Cartographic Activities Research Articles

Historical structuring and technological evolution of the national geodetic network of Chile - horizontal

The Military Geographic Institute (IGM) wasset up in accordance with the Decree Law N°1.664 of the 29th of August, 1922 and is currently the official technical and permanent service of the State, in all geographic matters, in compliance with the second point of Article N.° 2 of Law N.° 15284 of 1963. Among the most important of its tasks is the mission of providing a Reference Frame in accordance with the requirements of the international standards of each epoch, for the production of geo-referenced information. The National Geodesic Network (RGN in Spanish initials) has been thereference framefor all geodesic and cartographic activities and portrayals over time. It is made up of geodesic points set up at strategic locations across and along this territory, measured and calculated by this Institute; these have plane, geographic and altitude coordinate values. Currently, the horizontal component of the SIRGAS-Chile RGN consists of a set of Continuous Operation Reference Stations (CORS), providing daily GNSS data and official coordinates for the various uses of national development.Chile, due to its special geographic situation, arising from its location and its long, narrow, and elongated territory has had to adopt, over time, various geodesic reference systems in accordance with the requirements of international organisations that support and promote geodesy. Moreover, since 1922, these reference systems have evolved due to substantial progress in technology, defining a RGN that is modern and precise at this time.

Significant results of Serbian military topographical and cartographical activities

Serbian military topographic and cartographic activity has existed for almost 150 years. During that time, a relatively small country like Serbia faced difficult temptations but successfully produced topographic maps. During this period, Serbia was affected by numerous wars and other trials. First, there was a war for liberation with the Turkish Empire, then came the Balkan Wars, the First and Second World Wars and the transformation of Yugoslavia from a kingdom into a socialist state, as well as the final disintegration of Yugoslavia. During all that time, the Serbian army managed to create maps that were a necessary tool used by many civilian institutions. Serbian military topography developed solutions related to geodetic surveying, and cartography provided and developed many maps of different scales with appropriate cartographic keys. Although it often faced difficult situations, the Military Geographical Institute - MGI managed to recover, train new personnel, and continue with topographic surveying, map making, aerial photogrammetry, application of satellite images and implementation of digital technology. In this paper, we provide primary data on the development of military cartographic and topographic activity through a presentation of results and activities from establishing the Military Geographical Institute to the present day. The topographic activity, in addition to topography, includes trigonometric and levelling surveying.

Технология создания сводных классификаторов цифровых топографических карт

The authors describe the technology of creating a summary style of displaying digital topographic maps (DTM) for a certain scale. The technology enables subjects of geodesic and cartographic activities that create and process spatial data in the form of DTMs to reduce labor costs at forming coatings from several DTMs made with classifiers of different release years (at different times), as well as their correct visualization. The method consists of five steps, representing both automated processes and those requiring manual work of specialists in the field of digital cartography and geoinformatics. During the development of the technology, several software utilities were established to minimize the time required to make a summary style of the DTM display with newly specified source data. One of the stages is creating a transcoding table of the DTM object composition. It can be used by GIS and information technology developers

Engagement, communication and context: the success of the human-map nexus

ABSTRACT The communication paradigm was adopted by cartographic researchers in the 1960s as a means of describing and explaining the nature of mapping; the interaction amongst cartographers, their maps, and map users; and the way in which maps ‘work'. This paper considers some of the shortcomings of the cartographic communication paradigm, but proposes that enhancing it by incorporating modifications to its rigid linear and component-based model is useful, in trying to explain the success of maps in human society. The enhancements discussed all contribute to a deeper investigation of the ‘context' of cartographic activity, the model space which the traditional graphical representations of cartographic communication occupy. Thus, we present an exploration of several topics which it is felt could be incorporated into a deeper analysis of context: the concept of affordances; the role of cognition in human engagement with geospatial data and with maps; the nature of communication through the map medium; and the adoption of carto-pragmatics, a human-centred approach to map use. It is concluded that there are inherent relationships among these topics and each suffuses the total cartographic communication system, and each of its previously identified elements, therefore affecting the definition of ‘context’.

Florence Heritage data System. Un modello di controllo e valutazione per i siti Patrimonio Mondiale

Florence Heritage Data System is part of the projects for the protection and enhancement of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL), contributing to the knowledge, use, protection and management of the Historic Centre of Florence. The main target is creationing a World Heritage sites control and evaluation model, using the system of data and techniques to evaluate architectural and urban restoration projects, in the context of dynamic transformations, on the historicized fabric. A necessary tool for the Florence World Heritage and Relations with UNESCO Office; it is usefull to the Periodic Reports, to the evaluations of the territorialized discipline and of the specific regulation on World Heritage (HIA), for the integration and identification of «elements of heritage» within «transformation projects», architectural diagnostics and cultural heritage cataloging and cartographic activities.

