When barriers to international trade are discussed, those that are usually thought of are high tariffs, customs red tape, foreign exchange controls, trade discriminations, restrictive cartel practices, and other regulations and curbs, governmental and private, which add to the normal difficulties of trade among nations. Commercial disputes between traders are rarely thought of as a barrier to international trade expansion. And yet, a great many medium-sized and small companies find themselves in trouble when they have disagreements with their customers or their sources of supply in other countries of the world and must think in terms of law suits or losses or both. Larger companies are not as adversely affected by the expenses resulting from disputes with companies in other countries of the world as they can better afford to proscute in courts of law and go through the series af appeals until a decision comes down from the highest court of the land. Or, because of their great prestige, position and wealth they can frequently compel favorable settlement of a dispute. In the post World War II world, we not only expect but know that we must have an expanded international exchange of goods and services among all nations of the world, including our own. During the expansive years ahead, there will inevitably be an increasing number of disputes between sellers and buyers as the number of entrepreneurs grows and the volume of international trade expands. As after World War I, there will be many cases of buyers and sellers who attempt to avoid their contractual obligations when their contracts of sale and purchase are no longer profitable. There will be controversies over failure to ship or to deliver, over late shipments or deliveries, over merchandise inferior in quality, over refusal to accept delivery of goods, over claims that no contract ever existed between the parties, over differing interpretations of foreign trade definitions which set forth the risks of seller and buyer while the goods are in transit, over interpretation of marine insur-