Anticancer Drug Carrier Research Articles

Carbon Dots as Advanced Drug-Delivery Nanoplatforms for Antiinflammatory, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Applications: A Review

Carbon dots (CDs), as rapidly developing nanomaterials, give new prospects for the treatment of various diseases. Their great biocompatibility and wide specific surface area make CDs excellent drug-delivery vehicles because they improve cellular uptake and absorption and allow for medications to bind more easily. CDs offer enormous potential as delivery systems for antiinflammatory medications. The activities of antiinflammatory drugs delivered by CDs are higher than those of free drugs. They also have controlled release, thus enhancing the cumulative effect at the inflammation site and improving pharmacokinetics. Compared with free small-molecule antibacterial medicines, CD-based drug-delivery systems have higher antibacterial efficacies, better targeting, increased cellular uptake and internalization efficiency, and decreased systemic side effects. The benefits of using CDs as anticancer drug carriers include high drug loading, increased targeting, lower drug dosage, regulated drug release, and synergistic photothermal therapy, which offers a novel approach to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in clinical settings. However, it is important to consider the biosafety, toxicity, and impact of CDs on the immune system of an organism before using them as drug-delivery vehicles for clinical diagnosis and therapy. This review discusses the use of CDs in the delivery of antiinflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer drugs and summarizes the current advantages and challenges of using CDs for drug delivery.

Maslinic acid solid lipid nanoparticles as hydrophobic anticancer drug carriers: Formulation, in vitro activity and in vivo biodistribution

Maslinic acid (MA) is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid with inherent antitumor activity which has a very low solubility in water. MA solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared using Poloxamer 407 and Dicarboxylic acid-Poloxamer 407 as surfactants. Both MA SLNs are monodisperse, with sizes around 130 nm, and stable. Curcumin has been encapsulated in both types of nanoparticles without altering their colloidal properties. Moreover, SLNs greatly improve the solubility of MA and Curcumin. The cytotoxicity of MA and SLNs has been evaluated in BxPC3 human pancreatic cancer cells, MCF7 human breast cancer cells, and in a human fibroblast primary cell line. MA shows higher cytotoxic effect in BxPC3 and MCF7 cancer cells than in human primary fibroblasts. Nile Red loaded MA SLNs are quickly uptaken by BxPC3 and MCF7 cells, and show different cytoplasmic distributions depending on the cellular line. The oral or intravenous administration of MA SLNs in mice does not report any toxic effect, and the intravenous administration of fluorescent MA SLNs shows a homogeneous distribution in mice, without site-specific accumulation. Results suggest the great potential of MA SLNs as nanocarriers of anticancer drugs and as promising targeted theranostic nanodevices.

A density functional theory study on the potential application of Ni and Co doped ZnO nanosheets as a carrier for ciclopirox anticancer drug

The Ni and Co doping effect on the ciclopirox (CPX) drug delivery performance of a ZnO ‎nanosheet (ZnO-NS) was investigated theoretically. Doping Ni and Co metals into the ZnO-NS ‎increased the adsorption energy of CPX from −7.9 to −27.4 and −31.7 kcal/mol, respectively. ‎The CPX adsorption reduced the ZnO-NS gap (Eg) from 3.81 to 3.46 eV, while the CPX ‎adsorption reduced the Eg of the Ni- and Co-doped ZnO-NS from 2.74 and 2.68 eV to 1.87 and ‎‎1.71 eV, respectively. The CPX adsorption performance increased after doping process. A drug ‎release mechanism was introduced in cancerous tissues based on the PH.‎

Cubic nanoparticles as potential carriers for a natural anticancer drug: development, in vitro and in vivo characterization.