Geological expeditions and routes of M. Y. Lebedev: theoretical and practical results


 
 
 A set of geological expeditions and routes carried out by M. Y. Lebedev through- out his life was determined for the first time. The specified complex in the context of the set research purpose is analyzed. The purpose of the study is to identify and consider the main geological routes of expeditionary practice of the outstanding geologist M. Y. Lebedev and to generalize practically and theoretically the consequences of their implementation and its organizational activities in the field of geology. The study is based on a combination of theoretical provisions of geological research and the principles of application of the evidence base of historical and natural research. The main geological expeditions, in which M. Y. Lebedev took part, are studied and analyzed, their results are considered and generalized, and the organizational achievements of the scientist are clarified. It was found that the expeditionary practice gave Lebedev the opportunity to accumulate a complex of various geological materials, most of which were innovative. Each of these complexes became the basis for obtaining new theoretical results. The development and application of paleontological methods by M.Y. Lebedev were of particular importance. The method of stratigraphic paleontology developed by him allowed substantiating the new methodology of research of coal deposits of the Donetsk basin. The significance of Lebedev’s activity in the development of Azerbaijani oil production, in particular, the determination of the oil potential the Caspian Seabed near Baku, is pointed out. The cartographic activity of the scientist is described. The influence of M. Y. Lebedev on the formation of the geological service and higher geological education in Ukraine is estimated. The results of the study testified to the diversity of M.Y. Lebedev’s ex- peditionary practice and its role in his formation as a geologist of the European level; its significance in the development of theoretical and practical components of M.Y. Lebedev’s activity was determined, his formation as an organizer of geological research and higher geological education.
 
 

Ph. J. von Strahlenberg und seine Karte der Grossen Tatarei (zwei Briefe Strahlenbergs an J.Ph. Breyne, 1723 und 1724)

This contribution introduces two letters sent by Ph.J. von Strahlenberg (1676–1747) from Stockholm to Danzig to the famous scholar and collector J.Ph. Breyne (1680– 1764), in 1723 and 1724. Their aim was to get support in locating funds for the production of a new map of the Russian Empire. It was supposed to surpass all previous ones, including earlier ones compiled by Strahlenberg himself, in terms of accuracy and completeness of information, especially in relation to the vast territories in the east. The data was collected by Strahlenberg and his co-author J.A. Matern during their stay in Siberia (Tobolsk) as Swedish prisoners of war. The former happened to take part in the expedition of D.G. Messerschmidt, who in turn allowed him to make the acquaintance of J.Ph. Breyne. The letters contain important information about the initial stages of work on the map, and especially about Strahlenberg’s attempts to raise money for it by announcing a subscription. As to Breyne, Strahlenberg counted on his authority among Europe‘s educated elite. The letters are preserved in the Gotha Research Library (Germany) and are published here for the first time. The presentation of the letters themselves is preceded by an introduction containing a survey of Strahlenberg’s cartographic activities. Furthermore, several documents preserved in the St. Petersburg Branch of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences have been used.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ДАНИХ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО ЗОНДУВАННЯ ЗЕМЛІ В СИСТЕМІ ТОПОГЕОДЕЗИЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ

The widespread use of remote sensing data (RSD) in solving the tasks of topogodetic support of the troops and during the conduct of hostilities is one of the modern development trends. Earth remote sensing data provide accurate, reliable, reliable, operational and up-to-date information about terrain, areas, and observation objects. Its modern means allow for round-the-clock continuous observation in almost any weather conditions and for any region of the globe, to determine the coordinates of the objects of observation with an accuracy from 0.03-0.5 m to several meters. Remote sensing methods allow continuous topographic reconnaissance, gathering information in hard-to-reach areas, in temporarily inaccessible territories. RSD materials are used for compiling, updating and correcting topographic, digital, electronic maps, for compiling special maps, photo documents, descriptions and information about the area, etc. A complete transition to remote methods of terrain research is especially appropriate during hostilities, primarily due to its remoteness, economy of expenditure of funds, workers and time for cartographic work. The research and appropriate combination of various methods of land surveying allows to obtain accurate, high-quality data and to solve the tasks of topographic support faster, more quickly and more efficiently. Improving the use of remote sensing data when performing such tasks of topogodetic support as creating photoplans, photoschemes, photomaps, maps of terrain changes, updating, operational correction of maps, etc. allows you to improve the process of cartographic activities, save money and time for work. RSD is the basis, and sometimes the only source document for creating maps. Since there are no operational satellites in Ukraine, and aerial photography is carried out with limited capabilities, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), due to their advantages, are a promising method of obtaining data about the terrain. Data obtained from UAVs are relevant, timely, accurate, and relatively easy to process. The adoption of UAVs in the Topographic Service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine will allow to increase the efficiency and accuracy of the tasks assigned, to improve the performance of a number of cartographic works.

PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF THE EXPERT RESEARCH OF LAND PLOT IMPOSITION

The article is devoted to the study of the aspects of the absence and sufficient justification of the terms that are used in the conduct of forensic land-technical examinations. The provisions of the laws of Ukraine “On Land Management”, “On the State Land Cadastre”, and “On topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities” of the Land Code of Ukraine are analyzed. The actual absence of terms (imposition of land plots, a spot of overlapping land plots) and substantiation of the specified terms was found. The interpretation of the process of overlaying land plots is investigated. The introduction of the terms “imposition of land plots” and “spot of overlapping land plots” is proposed. The term “imposition of land plots” is formulated as a section (models) of land plots of planes or their parts, designed in a certain coordinate system, with other planes (models of land plots) or their parts. It is proposed to designate a closed geometric figure formed by the intersection of planes (models of land plots) in a certain unified coordinate system, to use the term “land overlay spot”. An alternative research method is proposed, which is based on the analysis of official documents and / or technical documentation on land management with subsequent modeling of the data obtained during the analysis. Key words: overlay of land plots, boundaries of land plots, spots of overlay of land plots, boundaries of a land plot, location of land plots, modeling

Possibilities of geoinformational analysis for assessment of the state and directions of development of geodetic support of the territory of Ukraine

Abstract Topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities are one of the main activities for the effective development of the economy, science of strengthening national security and defense. It is a set of management, production, scientific and educational activities for the storage and communication to users of geodetic and cartographic information and data. The article considers one of the segments of this activity – the state of geodetic support of the territory of Ukraine and its assessment according to official data on the possibility of creating topographic maps and plans of scale 1:25 000 – 1:2000 in compliance with applicable regulations. To carry out the assessment, around the points of the State Geodetic Network of Ukraine (DGM) buffer zones of radii of circles of standard sizes were constructed, zoning of the territory with Thissen-Voronoi polygons and covering of the territory in the form of a hexagonal grid were done by means of ArcGIS. The results of the current assessment as of 2022 conducted by three methods are summarized in the table in terms of oblasts of Ukraine. The data obtained are compared to the previous assessment conducted five years ago. Changes in the state of geodetic support have been identified and their objective reasons explained. The advantages and disadvantages of each of the proposed methods of geoinformation analysis of the assessment of the state of geodetic support of the territories are given. It is established that the combination of different methods will allow to use the existing points of DGM with greater efficiency and to substantiate the priority places for further development of the network. The complex of scientific and applied works related to the modernization of the state geodetic network will allow to quickly and locally develop a network based on satellite and computer technologies and create and present digital cartographic information at the modern scientific and technical level in accordance with current needs.

A New Paradigm of Home-Mapping for Literary Cartography

A New Paradigm of Home-Mapping for Literary Cartography

Observational astronomy and the mapping of Brazil at the turn of the 20th century

When, in 1822, Brazil declared its independence from Portugal, its vast territory was little known by the central government in Rio de Janeiro. There was a great need to create reliable maps that would delineate the new country’s boundaries. This paper aims to show how a practical application of astronomy, specifically geodesy, was vital in the efforts to build the nation. We follow the professional life of an astronomer, Luis Cruls, director of the National Observatory, professor at the Military School and chief researcher of several expeditions, to discuss the strength of geodesic and cartographic activities in Brazil at the end of the 19th century.

Optimization of the lists of specialties of secondary vocational education

A justification is given for the need to change the current list of the specialties of vocational education. New approaches to the formation of the list of specialties, developed by NARC, are shown. The results of optimization of the list of vocational schools in the field of cartographic - geodetic and land management activities are given. The content and elements of the preparatory and main stages of the work of the industry project group are considered. A method for assessing the identity of disciplines based on the names of general professional disciplines is given. The results of a comparative analysis of general professional disciplines, including the above assessment method, and a draft composition of specialties in secondary vocational education are presented. Conclusions are drawn about the trend in the training of universal specialists in geodetic and cartographic activities, cadastral and land management works.

