Carrageenan-induced Hind Paw Edema Research Articles

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of several 4-substituted-6-(3'-nitrophenyl)pyridazin-(2H)-3-one derivatives

Several 6-aryl-4-substituted benzylidene/furfurylidene pyridazin(2H)-3-one derivatives (4a-f) were synthesized and evaluated as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents in mice and rats, respectively. All compounds were tested by using Eddy's hot plate and the carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema method for the evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively. Results showed that compounds 4f, 4b, 4d, and 4e exhibited higher analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities than other remaining compounds. All title compounds (4a-f) were characterized by IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopy.

New anti-inflammatory triterpene from the root of Ricinus communis

Liquid–liquid partitioning of Ricinus communis root methanol extract resulted in enrichment of compounds. Purification of the n-hexane fraction led to the isolation and characterisation of two triterpenes: one known compound lupeol (1) and a new diketone pentacyclic triterpene named as erandone (urs-6-ene-3,16-dione) (2), from the plant. Their structures were determined by various spectroscopic techniques. Crude methanolic, enriched n-hexane fraction and isolates at doses 100 mg/kg p.o. exhibited significant (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model.

Synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazole based benzoxazolinones: Their TNF-α based molecular docking with in-vivo anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive activities and ulcerogenic risk evaluation

A library of novel bis-heterocycles containing benzoxazolinone based 1,2,3-triazoles has been synthesized using click chemistry approach. The compound 3f exhibited potent selective COX-2 inhibition of 59.48% in comparison to standard drug celecoxib (66.36% inhibition). The compound 3i showed significant (p < 0.001, 50.95%), TNF-α inhibitory activity as compared to indomethacin (p < 0.001, 64.01%). The results of the carrageenan induced hind paw oedema showed that compounds 3a, 3f, 3i, 3o, and 3e exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity in comparison to Indomethacin. The molecular docking studies revealed that 3i exhibits strong inhibitory effect due to the extra stability of the complex because of an extra π–π bond. The histopathology report showed that none of the compounds caused gastric ulceration.

(E)-3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)prop-2-en-1-one ameliorates the collagen-arthritis via blocking ERK/JNK and NF-κB signaling pathway

Our previous report has shown a natural pyranochalcones-derived compound, (E)-3-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (5b), that exerted protection against carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and adjuvant-induced arthritis. In this study, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was used to further examine the anti-arthritic effects of 5b in vivo; the underlying molecular mechanisms of action were also investigated using a murine monocytic cell line, RAW264.7 cells. Here we showed that oral administration of 5b (20mg/kg) significantly suppressed the progression of arthritis. Improvement in disease severity was accompanied by inhibition of CD68-positive cells in knee joint and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum. In vitro, 5b suppressed expressions of iNOS, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β as well as productions of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages. This compound also significantly suppressed LPS-induced NF-κB activation, including phosphorylation of I-κB, degradation of I-κB, and nuclear translocation of p65 and p50. Treatment with 5b also blocked LPS-induced expression of TLR4 remarkably, suppressed degradation of IRAKs and phosphorylations of JNK and ERK, but had little effect to p38 kinase activation. These findings indicated that 5b might be a therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis, and exerted an anti-inflammatory effect mainly through mediating TLR4, NF-κB and ERK/JNK signaling pathways in monocytes.

Chemical Characterization, Anti inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of &lt;i&gt;Jatropha Multifida&lt;/i&gt; Root Bark

Jatropha multifida is used in African folk medicine for the treatment of infection, pain, fever, various inflammatory conditions, tumor and tumor related diseases. The present study investigated the phytochemical constituents of the powdered root bark using established standard procedures. The methanol root bark extract at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg was subjected to evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in experimental animal models. The anti-inflammatory activity was estimated by measuring the mean thickness in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema in Wistar albino rats. The analgesic activity was assessed by acetic acid-induced writhing in Swiss albino mice. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and acetyl salicylic acid (100 mg/kg) were used as standards in the anti-inflammatory and analgesic assay respectively. Phytochemical investigations reveal the presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponins and flavonoids. The extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg significantly (P &lt; 0.01) reduced paw thickness in rat compared to control. There was a dose dependent decrease in writhings which was significant (P &lt; 0.05) at 400 mg/kg compared to control. The results therefore suggest that J. Multifida root bark has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities which further substantiate its use in folk medicine.

Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of two new triterpenoids from Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn.

