Carrot Waste Research Articles

PENGGUNAAN TEPUNG LIMBAH LABU KUNING DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PENAMPILAN PRODUKSI AYAM RAS PETELUR

THE EFFECT OF PUMPKIN WASTE MEAL IN LAYING HEN FEED ON PERFORMANS PRODUCTION. This research was to find out the use of pumpkin waste meal on performance in the production of laying hens. The purpose of this research was to observe the effect of the use of pumpkin waste meal performance in the production of feed for laying hens. A total of 100 MB 402 laying hens from 42 week of age were randomly alloted to four dietary treatments with 5 replication groups of 4 hens. Dietary treatment were; basal diet (R0), basal diet 98% + 2% WCP (R1), basal diet 96% + 4% WCP (R2), basal diet 94% + 6% WCP (R3), basal diet 92% + 8% WCP (R4). The variable were the feed Consumption, hen day production, feed conversion. Data was analyzed with completely randomized Design ( CRD ). The addition of in the feed was not influenced significantly (P > 0,05) to the feed consumption, hen day production, feed conversion. Based on the research that is done it can be concluted that the use of waste carrot pumpkins in the feed at the level of 8% show no significantly different result on the feed consumption, hen day production, feed conversion. 
 
 Keyword : Pumpkin waste meal, performance laying hens, performance of production

Production, Comparative and Quantitative Analysis of Citric acid by Aspergillus niger using Food Waste as a Substrate

In this study the main emphasis is given on the techniques by which citric acid can be produced at low cost. The potential of agricultural waste (Apple pomace, carrot waste and pineapple peel) as a substrate was examined for citric acid production by Aspergillus niger using Solid State Fermentation technique. The citric acid concentration and biomass was determined during fermentation period. The amount of citric acid was determined by titration using 0.1 N NaOH and biomass was determined by oven drying method. The optimization of three parameters (temperature, Low molecular weight alcohol and nitrogen source) was carried out. The study revealed that these parameters effect citric acid production extremely. The maximum yield was obtained in case of apple pomace followed by pineapple peel and then the carrot waste. In case of alcohol, 4% methanol gives the maximum yield as compared to isopropyl alcohol. In case of carbon and nitrogen source, sucrose 5% and NH4NO3 0.25% give more citric acid yield as compared with the glucose 5% and NH4NO3 1% respectively. When fermentation media was kept at different temperature the maximum yield was obtained at temperature 30°C as compared with the 4°C. The study has revealed that food waste material can be used for citric acid production by SSF using Aspergillus niger. The use of these wastes might represent an efficient method of reducing the environmental problem due to their disposal and also help in the reduction of the substrate cost.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of β-Carotene from Waste Carrot Residue: Effect of Operating Parameters and Type of Ultrasonic Irradiation

Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of β-carotene was investigated using two sources of ultrasonic irradiations providing understanding into effects of important operating parameters as well as exploring the use of vegetable oils as novel solvents. Using ultrasonic horn, maximum extraction yield of β-carotene as 83.32% was obtained with 50 min of ultrasound irradiation, 50°C temperature, 100 W power, 60% duty cycle, and solid to solvent ratio of 0.3:20 (g/mL of solvent) whereas using ultrasonic bath, maximum extraction yield of β-carotene as 64.66% was obtained under optimized operating parameters. Operating UAE in stepwise manner resulted in higher extraction yields of β-carotene.

The Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Maceration on the Bioactivity, Chemical Composition and Yield of Essential Oil from Waste Carrot Seeds (Daucus carota)

:The effect of ultrasound-assisted maceration on the bioactivity, quality and yield of essential oil from waste carrot seeds (Daucus carota) was investigated. The Taguchi method was applied to determine the levels of input factors ensuring the greatest efficiency of hydrodistillation [sonication time 20.0 min; impulse time 50.0 s; pause time 5.0 s; sonication temperature 20.0°C]. Under these conditions, essential oil yield increased by approx. 33 %. The main constituent compounds of the oil are: carotol (OeA: 34.84 % – OeB: 35.71%), sabinene (OeA: 10.16% – OeB: 9.84%), α-pinene (OeA: 8.02 % – OeB: 7.79 %) and daucol (OeA: 3.73 % – OeB: 4.51 %). As compared to the control sample, the essential oil obtained from ultrasound-pretreated carrot seeds has the same biological activity against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, A. niger and P. expansum, and lower activity against Ps. aeruginosa and Candida sp.

The effect of commercial enzyme preparation-assisted maceration on the yield, quality, and bioactivity of essential oil from waste carrot seeds (<em>Daucus carota</em> L.)