System and organizational structure of public administration in the field of land management, geodesy, cartography and land cadastre

Issues related to land relations occupy an important place in the activities of the state. The implementation of state land policy involves the implementation of public authorities activities in the field of land relations, aimed at rational use and protection of land, ensuring food security of the country and creating environmentally friendly conditions for economic activity and residence of citizens. The quality of state land policy is determined taking into account the criteria (requirements) of proper state management of land resources contained in the recommendations of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
 The results of the analysis of the real situation in Ukraine allow us to state that today these measures have not been fully implemented. The state land policy can be considered as being in the process of formation and not fully meeting European and world criteria and requirements for proper land management. Today in Ukraine there is no approved at the legislative level of the general strategy for the development of land resources and land relations [1].
 Among a wide range of public administration entities in the field of land relations, organizational activities of public administration in the field of land management, geodesy, cartography and land cadastre, has a separate system of entities designed in accordance with regulations to ensure implementation of state policy in the field of national infrastructure of geospatial data, topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities, land relations, land management, in the field of state land cadastre, state supervision (control) in the agro-industrial complex in terms of compliance with land legislation, use and protection of lands of all categories and forms of ownership, soil fertility.
 On the basis of the analysis of normative-legal regulation the article defines the range of subjects of public administration of general, special and subject competence in the field of land management, geodesy, cartography and land cadastre.

Changes in legislation in the field of geodesy and cartography as a part of the legal mechanism for the formation of the system of the Unified State Register of Real Estate

The article analyzes the main changes in legislation in the field of licensing cartographic and geodetic activities.

Land use management: problems of protection of basic national wealth

The Ukrainian people, with the votes of 90.3% of those who took part in the All-Ukrainian referendum on December 1, 1991 in support of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine, confirmed their right to land established by the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine. According to the Constitution of Ukraine, land is recognized as the main national wealth, which is under special protection of the state. The State Committee of Ukraine for Land Resources was established in 1992 of , which was directly subordinated to the Cabinet of Ministers and implemented the state policy in the field of land relations was carried out by the said central executive body.Beginning in 2000, the State Committee was transformed into the State Agency, which in 2008 was reorganized into the State Committee, then returned to its previous name, and in 2014 was transformed into the State Service of Ukraine for Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre (State Geocadastre). For the latter body, the powers to implement state policy in the field of geospatial data infrastructure, topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities instead of implementing state policy in the field of land relations became decisive. Land relations are public relations concerning the possession, use and disposal of land. They are represented by a separate branch of law - land, which belongs to its profiling branches. This branch exists in direct connection with the basic (fundamental) branches of law that regulate primary social relations. Topographic, geodetic and cartographic activities, the sphere of national infrastructure of geospatial data do not belong to land relations. The activities of the State Agency have been directed and coordinated by five Ministries for 17 years. The implementation of state policy in the field of land relations has become a secondary task for the second body. The purpose of the studyis to analyze the process of transformation of public authorities on the formation and implementation of state land policy, its impact on land use in the state and justification of directions and ways to preserve the main national wealth. It is established that imperfection in the field of land use and protection management and the lease model of agricultural land use have deprived the economic motivation to introduce soil protection technologies in production, due to which most of the soil cover is in pre-crisis condition. A stable negative balance of humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium has been formed in agroecosystems. That was recognized as an urgent comprehensive program to neutralize challenges and threats in the environmental sphere, the National Security and Defense Council adopted a decision on this issue in March 2021.The paper focuses on the reference to state control of land use, supports the idea of improving the content of land monitoring and the procedure for its conduct, suggests ways to increase the role of state bodies in improving the land management system

Ликвидация геодезической и картографической службы страны через призму времени

The article considers the problems of legal, organizational, scientific and technical crisis in the field of geodesy and cartography. It discloses the proposals of the Russian Society of Geodesy, Cartography and Land Management in such areas of improving legislation and law enforcement in the field of geodetic and cartographic activities as the state coordinate system and local coordinate systems, scientific support in the field of geodesy and cartography, the federal executive authority in the field of geodesy and cartography, legal regulation in the field of geodesy and cartography. It gives a brief history of the reorganization of the national cartographic and Geodetic service from the Main Department of Cartog-raphy under the Council of Ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) in 1991 to the Public Legal Company "Roskadastr" in 2022. The articles analyses the consequences of the planned reorganization in 2022 by joining JSC "Roskartografiya" and the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Center for Geodesy, Cartography and Spatial Data Infrastructure" to the Public the legal company "Roskadastr".