Two new triterpenoids characterised as 30-normethyl fernen-22-one (capillirone, 1) and hopan-3β-ol (capillirol B, 2), along with two known triterpenoids, 4-α-hydroxyfilican-3-one and 3-β,4-α-dihydroxyfilicane, have been isolated from the ethanolic extract of the fronds of Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. (Adiantaceae). Compounds 1 and 3 showed significant anti-inflammatory activity with 33.07% (p < 0.01) and 42.30% (p < 0.001) inhibition as compared to indomethacin that exhibited 60.00% (p < 0.001) inhibition after 3 h in the carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema method. Compound 3 showed potent anti-nociceptive activity with 42.37% inhibition as compared to indomethacin that showed 45.34% inhibition in the writhing test.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel benzylidene-2-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl) hydrazines as potential anti-inflammatory agents

A series of substituted benzylidene-2-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl) hydrazines (2a–q) have been synthesized, characterized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenin-induced hind paw edema (acute inflammation) and cotton pellet granuloma (chronic inflammation) methods in rats. In carrageenin-induced hind paw edema method, compounds 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2h, 2k and 2p at a dose of 20 mg kg−1 body weight, p.o. showed excellent inhibitions (51.80–86.74 %) in between 1 and 4 h. Similarly, in cotton pellet granuloma method, compounds 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2h, 2k and 2p at a dose of 20 mg kg−1 body weight, p.o. inhibited the granuloma formation (71.71–90.19 % inhibition) which was comparable to that of standard drug, ibuprofen (90.36 % inhibition of paw volume at 3 h and 94.02 % inhibition of granuloma formation). Structure activity relationship studies showed excellent activity of the compounds containing electron withdrawing group (fluoro, chloro, bromo or nitro) in phenyl ring at C2 and/or C4 position of thiazole ring.

Synthesis, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities of some novel 6-aryl-2-(p-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl)-4,5-dihydropyridazi-3(2H)-ones

Sixteen new 6-aryl-2-(p-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl)-4,5-dihydropyridazi-3(2H)-ones (2a–p) were synthesized and tested for in vitro anticancer and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities. Eleven (2b, 2d, 2e–j and 2m–p) of the obtained compounds were screened for their antiproliferative activity towards 60 human cancer cell lines by the National Cancer Institute (USA). Compound 2f showed remarkable activity with GI50 less than 1 μM on 36 human tumor cell lines and has been referred to Biological Evaluation Committee (NCI) for advance study. Compound 2g also displayed promising antiproliferative activity against 20 different cell lines with GI50 less than 1 μM. Compounds 2k and 2n were found to have a comparable anti-inflammatory activity to that of standard drug etoricoxib in carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema model at 5 h.

맛버섯 자실체의 메탄올 및 열수추출물의 항산화 및 항염증 활성

본 연구에서는 맛버섯의 자실체로부터 메탄올과 열수를 이용하여 추출한 물질의 항산화와 항염증 효과를 탐색하였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 환원력을 이용해 항산화 효과를 측정한 결과 양성대조군으로 사용한 BHT나 토코페롤에 비해 낮았지만 다른 종류의 버섯에 비해 효과가 우수한 것을 확인하였다. 금속이온 제거 항산화 실험에서는 맛버섯의 메탄올 추출물의 효과가 양성대조군인 BHT나 토코페롤에 비해 월등하게 높아서 맛버섯의 자실체 추출물은 높은 항산화 효과를 지닌 것으로 나타났다. 맛버섯의 항염증 저해 효과 실험에서는 RAW 264.7 대식세포가 배양되고 있는 배지에 맛버섯 자실체의 메탄올 및 열수 추출물로 각각 전 처리 한 후 염증매개 물질인 LPS를 투여하여 맛 버섯 추출물의 NO 생성 저해효과를 조사하였다. 실험 결과, 첨가된 맛버섯 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 생성된 NO의 양이 현저하게 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 맛버섯의 추출물이 carrageenan에 의해 흰쥐 뒷발에 유도된 부종 저해 실험에서는 투여한 맛버섯의 추출물 농도가 증가함에 따라 흰쥐의 뒷발에 유도된 부종의 용적이 농도 의존적으로 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 맛버섯 자실체에 함유된 항산화 및 항염증 물질은 천연 항산화제나 항염증제로 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. Pholiota nameko is an edible mushroom belonged to Family Strophariaceae of Agaricales, Basidiomycota. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities for the methanol and hot water extracts prepared from fruiting bodies of Pholiota nameko. Besides measuring for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, a reducing power and a chelating activity on ferrous ions were also measured to evaluate the antioxidant activity for those extracts. To measure the anti-inflammatory activities for the extracts, nitric oxide(NO) production from lipopolysaccharide treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and carrageenan-induced acute hind paw edema of rats were investigated. The results showed that those extracts has a excellent chelating activity on the ferrous ions compared with positive controls. And it also turned out that extracts had a good DPPH activity and a reducing power. The NO production in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were decreasing as we increased concentration of those mushroom extracts. Significant reduction of paw edema were also observed at 2~6 h after we treated methanol and hot-water extracts at the 50 mg/kg concentration to the rats which are induced acute hind paw edema by carrageenan treatment. The experimental results suggested that methanol and hot-water extracts of Pholiota nameko fruiting bodies might be used for potential source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