Natural compounds that elicit anticancer properties are of great interest for cancer therapy. However, the low solubility and bioavailability of these compounds limit their use as efficient anticancer drugs. To avoid these drawbacks, incorporation of these compounds into cubic nanoparticles (cubosomes) was carried out. Cubosomes containing bergapten which is a natural anticancer compound isolated from Ficus carica were prepared by the homogenization technique using monoolein and poloxamer. These cubosomes were characterized for size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, small angle X-ray diffraction, in vitro release, in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and antitumor activity. Particle size of cubosomes was 220 ± 3.6nm with almost neutral zeta potential - 5 ± 1.2mV and X-ray measurements confirmed the existence of the cubic structure. Additionally, more than 90% of the natural anticancer drug was entrapped within the cubosomes. A sustained release over 30h was obtained for these cubosomes. Finally, these cubosomes illustrated higher in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo tumor inhibition compared with the free natural anticancer compound. Thus, cubosomes could be promising carriers for enhancement of antitumor efficiency of this natural compound.

Transition Metal-Decorated Mg12O12 Nanoclusters as Biosensors and Efficient Drug Carriers for the Metformin Anticancer Drug.

Drug carriers have been designed and investigated remarkably due to their effective use in the modern medication process. In this study, the decoration of the Mg12O12 nanocluster has been done with transition metals (Ni and Zn) for effective adsorption of metformin (anticancer drug). Decoration of Ni and Zn on a nanocluster allows two geometries, and similarly, the adsorption of metformin also provides two geometries. Density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory have been employed at the B3LYP with 6-311G(d,p) level. The decoration of Ni and Zn offers good attachment and detachment of the drug, which is observed from their good adsorption energy values. Further, the reduction in the energy band gap is noted in the metformin-adsorbed nanocluster, which allows high charge transfer from a lower energy level to a high energy level. The drug carrier systems show an efficient working mechanism in a water solvent with the visible-light absorption range. Natural bonding orbital and dipole moment values suggested that the adsorption of the metformin causes charge separation in these systems. Moreover, low values of chemical softness with a high electrophilic index recommended that these systems are naturally stable with the least reactivity. Thus, we offer novel kinds of Ni- and Zn-decorated Mg12O12 nanoclusters as efficient carriers for metformin and also recommend them to experimentalists for the future development of drug carriers.

Exploring the adsorption performance of doped graphene quantum dots as anticancer drug carriers for cisplatin by DFT, PCM, and COSMO approaches

Exploring the adsorption performance of doped graphene quantum dots as anticancer drug carriers for cisplatin by DFT, PCM, and COSMO approaches

Carbosilane ruthenium metallodendrimer as alternative anti-cancer drug carrier in triple negative breast cancer mouse model: A preliminary study

The carbosilane metallodendrimer G1-[[NCPh(o-N)Ru(η6- p-cymene)Cl]Cl]4 (CRD13), based on an arene Ru(II) complex coordinated to imino-pyridine surface groups, has been conjugated with anti-cancer drugs. Ruthenium in the positively-charged dendrimer structure allows this nanoparticle to be considered as an anticancer drug carrier, made more efficient because ruthenium has anticancer properties. The ability of CRD13 to form complexes with Doxorubicin (DOX), 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), and Methotrexate (MTX) has been evaluated using zeta potential measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and computer simulation. The results show that it forms stable nanocomplexes with all those drugs, enhancing their effectiveness against MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. In vivo tests indicate that the CRD13/DOX system caused a decrease of tumor weight in mice with triple negative breast cancer. However, the tumors were most visibly reduced when naked dendrimers were injected.

Study on fully cross-linked poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-epigallocatechin) nanospheres and their application as drug delivery carriers

In this research, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) was cross-linked with epigallocatechin (EGC) via one-pot precipitation polymerization. The synthesis was confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy. The cross-linking density of the nanospheres was investigated by EPR spectroscopy. The mole ratio of HCCP:EGC had a major effect on the nanospheres’ formation, growth, particle size, and shape. The thermal properties of the nanospheres were improved due to their cross-linked polymeric structures. The PCTPEC-3 nanospheres were used as anti-cancer drug carriers and the in vitro drug release profile was studied. The findings revealed that the cumulative release of drugs was dependent on the pH environment.