Eight enzyme preparations were screened with a view to maximizing the yield of carrot seed essential oil. Three of the eight enzyme preparations investigated, lipase from Mucor circinelloides , XPect® pectinase, and Esperase® protease, significantly influenced the amount of essential oil obtained, with Esperase® being the most effective. The Taguchi method was applied to optimize the processing conditions for the Esperase® protease. Under the optimum conditions, the essential oil yield increased by approximately 48%. The main constituent compounds in the oil are: carotol (OeA: 40.80%–OeB: 46.17%), daucol (OeA: 7.35%–OeB: 6.22%), sabinene (OeA: 5.12%–OeB: 6.13%), alpha-pinene (OeA: 4.24%–OeB: 5.11%) and geranyl acetate (OeA: 4.50%–OeB: 3.68%). As compared to the control sample, the essential oil obtained from enzyme-pretreated carrot seeds has the same biological activity against Bacillus subtilis and Candida sp., lower activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and higher activity against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum .

The Effect of Enzyme‐Assisted Maceration on Bioactivity, Quality and Yield of Essential Oil from Waste Carrot (Daucus carota) Seeds

AbstractThe effect of an enzyme preparation derived from the nonpathogenic filamentous fungus Mucor circinelloides on the bioactivity, quality and yield of essential oil from waste carrot seeds (Daucus carota) was investigated. The Taguchi method was applied to determine the levels of input factors ensuring the greatest efficiency of hydrodistillation (pH 4.9–5.0; 4.0 g enzyme preparation/100 g of seeds; time – 6.0 h). Under these conditions, the oil yield increased by approximately 30%. The main constituent compounds of the oil are: carotol (34.6%), sabinene (8.0%), alpha‐pinene (6.4%) and daucol (4.3%). Essential oil obtained from enzyme‐pretreated carrot seeds has the same antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida sp., Aspergillus niger and Penicillium expansum as that from the control sample.Practical ApplicationsThe proposed innovative method of preparation of plant material prior to hydrodistillation leads to an increase in essential oil extraction efficiency by about 30%, and thus enables better exploitation of the potential of the plant. The proposed method may be implemented on an industrial scale, thanks to tools of computational statistics that allow one to determine the optimum technological parameters of the process. Developed in this way, the technology is environmentally friendly and provides significant economic benefits.

Effect of moisture on disintegration kinetics during anaerobic digestion of complex organic substrates

The role of the moisture content and particle size (PS) on the disintegration of complex organic matter during the wet anaerobic digestion (AD) process was investigated. A range of total solids (TS) from 5% to 11.3% and PS from 0.25 to 15 mm was evaluated using carrot waste as model complex organic matter. The experimental results showed that the methane production rate decreased with higher TS and PS. A modified version of the AD model no.1 for complex organic substrates was used to model the experimental data. The simulations showed a decrease of the disintegration rate constants with increasing TS and PS. The results of the biomethanation tests were used to calibrate and validate the applied model. In particular, the values of the disintegration constant for various TS and PS were determined. The simulations showed good agreement between the numerical and observed data.

Transition of microbial communities during the adaption to anaerobic digestion of carrot waste

In this study a microbial community suitable for anaerobic digestion of carrot pomace was developed from inocula obtained from natural environmental sources. The changes along the process were monitored using pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. As the community adapted from a diverse natural community to a community with a definite function, diversity decreased drastically. Major bacterial groups remaining after enrichment were Bacilli (31–45.3%), Porphyromonadaceae (12.1–24.8%) and Spirochaetes (12.5–18.5%). The archaeal population was even less diverse and mainly represented by a single OTU that was 99.7% similar to Methanosarcina mazei. One enrichment which failed to produce large amounts of methane had shifts in the bacterial populations and loss of methanogenic archaea.

Effect of extracts of carrot waste on gut microflora

The bacterial community within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) crucially influences the host health status. To prevent disease and reduce morbidity and mortality, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria proliferation is needed. Bioactive compounds from plants showed an activity on standard gut strains.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of water and ethanol extracts from carrot waste on the growth and viability of gut microbiota in weaning piglets.

