogenetic CVD markers. These cartographic models allow various specialists to analyze patterns in the distribution of pharmacogenetic markers. General patterns are supplemented by regional studies in the North Caucasus, the Cisurals and the Russian Plain, which identify population groups with similar pharmacogenetic status. For each region, a comparison of gene pool variation for two arrays of above-mentioned DNA markers was made.Conclusion. The created atlas is the basis for the development of pharmacogenetic studies conducted by genetic geography methods using a single panel of markers and representative samples provided by population biobanks. The reliability of the results is ensured by a detailed genealogical and population annotation of each biobank sample and representative samples from the populations.

Geomarketing approach to cartographic modeling of tourist demand

Geomarketing approach to cartographic modeling of tourist demand

ASSESSMENT OF THE STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS OF THE AMANKARAGAI PINE FOREST USING REMOTE SENSING DATA

The article reflects the dynamics of the structure of woodlands, using methods of remote sensing of the Earth (remote sensing). The research area is represented by the Amankaragai island pine forest, located in the Auliekolsky district of the Kostanay region of Kazakhstan. Changes in forest cover in the time interval from 1993 to 2021 were considered. Data sources are represented by multispectral channels received from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI satellites. The research method was based on a cartographic model of Forest Canopy Density (FCD). The FCD model is relevant for assessing the state of forests and identifying changes in them. It uses 4 factors: vegetation, soil denudation, shade from the forest crown and temperature, expressed in the corresponding indices. The Advanced vegetation index (AVI), the open soil index (Bare soil index - BI), the Canopy shadow index (SI) and the thermal index (Thermal index – TI) are the initial parameters for calculating the forest crown. The calculations were carried out using the ArcGIS Desktop v10.6 software. The final results of the study showed the distribution of the density of woodlands in the study area in the following categories: dense, medium, sparse forests and treeless.

ON THE APPLICATION OF EFFECTIVE METHODS OF ORGANIZATION OF GEODETIC AND CARTOGRAPHIC WORKS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

The purpose of the study was determined by new requirements and significant tasks of the promising development of the cartographic and geodetic industry of the country, which were designated as the development of scientific foundations for the use of the latest technologies of system mapping and cartographic modeling, the search for new types, types of maps that would thoroughly reproduce the relationship and dynamics of natural and socio-economic phenomena, and the like. The use of GNS and GIS technologies, remote sensing of the Earth, will certainly help to accelerate the solution of problems related to the creation and updating of topographic maps and plans. The use of different coordinate systems, an excellent mapping system and nomenclature makes it difficult to solve them. At the same time, modern technologies, the study and application of the experience of specialists from other countries will make it possible to carry out all these processes efficiently and rationally.
 The article describes the experience of using effective methods of organization of geodetic and cartographic work abroad on the example of the analysis of work in the Czech Republic.
 The set goal and objectives of the research led to the use of general scientific approaches, logical laws of drawing conclusions, and special methods of cognition. In carrying out the tasks, the research was based on the world experience of using the descriptive method, the comparative historical method (comparativism), the historical and typological method based on complex and systematic approaches. The information base of the research was collections of scientific papers, periodical professional publications, Internet resources, regulatory documents.

Cartographic modeling of the geomorphic suitability in Kirkuk Governorate using geographic information systems (GIS)

The cartographic modeling of the geomorphic suitability is one of the studies that received an impression and a scientific orientation at the present time due to its modernity and accuracy in the results. Its area was (4405.14 km2) (2504.48 km2), respectively, according to the landforms, while according to the type of agriculture, its uses were (7455,318 km2) according to the type of tourist irrigation.The research came out with a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the study area is considered one of the appropriate areas according to forms or according to use and among the areas that are characterized by the foundations of agricultural development or other types of development, and among the recommendations that the study emphasizes is preparing studies based on the geomorphic suitability of agricultural crops or economic development.