Polyethylenimine-CO2 adduct templated CaCO3 nanoparticles as anticancer drug carrier

BackgroundDue to their porous structure and capability to degrade under acidic conditions, CaCO3 nanoparticles in vaterite form can be used as carriers to effectively deliver drugs to low-pH sites such as tumors. The usually used intravenous administration requires long-term vaterite phase and colloidal stability for storage and blood circulation. While passive accumulation in tumors can be achieved via the enhanced permeation and retention effect, active accumulation requires reactive groups on vaterite nanoparticles to conjugate targeting molecules. Both requirements are hard to achieve in one simple and economical vaterite formulation. Herein, we used polyethylenimine (PEI)-based CO2 adduct as both a CO2 source and a template for vaterite mineralization to generate PEI-CO2@CaCO3 colloidal particles, with reactive amino groups from the PEI template.ResultsThe obtained nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic diameter of 200–300 nm have a vaterite phase and colloidal stability in an aqueous solution for over 8 months. These nanoparticles could effectively load anticancer drug doxorubicin via coprecipitation and be surface-modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and folic acid for long-term blood circulation and tumor targeting purposes, respectively. After being endocytosed, the PEI-CO2 adduct accelerates the dissolution of drug-loaded nanoparticles to generate CO2 bubbles to break the lysosomes, leading to rapid doxorubicin delivery inside tumor cells. The degradation of PEI-CO2 in the CaCO3 nanoparticles could also release PEI and CO2 and may contribute to the disruption of normal cellular functions. As a result, the drug-loaded PEI-CO2@CaCO3 nanoparticles strongly suppressed tumor growth in mice with HeLa tumor xenografts.ConclusionsA new and effective vaterite drug carrier for anticancer therapy has been developed using PEI-CO2 adduct as both a CO2 source and vaterite template for CaCO3 mineralization. This delivery system illustrates an application of CO2 generation materials in drug delivery and has the potential for further development.

Chitosan coated magnetic cellulose nanowhisker as a drug delivery system for potential colorectal cancer treatment

Polysaccharide-based magnetic nanocomposites can eminently illuminate several attractive features as anticancer drug carriers. In this study, rice straw-based cellulose nanowhisker (CNW) was used as solid support for Fe3O4 nanofillers to synthesize magnetic CNW. Then, cross-linked chitosan-coated magnetic CNW for 5-fluorouracil carrier abbreviated as CH/MCNW/5FU. Fourier-transform infrared, X-Ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated successful fabrication and multifunctional properties of the CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites. In addition, CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites showed hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential value of 181.31 ± 3.46 nm and +23 ± 1.8 mV, respectively. Based on images of transmission electron microscopy, magnetic CNW as reinforcement was coated with chitosan to obtain almost spherical CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites with an average diameter of 37.16 ± 3.08. The nanocomposites indicated desired saturation magnetization and thermal stability, high drug encapsulation efficiency, and pH-dependent swelling and drug release performance. CH/MCNW/5FU nanocomposites showed potent killing effects against colorectal cancer cells in both 2D monolayer and 3D spheroid models. These findings suggest CH/MCNW as a potential carrier for anticancer drugs with high tumour-penetrating capacity.

Studying Ga and Ge-doped AlP nanotube as a drug carrier for ciclopirox anticancer drug using DFT

The impact of Ga and Ge-doping on the ciclopirox (CPX) drug delivery performance of an AlP nanotube (AlPNT) was scrutinized computationally. It was found that the pristine AlPNT was not a good choice for this drug delivery. Doping of the Ga and Ge into the AlPNT increased the adsorption energy of CPX from −8.0 to −26.8 and −29.2 kcal/mol, respectively. The Ge atom considerably contributed to the generation of the virtual orbitals of the Ge-doped AlPNT, which showed that this atom was suitable for nucleophilic attack compared to the Al atoms. Finally, the adsorption performance and capacity of CPX increased after doping Ga and Ge, which made the AlPNT more suitable for drug delivery. A mechanism for drug release was introduced in cancerous tissues, which showed that in cancerous cells with low pH, CPX was significantly protonated, which led to the separation of CPX from the Ge-doped AlPNT.

