Carp Farm Research Articles

Combining nursery closed-system and pond grow-out common carp (Cyprinus carpio) production is a profitable business in Hungary

Extensive, large-scale long-term pond fish production has several challenges and high economic risks, such as continuous bird predation. Moreover, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) production costs are relatively high using this production strategy. To reduce risks and improve production safety and efficiency, European common carp farmers are challenged to shorten the classic 3-year production cycle. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the main farm parameters, production efficiency, cost and revenue of a production strategy based on combining hatchery/nursery closed-system, a second phase of the nursery in ponds and a final phase of pond grow-out of common carp. A deterministic economic model was used. Combined production has a lower fish loss by bird predation, a shorter production cycle, a better feed conversion ratio than conventional pond fish production, and a similar yield at a cost of approximately 2.02 USD/kg. This value are higher than those assumed in the conventional extensive 3-year common carp, completely pond-based production strategy. However, the current assets turnover ratio is much lower in the latter case. The yearly average net revenue can increase by implementing a more intensive combined production strategy. The combined strategy can improve security and predictability of production while reducing the pond area used for grow-out of extensive common carp farm.

First molecular confirmation of cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV1) in diseased carp in Serbia.

Mass mortality of farmed 1 yr old common carp Cyprinus carpio occurred at a carp farm in April 2022. In addition to high mortality, diseased fish exhibited papillomatous growths on the skin and fins, characteristic of carp pox. To investigate a possible viral cause, tissue samples were collected and nucleic acid was extracted using standard procedures. In a pooled sample from the gills and kidneys, carp edema virus (CEV) was detected by real-time PCR. In a skin tissue sample with papillomatous growths, cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV1) was detected by a conventional PCR targeting a conserved region of the DNA polymerase of cyprinid herpesviruses. PCR products were visualized through agarose gel electrophoresis, and the presence of CyHV1 DNA was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. This represents the first molecular confirmation of CyHV1 in common carp in Serbia.

Epizootic situation with infectious and invasive diseases in fishery of LLC “Nikolaev RMS”

Most fish farms in their economic activities for the reproduction and cultivation of fish rely on the use of a set of intensification measures, but, despite them, the spread of infectious and invasive diseases and the deterioration of the epizootic condition does not stop. Fish farms are most exposed to pathogenic effects, as they specialize in raising young fish, which is more susceptible to this type of disease. During the growing season, we conducted hydrobiological and hydrochemical studies, analyzed the epizootic state of the farm, and identified the intensity of the spread of invasive fish diseases in summer and autumn. Because invasive diseases complicate the process of reproduction and rearing of fish, which primarily leads to refusal of food, reducing the intensity of its growth, the death of a large number of aquatic organisms, which causes significant economic losses in the production process. The main purpose of the work was: identifying pathogens of infectious and parasitic diseases to identify them; establishing the intensity of infection; selection of methods of fish treatment and disease prevention in the carp farm of Mykolayivska RMS LLC and Babin-Ryba fish farm. Studies have shown that a significant proportion of fish was affected by pathogens of the class Sestoidea (cestodes): Khawia sinensis (caviosis), Caryophyllosis (karyophilosis) in all age groups, Dyplostomums pathaceum (diplostomosis), Trichodina domerguei forma acdose and three others. (ligulosis), Lernaeosis (Lerniosis), Bothriocephalus acheloignati (botryocephalus). To control the incidence of fish used cestozol, which contains 70 % niclosamide and 30 % levamisole, which helped to overcome the source of infection and curb the incidence. To prevent the occurrence of such phenomena in the future economy, it is recommended to strictly follow the veterinary and sanitary rules and regulations provided by the technological processes of reproduction and cultivation of fish.

Disease associated with Yersinia ruckeri infection in Cyprinus carpio in a common carp farm in Germany

A case of skin alterations and mortalities associated with Yersinia ruckeri in two summer old common carp after over-wintering in a hibernation pond is described in the present work. The disease was characterised mainly by erosions around the orbital area of the fish. The bacterium was cultivated on Columbia agar and identified by MALDI-TOF, by biochemical characteristics and by sequencing 16s rDNA. Parasitological and virological examinations revealed no relevant findings. Usually the pathogen is associated with salmonids, which were not present on the farm investigated in this study.