Effect of non–phospholipid-based cationic and phospholipid-based anionic nanosized emulsions on skin retention and anti-inflammatory activity of celecoxib

Context: Celecoxib (CXB, 0.2 g)-loaded anionic and cationic nanosized emulsions were prepared by a well-established combined emulsification method.Objectives: To investigate the effect of non–phospholipid-based cationic and phospholipid-based anionic emulsions on skin retention and anti-inflammatory activity of CXB.Methods: Using Keshary-Chien diffusion cells with cellulose acetate membrane or excised rat skin, in vitro release and skin retention of CXB from solution and emulsions were studied. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema method in Wistar rats.Results: The amount of drug released through artificial membrane has decreased from 122.00 ± 0.70 μg/cm2 for the CXB solution to 55.80 ± 0.70 μg/cm2 for anionic emulsion, and then further decreased to 24.79 ± 0.90 μg/cm2 for cationic emulsion. The JSS value obtained with solution, anionic, and cationic emulsions were 6825.79 ± 920.86, 2513.15 ± 382.71, and 1925.67 ± 147.42, respectively. Cationic emulsion showed a significantly higher level (P ≤ 0.05) of drug accumulation in full-thickness rat skin than anionic emulsion, and a substantially lesser percentage inhibition of edema values compared with both solution and anionic emulsion.Discussion and conclusion: Sustained drug release together with increased skin accumulation and simultaneously decreased skin permeation as observed with cationic emulsion should substantiate its suitability as a topical delivery vehicle for CXB.

Anti-nociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Wrightia arborea

Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract of Wrightia arborea (MEWA) were examined using different models in rats. MEWA was given to rats orally upto 2000 mg kg(-1) b.wt. for acute toxicity study and observed for 14 days. Anti-nociceptive activity was evaluated in rats against Acetic acid induced writhing (chemically induced pain) and Tail immersion method (thermally induced pain). Acute anti-inflammatory activity of MEWA was also evaluated in Formaline-induced rat paw edema model and Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in rats. Results demonstrated that no mortality was found upto single dose of 2000 mg kg(-1) b.wt. in rats even after 14 days observation. In comparison to control group MEWA at 100 and 200 mg kg(-1) b.wt. showed highly significant anti-nociceptive activity against chemically (p < 0.001) as well as thermally (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001) induced pain as compared to standard drugs, indomethacin and nalbufin, respectively. In the formalin test, both the doses of 100 and 200 mg kg(-1) of extract significantly prevented increase in volume of paw edema (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) both in the neurogenic and inflammatory phases. MEWA (200 and 400 mg kg(-1) p.o.) also significantly prevented increase in volume of paw edema in Carrageenan test (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001). The results suggest that MEWA has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential which may be mediated by central and peripheral mechanism.

In Vivo Anti-inflammatory Activity of Lipoic Acid Derivatives in Mice

In mammals lipoic acid (LA) and its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) function as cofactors for multienzymatic complexes catalyzing the decarboxylation of α-ketoacids. Moreover, LA is used as a drug in a variety of diseases including inflammatory diseases. The aim of the study was to examine anti-inflammatory properties of LA metabolites. The present paper reports the chemical synthesis of 2,4-bismethylthio-butanoic acid (BMTBA) and tetranor-dihydrolipoic acid (tetranor-DHLA). BMTBA is one of the biotransformation products of LA, while tetranor-DHLA is an analogue of DHLA. Structural identity of these compounds was confirmed by 1H NMR. These compounds were assessed for their anti-inflammatory activity in mice. For this purpose, the zymosan-induced peritonitis and the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema animal models were applied. The obtained results indicated that the early vascular permeability measured at 30 min of zymosan-induced peritonitis was significantly inhibited in groups receiving BMTBA (10, 30, 50 mg/kg). The early infiltration of neutrophils measured at 4 hours of zymosan-induced peritonitis was inhibited in the group receiving BMTBA (50 mg/kg) and tetranor-DHLA (50 mg/kg). The results indicated that the increase in paw edema was significantly inhibited in the groups receiving BMTBA (50, 100 mg/kg) and tetranor-DHLA (30, 50 mg/kg). In summary, the present studies clearly demonstrated that both BMTBA and tetranor-DHLA were able to act as anti-inflammatory agents. This is the first study examining in vivo the anti-inflammatory properties of LA metabolites.