Smart pH-responsive magnetic graphene quantum dots nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery of curcumin

In this study, we designed a targeted multifunctional anticancer drug carrier based on magnetic to improve the efficiency of curcumin (Cur) as a non-toxic and hydrophobic anticancer medicine. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were synthesized from graphene oxide (GO), and then magnetic nanocomposite was prepared with chemical co-precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+. As a cancer-targeting agent, folic acid (FA) was conjugated and named GQDs-Fe3O4-FA nanocomposite. FTIR, VSM, XRD, and FE-SEM analyses were used to characterize the as-synthesized nanocomposite. Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) results revealed that GQDs-Fe3O4 was synthesized, and FA was attached to it. Furthermore, according to the VSM analysis, it can be seen that GQDs-Fe3O4 has superparamagnetic behavior (Ms = 60.6 emu/g), which is shown that an applied magnetic field can steer it to the cancerous tumor site without damaging the healthy tissues. The cumulative release behavior of the drug (Cur) was monitored in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 5.5 and 7.4) for 150 h. It was observed that 33% and 15% of total curcumin were released at pH 5.5 and 7.5, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity of GQDs-Fe3O4 and Cur/GQDs-Fe3O4-FA were investigated against MCF-7 and MG-63 cells by the MTT-Assay test. According to an in vitro cytotoxicity assay, these cell lines are more vulnerable to Cur/GQDs-Fe3O4-FA than Cur/GQDs-Fe3O4, which revealed the selective role of folic acid as a targeting agent in nanocarriers. The results also showed nontoxicity of the bare nanocarrier on normal cells. Therefore, GQDs-Fe3O4-FA can be a potential and compelling candidate for therapeutic applications, including drug delivery systems.

Investigation of the adsorption behavior of the anti-cancer drug hydroxyurea on the graphene, BN, AlN, and GaN nanosheets and their doped structures via DFT and COSMO calculations.

To reduce the direct side effects of chemotherapy, researchers are trying to establish a new approach of a drug-delivery system using nanomaterials. In this study, we investigated graphene and its derivative nanomaterials for their favorable adsorption behavior with the anti-cancer drug hydroxyurea (HU) using DFT calculations. Initially, different pristine and doped graphene and its derivatives were taken into consideration as HU drug carriers. Among them, AlN, GaN, GaN-doped AlN, and AlN-doped GaN nanosheets exhibited favorable adsorption behavior with HU. The HU adsorbed on these four nanosheets with adsorption energies of -0.92, -0.75, -0.83, and -0.69 eV, transferring 0.16, 0.032, 0.108, and 0.230 e charges to the nanosheets, respectively, in air medium. In water solvent media, these four nanosheets interacted with HU by -0.56, -0.45, -0.58, and -0.56 eV by accepting a significant amount of charge of about 0.125, 0.128, 0.192, and 0.126 e from HU. The dipole moment and COSMO analysis also indicated that these nanosheets, except for GaN-doped AlN, show high asymmetricity and solubility in water solvent media due to the increased values of the dipole moment by two or three times after the adsorption of the HU drug. Quantum molecular descriptors also suggest that the sensitivity and reactivity of the nanosheets are enhanced during the interaction with HU. Therefore, these nanosheets can be used as anti-cancer drug carriers.

Using Machine Learning Methods to Predict the ß-Poly (L-Malic Acid) Production by Different Substrates Addition and Secondary Indexes in Strain Aureobasidium melanogenum

