Hybrid Carrot Research Articles

Effects of Processing upon Objective and Sensory Variables of Carrots

Abstract Four hybrids of carrot (Daucus carota L.) were analyzed raw, fresh-cooked, canned-cooked, or frozen-cooked for sensory and objective parameters. Processing reduced the carotenoid and volatile terpenoid concentrations of all hybrids. Relative to raw carrots, sugar content was reduced in canned-cooked and frozen-cooked carrots, but was increased in fresh-cooked samples. Depending on the hybrid, 6% to 32% of the free sugar was reducing sugar in raw samples; however, sugars in processed samples were 15% to 33% reducing sugar. Fresh-cooked and frozen-cooked carrots exhibited a 10-fold reduction in shear pressure texture relative to raw texture, while canned carrots had a 30-fold reduction. Harsh flavor was reduced greatly by canning and freezing, but was not reduced as much in fresh-cooked samples. These differences in harsh flavor could be accounted for by variation in volatile terpenoid levels. Differences in sweetness found between raw sampling hybrids also were observed for corresponding samples after processing. Reducing sugars and volatile terpenoids contributed to variation in sweetness and preference.

Characterization of Intraspecific Somatic Hybrids of Carrot Obtained by Fusion of Iodoacetate-inactivated A2CA-Resistant and Sensitive Protoplasts

Appearance of A2CA-resistant colonies from a mixed population of iodoacetate-inactivated A2CA-resistant and sensitive carrot protoplasts was dependent upon fusion. No colonies arose from controls in which mixed unfused (or homologously fused) population of parental protoplasts were plated in order to rule out cross-feeding. Suspension cultures obtained from resistant colonies were tested for level of resistance to A2CA, uptake of the analogue and endocellular content of free proline. All these parameters were found to be intermediate between those of parental lines. Unexpectedly the chromosome number of hybrid lines was found to be very close to that of the sensitive parental line suggesting that extensive chromosome loss had occurred in fusion products. These experiments show that resistance to A2CA due to proline overproduction behaves as a semidominant trait.

Characterization of Amino Acid Analogue Resistant Somatic Hybrid Cell Lines of Daucus carota L.

Summary Intraspecifices somatic hybrid carrot cell lines were found to differ in a number of characters. Three lines tested had low (31.1h), medium (52.6h) and high (62.5h) doubling times during exponential growth and their growth rates were only slightly reduced in the presence of the amino acid analogues, 5MT and/or AEC. The hybrid lines expressed high levels of resistance to both inhibitors similar to that of the resistant parental line and highly exceeding that of the sensitive parental line. Amino acid analogue resistance was stably maintained for more than 250 cell generations in the absence of the inhibitors. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a polypeptide of MW 94,000 unique to the 5MT-resistant parental and all somatic hybrid lines. These results further support the somatic hybrid nature of the lines selected after protoplast fusion.

Glabrous Seedstalk in Carrot: Inheritance and Use as a Genetic Marker1

Abstract The mutant trait glabrous seedstalk was observed in carrot (Daucus carota L.) inbred W93 and, in crosses with pubescent inbred MSU 1558, was found to be controlled by a single recessive gene, gls. Cytoplasmic effects on the expression of the character were not detected. Glabrous seedstalk has practical application as a genetic marker to detect outcrosses in hybrid carrot seed production fields.

The effectiveness of digestate application in cultivation of carrot and red beet

Purpose. To highlight the features of influence of bioorganic fertilizer Effluent, obtained on the basis of anaerobic fermentation of pig manure in a biogas plant, on the productivity and yield structure of carrot and beet; to substantiate effective norms of the Effluent bioorganic fertilizer application in modern technologies of cultivation of carrot and beet. Methods. Observation, comparison, analysis and synthesis, system analysis and forecast. Determination of yield structure and productivity was performed according to generally accepted methods. Results. The largest diameter of the root crop (6.0 cm) in the Bolivar F1 carrot hybrid was obtained by applying the organic fertilizer Effluent at the rate of 55 t/ha in combination with mineral fertilizer (N90P90K90). Application of fertilizers provides an increase in the carrot root diameter by 0.6-2.4 cm, the weight of the tops by 11.4-24.3 g compared to the control. The highest total yield (67.66 t/ha) of carrots of the Bolivar F1 hybrid was got on the variant with applying 55
 t/ha of bioorganic fertilizer Effluent in combination with mineral fertilizers (N90P90K90), of which 54.05 t/ha of root crops or 79.89% to the total yield were of saleable quality, and only 13.61 ton, or 20.11% were non-standard. Application of bioorganic fertilizer Effluent and mineral fertilizers provided an increase in the diameter of the root of the hybrid beet Kestrel F1 by 1.03-4.12 cm compared with the control. The weight of root crops under control (without fertilizers), for two years of the research amounted to 145.4 g, the introduction of water at the rate of 45 t/ha provided an increase in root mass by 7.80 g, the introduction of 25 t/ha of organic fertilizer – by 21, 30 g, 35 t/ha – 37.65 g, 45
 t/ ha – 45.35 g, 55 t/ha – 61.15 g, 55 t/ha of Effluent + N90P90K90 – 85.35 g and application of mineral fertilizer only (N90P90K90) – by 67.05 g. The high total (99.23 t/ha) and saleable yield (84.19 t/ha) was obtained in a hybrid of Kestrel F1 beet under the use of bioorganic fertilizer Effluent at the rate of 55 t/ha combined with mineral fertilizers (N90P90K90). This result is 9.16-36.70 and 7.65-49.07 tons more than the control variant (without fertilizers and watering). Conclusions. Optimization of provision of macro- and microelements of carrot and red beet plants, due to the application of fertilizers provides an increase in the diameter of the root of carrots and beets. Most actively roots and aboveground part of the carrot plant were formed under application of the bioorganic fertilizer Effluent at the rate of 55 t/ha in combination with mineral fertilizer (N90P90K90). The ratio between aboveground and underground parts of the plant was 1 to 0.38, the total yield of carrot roots – 35-19.28 t/ha and marketability – 12.04-29.24 t/ha (15.04- 26.23%). The general productivity of beet made up 99.22 t/ha, of saleable quality – 86.23 t/ ha, which is 9.75-36.68 and 8.68-49.11 tons more than the control variant (without fertilizers and watering). The variants without fertilizers showed the highest percentage of cracked and affected by diseases roots. The use of bioorganic fertilizer Effluent provided an increase in root weight by 22.7-85.3 g compared to the control variant.