Carp Ponds Research Articles

Growth of Channel Catfish and Striped Bass in Small Ponds Stocked with Grass Carp and Water Hyacinths

Stocking of four and eight grass carp/0.04-hectare pond reduced the average weights of individual water hyacinths, and the standing crops of water hyacinth were lower in grass carp ponds than in control ponds. Grass carp stocked at 16/0.04-hectare pond eliminated water hyacinths within 30 days after the fish were stocked. Channel catfish and striped bass growth and production seemed to be adversely affected by the presence of water hyacinths, but not by the presence of grass carp.

養殖ゴイに寄生していた単世代吸虫<i>Dactylogyrus extensus</i>

Dactylogyroses have been known in carp culture in Japan, but the causative agents have never been studied taxonomically. In the spring of 1975, a dactylogyrosis occurred in carp ponds of Hiroshima Prefectural Freshwater Fish Experiment Station and some other private farms in the same prefecture. Fish from these ponds were infected with a numerous number of a dactylogyrid on the gills, and in a serious case, more than 450 monogenean individuals were observed on 4 gill-arches of one fish. As a result of examinations of both live and stained specimens of the dactylogyrid, the monogenean parasite was identified as Dactylogyrus extensus MUELLER and VAN CLBAVE 1932.

Mineral fertilization of carp ponds in polycultural rearing

The fertilization of carp ponds as an important intensification means has been utilized in Europe since the first half of the 19th century, but even in most intensive fertilization the concentration of nitrogen (N) hardly exceeds 2 mg/l and of phosphorus (P), 0.5 mg/l. Polycultural carp growing using intensive mineral fertilization (weekly and every 3 days) has been experimented in the Freshwater Fishery Research Station in Plovdiv in the 1971–1972 period. The greatest zooplankton and benthos biomass and the greatest fish growth per ha water area are obtained with 3-day mineral fertilization with ammonium nitrate, 708 kg/ha and superphosphate, 395 kg per hectar. The average monthly water temperature in the experimental ponds during the vegetation period (June–September) fluctuates between 21.5 and 24.7°C. The oxygen dissolved (O 2) during the day hours changes within the average of 4.9–7.6 ml/l and the aeration is normal for the carp ponds (4.0–8.1 mg O 2/l). The highest average seasonal zooplankton biomass in mixed fertilization (mineral and organic) is 2.437 g/m 3. The zooplankton is represented by the following variaties: Rotatoria — Brachionus calyciflorus; Copepoda — Acanthocyclops vernalis and Cladocera — Moina rectirostric. The benthos consists of: chironomid larvae (family Chironomidae, Diptera) and Oligochaetae. The highest average seasonal biomass of the benthos is established with three-day mineral fertilization, 1.472 g/m 2. The total fish growth with three-day fertilization is 300 kg/ha higher than in the control ponds (without fertilization). The best fishery results have been achieved with three-day fertilization giving a total growth of the fish of 2 730 kg/ha and a food coefficient of 2.8.

Seasonal Development of Phytoplankton in Fish Ponds

AbstractAt the fish ponds under study the authors defined several types of plankton which have been frequently found during the season (April – October). These types are: Early‐spring maximum of phytoplankton, Depression of phytoplankton, Bloom of Aphanizomenon, Maximum of Chlorococcales.The periods of “depression” seem to be typical for the managed carp ponds in the spring. They are characterized by the low density of rapidly reproducing algal populations (e. g. Cryptomonas) and by the dense populations of large cladocerans of the genus Daphnia. Chlorophyll in phytoplankton is less than 5μg/l, transparency is higher than 2 meters.Periods of the spring depression may be followed by the maxima of either Aphanizomenon or Chlorococcales, with concentrations of chlorophyll increasing to 100 μg/l and more. The change from the phase of “depression” to the “maximum of Chlorococcales” is accompanied by decrease in numbers of Daphnia and increase in numbers of the small cladoceran species, but all the mechanisms responsible for the transition are not yet fully understood.

The influence of phytophagous fish on pond zooplankton

Young phytophagous fish ( Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val., Aristichtys nobilis Rich.) as an addition to the usual stock of common carp in ponds reduce the effects of grazing of fish upon zooplankton. This is expressed by a greater contribution of small species in the total number of crustaceans. Big species are more frequently found in ponds with phytophagous fish than in ponds with carp only.

Variation in Carp Production in Replicate Ponds

Abstract Variations in the production of carp, Cyprinus carpio, were measured in four consecutive seasons in nine similar, contiguous ponds. These were believed to be the most extensive uniformity studies made of fish production in ponds. The fertility of the carp ponds varied from year to year partly due to fertilization; the means and coefficients of variation of net production in kg/ha in replicate ponds within years were, respectively: 285, 0.179; 196, 0.143; 140, 0.227; 427, 0.123. Variations in weight increments made by similar numbers of tilapia, Tilapia mossambica, were measured over 50-day periods in 10-foot diameter plastic pools having meticulously standardized soil substrates. These data suggest: 1) that carrying capacity in ponds is less stable than commonly believed, 2) that no environmental factor, such as basin fertility, maintained a dominant, continuous influence, and 3) that in each new season production was controlled by a new assortment or combination of factors.