ß-poly (L-malic acid) (PMLA) is a polyester ligated by malate subunits. It has a wide prospective application as an anti-cancer drug carrier, and its malate subunits have a great application in the food industry. The strain Aureoabsidium melanogenum could produce a high amount of PMLA during fermentation, and different substrates addition could influence the production. In this study, we directly added potassium acetate, corn steep liquor, MgSO4, MnSO4, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and nicotinamide as the fermentation substrate to the basic fermentation medium based on a generated random matrix that represented the added value. The PMLA production and four secondary indexes, pH, biomass, osmotic pressure, and viscosity were measured after 144 h fermentation. Finally, a total of 212 samples were collected as the dataset, by which the machine learning methods were deployed to predict the PMLA production by different substrates’ concentrations and the secondary indexes. The results indicated that PMLA production was negatively correlated with corn steep liquor and betaine and positively correlated with potassium acetate. The PMLA production could be predicted using all different substrates’ concentrations with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 4.164 g/L and with an MAE of 6.556 g/L by different secondary indexes. Finally, the convolutional neural network (CNN) was applied to predict the PMLA production by fermentation medium images, in which the collected images were categorized into three groups, 0–20 g/L, 21–40 g/L, and >41 g/L, based on the PMLA production. The CNN model could predict the production with high accuracy. The methods and results presented in this study provided new insight into evaluating different substrates concentration on PMLA production and demonstrating the possibility of using the convolutional neural network model in the PMLA fermentation industry.

Poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Polymeric Micelles as Drug Carriers for Efficient Breast Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review.

Recently, drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles for cancer treatment have become the centre of attention for researchers to design and fabricate drug carriers for anti-cancer drugs due to the lack of tumour-targeting activity in conventional pharmaceuticals. Poly(caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) (PCL-PEG)-based micelles have attracted significant attention as a potential drug carrier intended for human use. Since their first discovery, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved polymers have been studied extensively for various biomedical applications, specifically cancer therapy. The application of PCL-PEG micelles in different cancer therapies has been recorded in countless research studies for their efficacy as drug cargos. However, systematic studies on the effectiveness of PCL-PEG micelles of specific cancers for pharmaceutical applications are still lacking. As breast cancer is reported as the most prevalent cancer worldwide, we aim to systematically review all available literature that has published research findings on the PCL-PEG-based micelles as drug cargo for therapy. We further discussed the preparation method and the anti-tumour efficacy of the micelles. Using a prearranged search string, Scopus and Science Direct were selected as the databases for the systematic searching strategy. Only eight of the 314 articles met the inclusion requirements and were used for data synthesis. From the review, all studies reported the efficiency of PCL-PEG-based micelles, which act as drug cargo for breast cancer therapy.

Synthesis of multifunctional Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag nanocomposite for antibacterial and anticancer drug delivery

Incorporating Ag nanoparticles at core–shell Fe3O4@SiO2 provides promising opportunities for biomedical applications. Here, Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using seed-mediated growth methods. Based on the results, the as-prepared composite nanoparticles have good crystallinity and a core–shell structure. It was also revealed that the nanocomposites exhibited a superparamagnetic property with a magnetic saturation value ​​of 36.42 emu/g and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption at 370 nm. Furthermore, the result also demonstrated that the as-prepared Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag showed an potential inhibition activity againstEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureuswith an inhibition zone of about 8–10 mm. In addition, an in-vitro MTS assay also revealed that epirubicin (EPI)-loaded Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag nanoparticles has cytotoxic properties against HeLa cells. This indicates that the as-prepared Fe3O4@SiO2-Ag nanoparticles could potentially be used as both an antibacterial agent and an anticancer drug carrier.

Activation imaging: New concept of visualizing drug distribution with wide-band X-ray and gamma-ray imager

The visualization of drug distribution in the body plays an essential role in cancer therapy. Although various imaging methods have been proposed, a versatile method for visualizing multiple types of drugs is yet to be established. Therefore, we propose “activation imaging” as a new method for visualizing various drugs. Activation imaging activates drugs with protons or neutrons, enabling the visualization of drugs using gamma rays and/or X-rays emitted from the activated drugs. This method does not require labeling drugs with specific tracers because the constituent elements of the drugs become radiotracers through proton/neutron irradiation. Therefore, activation imaging can be used to visualize various types of existing drugs, including anticancer drugs, drug carriers, and contrast agents. In this study, we activated drugs using low-energy neutrons and performed gamma-ray spectroscopy and imaging. We used several types of drugs, such as cisplatin, a platinum-based anticancer drug; gold and platinum nanoparticles, which are promising drug carriers; and gadoteridol, a gadolinium-based contrast agent. Imaging was performed using a hybrid Compton camera, which can visualize X-rays and gamma rays ranging from a few tens of keV to nearly 1 MeV. With this wide-band X-ray and gamma-ray imager, various X-rays and gamma rays emitted from drugs can be visualized. Moreover, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed for cisplatin and gadoteridol to investigate whether the molecules of the drugs were degraded by neutron irradiation. Consequently, gamma rays from the activated drugs were observed in the spectra, and all drugs were successfully visualized. Furthermore, the HPLC results showed that most gadoteridol and cisplatin molecules retained their structure through activation.