Synthesis and biological evaluation studies of novel quinazolinone derivatives as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents

Some novel 6,8-diiodo-2-methyl-3-substituted-quinazolin-4(3H)-ones bearing sulfonamide derivatives (4–11) were synthesized in good yields and evaluated for their possible antibacterial, anti-inflammatory activities and acute toxicity. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of their spectral data and elemental analysis. Their antibacterial activities were evaluated by the agar well diffusion method while their anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema test. All the tested compounds showed considerable antibacterial activities and high to moderate anti-inflammatory activities that last for 12h compared to ibuprofen. All the tested compounds showed no toxic symptoms or mortality rates 24h post-administration at tested anti-inflammatory doses. In addition, LD50 for all tested compounds was higher than that for ibuprofen implying their good safety margin. The obtained results showed that the most active compounds could be useful as a template for future design, modification and investigation to produce more active analogs.

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a series of substituted 3(2H)‐pyridazinones as safer anti‐inflammatory agents

In recent years, NSAIDs including selective COX-2 inhibitors have been shown to be associated with serious side effects. Therefore it has become a great challenge to explore novel NSAIDs with reduced gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects. 6-Substituted 3(2H)- pyridazinones represents an interesting class of anti-inflammatory agents. In view of this, a series of 3(2H)-pyridazinone based improved NSAIDs substituted with two aryl groups at positions 4 and 6 of pyridazinone core were designed and synthesized following a multistep synthetic route. The structures of synthesized derivatives have been established by IR, NMR and elemental analysis. Anti-inflammatory activity of synthesized compounds was studied using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model in rats at 20 mg/Kg and 40 mg/kg doses. All the synthesized compounds exhibited comparable antiinflammatory activity and superior gastrointestinal safety profile in comparison to indomethacin. Interestingly bromo unsubstituted derivatives (II) displayed better potency than the substituted counterparts (I). None of the compounds displayed any symptoms of gastric ulceration.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of hydroalcoholic crude extract from Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae)

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCasearia sylvestris Sw. is widely used in popular medicine to treat inflammatory conditions. Aim of the studyTo investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of hydroalcoholic crude extract (HCE) taken from Casearia sylvestris Sw. (Salicaceae). Methods and resultsThe effect of the HCE from this plant (3–300mg/kg) on the reduction of inflammatory response to carrageenan was investigated in pleurisy in rats (intrapleural, 2% in 0.2mL) or paw edema in mice (intraplantar, 300μg/20μL, right hind paw). The plant anti-inflammatory action was assessed by its capability in inhibiting cell migration, enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and production of nitrite/nitrate or edema. The in vitro antioxidant activity of this extract against lipid peroxidation and damage to proteins was assessed as possible pathways to contribute as anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema (739.3±11.9μm) was reduced by HCE (30mg/kg: 462.8±28.38μm) to similar extents as dexametasone (365.1±16.7). In pleurisy, treatment of the animals with HCE (100mg/kg: 0.010±0.001mU/mg of protein) also reduced MPO activity augmented by carrageenan (0.020±0.001mU/mg of protein) as well as leukocytes migration (carrageenan: 17.8890±2.3900leukocytes/mL, HCE 100mg/kg: 7.0880±9631leukocytes/mL). Significant effects were also observed in animals treated with different doses of HCE in biochemical tests for oxidative stress analysis. ConclusionThe anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of HCE from Casearia sylvestris Sw. suggests a potential therapeutic benefit of this plant in treatment of inflammatory conditions.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of Triphala recipe

The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of Triphala recipe were studied in animal models. Triphala recipe (4 mg/ear) significantly exhibited an inhibitory effect on the ear edema formation induced by ethyl phenylpropiolate-induced, but not on the arachidonic acid-induced ear edema in rats. Furthermore, Triphala recipe at the doses of 300, 600 and 1,200 mg/kg significantly reduced carrageenan-induced hind paw edema. Next, the anti-inflammatory action in chronic inflammation was measured using the cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation assay in rats. Triphala recipe (1,200 mg/kg) reduced neither transudative weight nor granuloma formation. It also did not affect on body weight gain and thymus weight indicating that Triphala recipe does not have a steroid-like effect. In antinociceptive study, Triphala recipe (300, 600, 1,200 mg/kg), elicited significant inhibitory effect on both phases, especially in late phase, of the formalin test in mice suggesting that the antinociceptive action of Triphala recipe may be via both peripheral and at least partly centrally acting.