IDE IT IS THE PROSPECTIVE OBJECT FOR AGRICULTURAL FISH FARMING

The Ide (Leuciscus idus) it is the cold-water fish, which allows for carp spawning usage for natural and artificial reproduction. The article presents materials about the Ide cultivation in the pond polyculture as potential object for agricultural reservoirs. The Ides are characterized by high immunological and physiological status; its blood cell morphology differentials contain up to 30% of the small lymphocytes (5 mkm). High activity of the humoral factor (congenital immunity) was indicated (complement - 0.24, properdin - 2.28 U / ml). Fish-biological estimation was carried out in fish farms in 1-2 fishing zones. Spawnings received from group were taken to grow two-year-olds yearlings. The weight of the yearlings varied within 5-7 g. Carps and Ides were realized in to the fishing pond with total area of 57 hectare with the density of 1000 unit/ ha and 20 unit/ha (2% in relation to carp) respectively. The biological features of these fish are briefly described and the questions of growing various age groups are considered, up to the formation of brood stocks. It is established that the Ides spawning is active in the conditions of carp spawning ponds, and the Ide’s intensity of growth in the first and second years of life in ponds is higher than in natural conditions. In the fishery "Shostka" the two-year-olds Ide reached 180... 200 g. A comprehensive assessment of the Ide producers in the "Shostka" and "Kirya" farms showed that Ide can be included in the Carp producing technology with the allocation of the wintering pond which will be harvested at an earlier time. In our opinion, it is most expedient to use the natural reproduction way – to spawn in early spring in spawning carp ponds, while the weight gain of the eggs can reach 300 ... 600 g.

SHEATFISH (SILURUS GLANIS L.) AS A CULTURE IN INTEGRATED FISH FARMING

The characteristic of the Sheatfish as a promising object of one of the representatives of the predatory ichthyofauna for pond carp farms is given. The natural food base of reservoirs for sheatfish in ontogenesis is given. Experimental work for more than twenty years at the "Flora" fish farm in the Volgograd region (the fifth fish breeding zone) has been carried out. The material for research are a fish varieties (from fingerlings to producers). The dynamics of hematological parameters growth in ontogenesis was studied. The connections and patterns of constitutional growth characteristics of males and females formation were revealed, the conformation indices correlated with productive qualities and indicators of vitality were determined. Based on the analysis of own materials and literature data, approximate criteria for assessing sexually mature producers of common sheatfish raised in pond conditions were drawn up. The experience of forming a broodstock herd and assessing the dynamics of weight, exterior characteristics, hematological indicators, obtaining full-fledged offspring allows us to recommend the common sheatfish for widespread introduction into pond polyculture.

The Importance of the Chemistry of the Water to the Production of Carp in Ponds

The Importance of the Chemistry of the Water to the Production of Carp in Ponds

The production of adult females of Daphnia pulicaria Forbes in a carp pond estimated by a direct method

(1966). The production of adult females of Daphnia pulicaria Forbes in a carp pond estimated by a direct method. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 386-391.

Competitive Exclusion of Dactylogyrus extensus by Dactylogyrus vastator (Trematoda, Monogenea) on the Gills of Reared Carp

Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linn.) infested with D. vastator, Nybelin, 1924, are slightly or not at all infested with D. extensus (Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932). Carp infested with D. extensus were found to be free or nearly free from D. vastator. These observations were made on 796 carp in ponds and subjected to statistical analysis. Under laboratory conditions in carp infested with D. extensus and subsequently exposed to D. vastator the latter species replaces the former, i.e., the number of D. extensus on the gills falls to a minimum or to zero even when the original infection with D. extensus was heavy. Histological changes of gills infested with D. vastator result in the loss of D. extensus and, eventually, in heavy infestations of D. vastator itself. With subsequent healing, the gills again become a suitable habitat for D. extensus and D. vastator. Eventually a specific resistance to D. vastator eliminates this species from the dactylogyrid fauna of the gills, and the habitat remains suitable for D. extensus and other dactylogyrids. Antagonism between different species of parasites to which fish are naturally exposed has been discussed by Dogiel (1958) and Bauer (1959). In a review of the subject the above authors cited the following examples: an increase in infestation with Lernaea (Copepoda) is associated with diminished susceptibility to glochidia and vice versa (Wilson 1916). Infection with Eubothrium crassum (Cestoda) prevents infection with Triaenophorus nodulosus (Cestoda) in trout (Scheuring, 1923). There is also antagonism between Octobothrium melangi (Monogenea) and Clavella devastatrix (Copepoda) in Gadus merlangus (Leigh-Sharp, 1933) and between Phyllodistomum folicum (Digenea) and Myxidium lieberkiihni (Neosporidia) in the urinary bladder of Esox lucius (Petrushevski, 1940). Ivasik (1953) found that Dactylogyrus extensus and D. vastator were antagonists to Trichodina carassii (Ciliata), while the above two species of Dactylogyrus and D. anchoratus were found Received for publication 23 April 1963. * This paper is part of a doctoral thesis carried out in the Department of Parasitology, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, under the direction of Professor G. Witenberg. t Supported by a grant from the Fish Breeders Association, Israel. 94 together on the gills of carp and apparently showed no mutual antagonism. The above observations were made during field studies. Little experimental work has been done on interspecific competition between parasites. The few experimental demonstrations of competitive relationships include those of Adler (1954) between Leishmania infantum and Plasmodium berghei, von Brand and Tobie (1960) working with species and races of Trypanosoma, and Holmes (1961) with Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala), and Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). MATERIAL AND METHODS My observations are based mainly on an examination of 796 carp fingerlings collected in fish ponds infested with Dactylogyrus vastator and D. extensus during the spring of 1961-1962. The total length of the fingerlings was from 20 to 50 mm. Supplementary observations were carried out on fingerlings which were transferred to the laboratory and maintained in aquaria of various sizes at two constant temperatures (21 and 28 C). The parasites were counted on gills removed quickly from the living fish and immediately pressed between two glass plates. The results were subjected to the chi-square test.

Adaptation of Dactylogyrus extensus (Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932) to Ecological Conditions of Artificial Ponds in Israel

The resistance of Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932, infesting carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) reared in artificial ponds in Israel, to normal summer temperatures of 24 to 28 C was demonstrated under experimentally controlled conditions. At these relatively high temperatures egg hatching was unimpaired. The parasite was also found resistant to prolonged (up to 6 days) lowered oxygen tension and survived on fingerling carp kept in water of salinity up to 9,000 mg Cl/liter (1.485% NaCi). Carp were introduced into Israel 30 years ago from eastern Europe where the optimum temperature for D. extensus ranges from 13 to 17 C and is susceptible to lowered oxygen tension. The behavior of D. extensus under different temperature and oxygen tensions in Israel may indicate a relatively rapid effect of natural selection and the establishment of a strain of D. extensus well adjusted to local ecological conditions. The tolerance to high salinity, however, is probably not the result of a new local adaptation since it is inherent in D. extensus in eastern Europe. Recent studies on the ecology of Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932 (syn. D. solidus Achmerov, 1948), a gill parasite of wild and cultured carp, Cyprinus carpio, in USSR, showed that the optimal temperature for reproduction is 17 C (Bauer and Nikolskaya, 1954). Higher temperature (20 to 25 C) is a limiting factor for population growth of this parasite since egg hatching decreases with increase of temperature beyond 17 C. Iziumova (1958) showed that a fall in the amount of dissolved oxygen in water significantly reduced the population of D. extensus. Prost (1958, 1959) noted the natural tolerance of this trematode to high salinities. D. extensus found on the gills of carp in Israel was morphologically identical with material described from USSR (Paperna, 1959). As the environmental conditions in this country are different from those in USSR, it was thought to be important to examine the ecological characteristics of the local population. Received for publication 23 April 1963. * Supported by a grant from the Israel Fish Breeders Association. t This paper is part of a doctoral thesis carried out in the Department of Parasitology, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, under the direction of Professor G. Witenberg. MATERIAL AND METHODS From 1960-1962 carp ponds throughout Israel were surveyed seasonally for the presence of gill parasites. Observations were also made on groups of 20 to 100 young carp (20 to 60 mm in total length) from infected ponds and maintained in several aquaria of various sizes (from 30 to 200 liters) under controlled conditions. Some aquaria were kept at a constant temperature of 28 C while others were kept at room temperature of 21 C (in early spring) and 27 C to 30 C (during summer). Oxygen deficiency was produced by maintaining ten fish in small covered jars of 1 to 2 liters capacity; similar jars uncovered and well aerated served as control. Additional observations were carried out on groups of 20 to 50 fishes kept in larger aquaria (100 to 200 liters) covered and nonaerated. The amount of dissolved oxygen in the water was examined by the Winkler method. Salinity (in mg chlorine/liter) was measured by Moore's method. Student's t test was employed in calculating the significance of data obtained from the experiments on the resistance of D. extensus to different temperatures.

Studies on the Production and Utilization of Natural Food in Indonesian Carp Ponds

Studies on the Production and Utilization of Natural Food in Indonesian Carp Ponds

Growth of the Smallmouth Buffalo in Carp Ponds

Growth of the Smallmouth Buffalo in Carp Ponds

Carp in Ponds

Carp in Ponds

Carp in Ponds

Carp in Ponds

Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 1884

Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 1884