Metal-organic framework/carboxymethyl starch/graphene quantum dots ternary hybrid as a pH sensitive anticancer drug carrier for co-delivery of curcumin and doxorubicin

BackgroundThe efficiency of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and glutamic acid-based metal-organic framework (Bio-MOF(Zn)) compounds have been reported in the drug delivery area. In addition, carboxymethyl starch (CMS) has a good performance in improving biocompatibility and obtaining a controlled anticancer drug release system. Fabrication of Bio-MOF(Zn)@CMS/GQDs can be hopeful in cancer treatment. MethodsIn this work for the first time, a novel pH-sensitive and biocompatible drug carrier was prepared with the combination of CMS, GQDs, and Bio-MOF(Zn) for curcumin (CUR) and doxorubicin (DOX) co-delivery. For this, GQDs were prepared via pyrolysis of citric acid (CA). Then the CMS and GQDs mixture was crosslinked with zinc metal (Zn-CMS/GQDs). Finally, the Bio-MOF(Zn) was simply fabricated in the presence of L-glutamic acid (Glu) as proteinogenic amino acid and Zn-CMS/GQDs as a biocompatible platform (Bio-MOF(Zn)@CMS/GQDs). Significant findingsThe formation of zinc-glutamate Bio-MOF in the presence of Zn-CMS/GQDs was elucidated by the common characterization techniques. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis obtained the pore diameter of Bio-MOF(Zn)@CMS/GQDs ternary hybrid at about 4.5 nm. The in vitro drug loading test obtained the loading percentage of CUR and DOX at about 54.2% and 43.2%. Moreover, the pH-sensitive drug release behavior was observed. Cellular tests confirmed the biocompatibility of Bio-MOF(Zn)@CMS/GQDs and its capability for cancer cell treatment after drug loading. A Survey of the published research works shows that the studied Bio-MOF(Zn)@CMS/GQDs as a DOX and CUR co-carrier have novelty from both components and application viewpoints. In conclusion, the obtained results can render the Bio-MOF(Zn)@CMS/GQDs ternary hybrid as a newly introduced smart candidate for anticancer drug delivery with great potential in biomedicine.

Computational Study of Two Three-Dimensional Co(II)-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks as Quercetin Anticancer Drug Carriers

Computational Study of Two Three-Dimensional Co(II)-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks as Quercetin Anticancer Drug Carriers

Cinnamaldehyde-modified chitosan hybrid nanoparticles for DOX delivering to produce synergistic anti-tumor effects.

Cancer cells are under oxidative stress associated with the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, increasing the oxidative stress of tumor cells by delivering ROS generators is an effective strategy to induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Herein, we reported a hybrid nanoparticle based on lactobionic acid (LA) modified chitosan and cinnamaldehyde (CA) modified chitosan, which possesses both active tumor-targeting ability and ROS regulation ability, in order to have a synergistic effect with the anti-tumor drug doxorubicin (DOX). LA can improve the tumor-targeting ability and cellular accumulation of these nanoparticles, and CA can induce apoptotic cell death through ROS generation, mitochondrial permeability transition and caspase activation. The particle size and distribution as well as drug release profiles of these nanoparticles were observed. In vitro and in vivo antitumor studies demonstrated that the hybrid nanoparticles show a significant synergistic antitumor effect. Thus, we anticipate that the hybrid nanoparticles have promising potential as an anticancer drug carrier.