Spatial Interpolation of Gravimetric Soil Moisture Using EM38-mk Induction and Ensemble Machine Learning (Case Study from Dry Steppe Zone in Volgograd Region).

The implementation of the sustainable management of the interaction between agriculture and the environment requires an increasingly deep understanding and numerical description of the soil genesis and properties of soils. One of the areas of application of relevant knowledge is digital irrigated agriculture. During the development of such technologies, the traditional methods of soil research can be quite expensive and time consuming. Proximal soil sensing in combination with predictive soil mapping can significantly reduce the complexity of the work. In this study, we used topographic variables and data from the Electromagnetic Induction Meter (EM38-mk) in combination with soil surface hydrological variables to produce cartographic models of the gravimetric soil moisture for a number of depth intervals. For this purpose, in dry steppe zone conditions, a test site was organized. It was located at the border of the parcel containing the irrigated soybean crop, where 50 soil samples were taken at different points alongside electrical conductivity data (ECa) measured in situ in the field. The modeling of the gravimetric soil moisture was carried out with the stepwise inclusion of independent variables, using methods of ensemble machine learning and spatial cross-validation. The obtained cartographic models showed satisfactory results with the best performance R2cv 0.59–0.64. The best combination of predictors that provided the best results of the model characteristics for predicting gravimetric soil moisture were geographical variables (buffer zone distances) in combination with the initial variables converted into the principal components. The cartographic models of the gravimetric soil moisture variability obtained this way can be used to solve the problems of managed irrigated agriculture, applying fertilizers at variable rates, thereby optimizing the use of resources by crop producers, which can ultimately contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources.

Geographical systematization of UNESCO World Heritage Sites


 
 
 The article presents the results of inventory checking of objects of natural and cultural heritage of mankind. Preservation of cultural heritage has been noted as an important task during any period in history. The article specifies what objects can be considered cultural or natural heritage of mankind. We describe what advantages the status of world heritage site give to the site itself and to the country as a whole. The existence of the UNESCO World Heritage List allows one to identify a number of unresolved issues regarding the protection and preservation of cultural heritage in the countries. Despite the fact that the UNESCO World Heritage List is the object of scientific attention of many authors, the data presented in their publications are outdated and therefore unable to provide current coverage of the geographical structure of the World Heritage, as it is quite dynamic and changing every year. We analyzed researches on the chosen subject by domestic and foreign authors, finding that the main array of scientific publications for the query “UNESCO World Heritage” offers studies of the effects of UNESCO sites on tourist flows or the tourist brand of the region or country. At the same time, there is a range of scientific publications criticizing the very existence of the UNESCO World Heritage List, as well as the current criteria for nomination and inclusion of sites in the UNESCO World Heritage, uneven distribution of sites between developing and developed countries – geopolitical axis “North – South” and the lack of effective protection and conservation mechanisms in the UNESCO and even in the UN, even for places already included in the List of Sites. At the same time, there is a lack of geographical research on the distribution of the UNESCO World Heritage sites and complete absence of research on the territorial organization of intangible cultural heritage sites. A historiographical analysis of UNESCO World Heritage sites has been carried out, and the dynamics of changes in the number of sites has been analyzed. The article presents structural-territorial analysis of the distribution of objects : we determined absolute and relative indicators of the number of objects by macroregions and types, analyzed the typological ratio of objects within the regions, and identified the leading and outsider countries of each region. A cartographic model of the distribution of objects by the planet is presented. The expediency of regular monitoring of the current state of recreational and tourist resources of world importance and analysis of the tendency of deterioration or improvement of the related situation regarding non-compliance with the norms of protection and preservation of cultural and natural monuments is substantiated. We also analyzed the territorial distribution of the “Under threat” list, which includes 53 objects from 33 countries. The article contains our ideas about the prescriptive rather than the recommendatory nature of the remarks of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, which could radically effect the elimination of all processes that threaten UNESCO sites. Territorial analysis of the distribution of intangible cultural heritage of mankind has been carried out.