The legal features of the introduction of the state land cadastre

Formulation of the problem. At the present stage of development of land relations in Ukraine, the activity related to the maintenance of the state land cadastre is of great importance and is intended to collect information and inform the participants of land relations about the real value and legal regime of each land plot in Ukraine. Such activity requires effective legal support because maintenance of the state land cadastre requires clear and transparent procedures for entering information into it and receiving information from its registry. Recent research on the topic. Problems of legal regulation of the maintenance of the state land cadastre has not received a wide coverage. Among the most revealing researches it is necessary to emphasize the dissertation of N. Grabovets , in which the subject of research was the legal support of the main types of land cadastral activity, and the scientific study of O. I. Sidorchuk , in which the legal aspects of the order of maintenance of natural resource cadastres were discussed. Legal aspects of maintaining the state land cadastre can be found in scientific works of A. G. Borovitskaya, N. O. Kuchakovskaya and Z. V. Yaremak. Currently, a comprehensive study of the legal regulation of the state land cadastre has not been conducted in the domestic literature. The purpose of this study is to determine the legal specifics of maintaining the state land cadastre. Article’s main body. Scientific research is devoted to determination of legal peculiarities of introduction of the state land cadastre. It was found that the legal regulation of the state land cadastre must be a relationship between landowners and landowners, the state, state entities and the community. The foundation of the legal regulation of the state land cadastre is the Constitution of Ukraine, which states that the laws of Ukraine determine the principles of land use exclusively. However, it should be noted that the main legal act on the maintenance of the state land cadastre is the Law of Ukraine "On the State Land Cadastre". In addition, some provisions concerning the maintenance of the state land cadastre are reflected in the Land Code of Ukraine, the laws of Ukraine "On Land Assessment", "On Land Surveying", "On Topographic and Geodesic and Cartographic Activities" and several bylaws. As a result of the conducted research it was established that the complex interconnected process of maintaining the state land cadastre requires a clear legal support for its organization. Law norms that regulate the organization of the areas of cadastral activities, including those related to the maintenance of the state land cadastre, are contained in different legal acts, which leads to the need for their systematization in a single legal act. Conclusions and prospects for the development. As a result of the conducted research it was established that the complex interrelated process of maintaining the state land cadastre requires a clear legal support for its organization. However, legal norms that regulate the organization of the areas of cadastral activity, including those related to the maintenance of the state land cadastre, are contained in different legal acts, which leads to the need for their systematization in a single legal act.

Game as a scientific and methodological basis of modern geodetic education

Modern level of scientific and technical development in the field of geodetic and cartographic activity associated with the use of satellite geodetic methods, the widespread introduction of new technical means and technologies, requires highly qualified specialists who are able to solve complex production and scientific problems in the field of geodesy. This is the reason for the new teaching methods’ emergence. It is worth noting that the evaluative control implementation of knowledge, skills and abilities in a playful form allows the teacher to provide the necessary assistance to the student in a timely manner, to guide him, develops and activates the independent work of students, and also creates comfortable conditions for successful mental activity formation.

ГЛОБАЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА ОТСЧЕТА И ЕЕ ЛОКАЛЬНАЯ РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ – ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ СИСТЕМА КООРДИНАТ 2011 ГОДА

The article highlights the issue of interpreting reference stations networks as a local realization of the global reference system. The substantiation of the proposed approach is given and its advantages are shown. The rationale for the proposed approach is given and its advantages are shown. In particular, the top block in the structure of the formation of the Russian state coordinate system (GSK‑2011) is the fundamental astronomical and geodetic network. It is a regional realization of a global reference system. The creation of GSK‑2011 was carried out with a focus on the global International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) however geodynamic processes affecting the displacement of reference points relative to the center of the Earth's masses play a different role in the time evolution of systems. Such processes in GSK‑2011 are not subject to accounting, since the system was created to conduct various types of applied geodetic and cartographic activities in it. In this case, taking into account the constant change in the coordinates of reference points is almost never implied. In this regard, the asynchronous movement of the Russian state coordinate system (GSK‑2011) with the global reference system (ITRS) began to lead to inconsistencies in the results of high-precision positioning performed at different times, by different methods. Based on this, the necessity to find a way of matching GSK‑2011 to ITRS is urgent. The article presents the rates of change of the match parameters of the above-mentioned systems. These parameters make it possible to match the results of high-precision positioning performed in different reference systems using different methods of positioning for different epochs of the GNSS observations. The experiment carried out in the second part of the article confirms this.