Suppression of Allium white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) in different soils using vegetable wastes

Mixtures of wet vegetable wastes (Brassica, carrot or onion) and dry onion waste were composted at 50 °C for 7 days. The incorporation of the raw or composted vegetable waste mixtures into sandy loam, silt and peat soils reduced the viability of sclerotia of S. cepivorum in glasshouse pot bioassays. The reduction in viability was dependent on waste type, rate of incorporation, duration of exposure and soil type. Onion waste was the most effective waste type in reducing sclerotia viability in all three soils. The Brassica and carrot wastes were as effective as the onion waste in silt soil but less effective in sandy loam and peat soil. A 50% w/w incorporation rate of the wastes gave the largest reduction in viability, with an increase in reduction over time. Composted onion waste reduced sclerotia viability under glasshouse and field conditions although the effect was smaller in the field. Composted onion waste incorporated into soil at 50% w/w reduced the incidence of Allium white rot on onion seedlings in glasshouse pot tests. Incidence and control of the disease differed with soil type. The most consistent control was achieved in peat soil whereas no control was observed in silt soil. Incorporation of the waste 2 months prior to sowing or transplanting reduced seedling emergence in sandy loam soil and growth in all three soil types. The potential for field application of composted vegetable wastes as a sustainable method for control of Allium white rot and waste disposal is discussed.

Effects of acid extracts of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.)wastes from the food industry on the growth of some crops and weeds

The effects of acid extracts of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and carrot (Daucus carota L.) juice wastes from the food industry on the growth of five species of crops and four weeds were examined. The acid extract of the tomato juice waste promoted the shoot and root growth of tomato, Chinese cabbage, corn, and radish, but not the growth of oat seedlings. The extract did not promote the shoot growth of weeds tested, and it inhibited the root growth of the weeds that included barnyardgrass (Echinochloa oryzicola Ohwi), southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris Koel.) and Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa utilis Ohwi). The carrot juice waste was also examined as another waste from the food industry. The effect of the acid extract of carrot juice waste showed significant promoting effects on the root growth of Chinese cabbage; however, the effects on other plants were lower than that of tomato juice waste. It also did not inhibit the growth of weeds. These results suggested that the acid extract from tomato juice waste is useful as plant-growth substances because they have a promoting effect on the shoot and root growth of crops, and an inhibitory effect on the root growth of some weeds.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FUSARIUM WILT OF MUSKMELON BY FORMULATIONS OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER

Aspergillus niger van Tiegh. (An 27) was shown to be a promising biocontrol agent against Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. sp. melonis Sny. and Hans., which causes muskmelon wilt. Fruit wastes, such as carrot waste, citrus peels and pomace, mixed fruit pomace, and pineapple peels and pomace, proved to be a promising and cheap alternative source for mass multiplication of A. niger. These wastes are readily available throughout the year and can replace some of the highly priced media used for mass production of biocontrol organisms. Citrus pomace extract (20%) was found to be an excellent liquid medium for mass production. In solid fermentation, fruit wastes were superior to other media used as substrates. A short period of 10 days of incubation was sufficient for the production of 108 colony forming units (cfu) per gram of the material. The extent of control achieved by the seed coating formulation (FSC) was at par with Carbendazim. Formulation for soil application (FSO), a new contribution to the formulation science, could reduce Fusarium wilt disease by 78.31%, when applied at the rate of 8 g/kg of soil. Both FSC and FSO formulations can be stored at room temperature (14–35 °C) for more than a year.

Biosynthesis of Lipids and Their Changes during Culture of Selected Yeast Strains on Carrot Juice. I.

Two strains of yeasts : Rhodotorula gracilis 2 and Trichosporon cutaneum 1 were selected from ten strains for use in the present study. After preliminary culturing on the Wickerham [W] synthetic medium the strains were considered maximally oleaginous. The waste carrot juice remaining after production of β-carotene was used for the culture of oleaginous yeasts.The lipids obtained from the cultured yeast biomass were examined for acylglycerols, free fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols and nucleic acids content.

Carotene and tocopherol in agro-industrial by-products and wastes of the tropics

Of the samples studied to date, only dried carrot wastes and tomato pomace have been found to contain an appreciable amount of carotene and these could be included as natural, rich sources of carotene in a balanced compounded feed. Overall, rice bran contained the maximum concentration of tocopherol and this might be used as a cheap supplement in vitamin E deficient rations compounded for farm animals.

Sewage sludge and carrot wastes as supplementary feed for the common carp Cyprinus carpio

Carrot wastes and sewage sludge were used as supplementary feed for the common carp Cyprinus carpio. The growth rate of carp reared on 50% carrot waste was similar to that of carp fed with the control diets. Carp reared in sludge-supplemented diets showed adverse effects, further confirmed by changes of the protein and carbohydrate contents of carp during the experimental period. The inferiority of sewage sludge as a supplementary feed for carp was further revealed by analysing the heavy metal contents in the diets, culture water and tissue of carp. A high level of various metals was found in sluge diets, causing a high uptake in the fish tissue, especially in those fish fed with the highest proportion (80%) of sludge. According to the results of the present investigation carrot wastes have potential as supplementary feed for carp. Further research should be conducted in order to see to what extent the feeding of waste materials to fish can help in offsetting the cost of waste treatment, as well as providing a cheap form of fish food.