Design, synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory evaluation of novel pyrazole amalgamated flavones

A series of novel pyrazole amalgamated flavones has been designed and synthesized from 1-methyl-5-(2,4,6-trimethoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole 6. The structures of regioisomers 6 and 7 were resolved by 2D 1H–1H COSY, 1H–13C HSQC and 1H–13C HMBC experiments. The newly synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro COX inhibition and in vivo carrageenan induced hind paw edema in rats and acetic acid induced vascular permeability in mice. Although the compounds have inhibitory profile against both COX-1 and COX-2, some of the compounds are found to be selective against COX-2, supported by inhibition of paw edema and vascular permeability. Docking studies were also carried out to determine the structural features which sway the anti-inflammatory activity of the tested compounds. The keto and phenolic –OH are major factors that are prominently involved in interaction with COX-2 active site.

Evaluation of analgesic , anti-inflammatory and CNS activities of the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense bark.

2 Abstract: Syzygium Samarangense is a potential medicinal drug. We aimed to evaluate the analgesic, anti- inflammatory and CNS activities of the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leave in mice. The analgesic activity was examined by acetic acid induced writhing and formalin tests. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied using carrageenan induced hind paw edema model. The analgesic activity of the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leaves was evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing and formalin tests at the dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, significantly (p<0.05) reduced the writhing caused by acetic acid and the number of licks induced by formalin in a dose dependent manner. The extract of Syzygium Samarangense leaves caused significant (p <0.05) inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema after 4 hrs in a dose dependent manner. The CNS depressant activity was evaluated by observing the reduction of locomotor and exploratory activities in the open field and hole cross tests at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight. The findings of the study suggested that the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leave has remarkable analgesic, moderate effect against inflammation and significant CNS effects, conforming the traditional use of this plant for inflammatory pain alleviation.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Supercritical-Carbon Dioxide Fluid Extract from Flowers and Buds ofChrysanthemum indicumLinnén

The aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition and investigate the anti-inflammatory property of the supercritical-carbon dioxide extract from flowers and buds of C. indicum (CISCFE). The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated in four animal models including xylene-induced mouse ear edema, acetic acid-induced mouse vascular permeability, carrageenan-induced mouse hind paw edema, and cotton pellet-induced rat granuloma formation. The results indicated that CISCFE significantly attenuated xylene-induced ear edema, decreased acetic acid-induced capillary permeability, reduced carrageenan-induced paw, and inhibited the cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathologically, CISCFE abated inflammatory response of the edema paw. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrated that CISCFE decreased the MDA level via increasing the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and GRd), attenuated the productions of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2 and NO, and suppressed the activities of iNOS and COX-2. In phytochemical study, 35 compounds were identified by GC-MS, and 5 compounds (chlorogenic acid, luteolin-7-glucoside, linarin, luteolin and acacetin) were reconfirmed and quantitatively determined by HPLC-PAD. This paper firstly analyzed the chemical composition by combining GC-MS with HPLC-PAD and explored possible mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory effect of CISCFE.

Anti‐Inflammatory Property of the Ethanol Extract of the Root and Rhizome of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory property of the ethanol extract of the root and rhizome of Pogostemon cablin (ERP). The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using four animal models including xylene-induced mouse ear edema, acetic acid-induced mouse vascular permeability, carrageenan-induced mouse pleurisy, and carrageenan-induced mouse hind paw edema. Results indicated that oral administration of ERP (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg) significantly attenuated xylene-induced ear edema, decreased acetic acid-induced capillary permeability, inhibited carrageenan-induced neutrophils recruitment, and reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema, in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathologically, ERP (480 mg/kg) abated inflammatory response of the edema paw. Preliminary mechanism studies demonstrated that ERP decreased the level of MPO and MDA, increased the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and GRd), attenuated the productions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2 and NO, and suppressed the activities of COX-2 and iNOS. This work demonstrates that ERP has considerable anti-inflammatory potential, which provided experimental evidences for the traditional application of the root and rhizome of Pogostemon cablin in inflammatory diseases.