Effects of Different Fish Diets on the Water Quality in Semi-Intensive Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Farming

Semi-intensive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) farm technology uses several feed types affecting the growth performance; however, we know less about their long-term effects on water quality. Herein, we evaluated the effects of three commonly used feeds—moderate levels of fish meal and fish oil feed (FF), plant meal and plant oil feed (PF), and cereal feed (CF) on the nutrient (total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and organic matter (OM)) content of the pond water. The experiment was carried out over three consecutive years from juveniles to market-sized fish. The type of feed affected the net yields, but generally, it did not affect the water quality. The year of sampling, however, was a significant factor affecting TN, TP, and OM, whose concentrations decreased during the three years. Our findings highlight that the age of the stocked fish on water quality has a more pronounced effect than the nutrient profile of the supplementary feed. Additionally, the plant-based feed could provide comparable net yields as the fish meal-based feed without additional nutrient loading in the water column, reinforcing the sustainability of alternative feeds in semi-intensive carp farming.

Technology of growing young carp in fish farm Ltd “Mykolaivska RMS”

We have studied the possibility of increasing the production of young carp by applying a set of intensification measures and the introduction of innovative production methods, when growing it in artificial reservoirs. Works that has been carried out works provided with technology of cultivation of young fishes as one of the first stages of production of marketable products in aquaculture, secures the selection of qualitative and viable breeding material, providing it with appropriate environmental conditions for normal growth and development, search of optimum and balanced compound feeds which will supplement natural fodder base of ponds, and carrying out of complex measures concerning intensification of fish farming taking into account natural-climatic and geographical-zonal features of a separate economy. The main purpose of the work was to improve the technology of growing young fish in the carp farm of Ltd "Mykolaivska RMS" when using in the feeding of this year's granular feed. Generally accepted hydrochemical, hydrobiological and fish farming methods were used in order to achieve this goal. The technological features of growing carp fish planting material at low planting densities were studied in the ponds of the experimental fishery. The effect of land reclamation, fertilization of ponds to improve the natural feed base, feeding fish with granular feed with a well-balanced content of nutrients and biologically active substances, with constant control of temperature and hydrochemical regimes of ponds on morphometric parameters expediency of carrying out such measures in fisheries. Our research results indicate that the natural fodder basis of ponds of the experimental carp farm Ltd "Mykolaivska RMS" does not fully meet the regulatory conditions for growing young carp and carrying out the above set of intensification measures in combination with feeding young carp granular concentrated organic feed environmentally friendly and economically feasible.

Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activity in the water from the ponds of a carp farm

The hydrolytic activity of four classes of extracellular enzymes was determined in the surface water in three fish farm ponds. These water basins were inhabited by different developmental stages of carp. The ranking order of the mean enzyme activity rates in the studied water basins was as follows: aminopeptidase > lipase > β-glucosidase > α-glucosidase. The level of activity of the tested enzymes differed among the studied ponds. Each hydrolase had its characteristic horizontal profile of activity. The level of extracellular enzyme activity characterised dynamic influenced by the seasons.

Artificial Feed from Organic Waste for Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) is one of the widely cultivated fishes in Indonesia. Utilization of organic waste from the traditional market such as chicken intestines, corn husk, and water spinach stems into artificial feed for carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) var. Majalaya is discussed in this study. Compared to the commercial feed commonly used by fish farmers in Pontianak, artificial feed with a protein content of 30% showed the best growth rate of body length and weight, and highest feed efficiency. With the proper cultivating condition, artificial feed presents a huge opportunity to be an alternative solution to reduce the cost of carp farm production.

Molecular Characterization of Muscle Infecting Myxobolus sp. Causing Outbreak in Labeo rohita, Rohu: First Report from Andaman Islands

Among the myxozoan parasites, the genus Myxobolus is considered as the emerging parasite in freshwater aquaculture. In the present study, a disease outbreak associated with mass mortality was investigated in a carp farm located at North and Middle Andaman district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The affected rohu fry exhibited the clinical signs such as lethargic movement, dark body colouration, loss of appetite, excess mucus secretion, 1-2 mm multifocal white nodules on the body surface and skeletal deformities including spinal curvatures. Molecular characterization using 18S rRNA along with clinical signs identified the causative agent as muscle infecting Myxobolus sp. (GenBank accession number MK128509) which showed 95.45% identity with Myxobolus musculi and 95.23% identity with Myxobolus pseudodispar. Genetic distance and phylogenetic tree analysis were performed to elucidate the relationship between the Myxobolus sp. obtained in the present study and the members of other congeners. This investigation serves as the first report of Myxobolus sp. outbreak from Andaman and Nicobar Islands and also reiterates the need for implementation of strict biosecurity measures to preserve the freshwater aquatic fauna of these Islands.

Some phenotypic parameters of marketable Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) reared in the carp farm pools in Kirkuk province of Iraq

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most important cultured fish in the world aquaculture industry. The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic parameters of some body measurements in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) reared in pools in Kirkuk province of Iraq. In this study, the means of body weight (BW), total length (TL), body depth (BD) and fork length (FL) in common carps were determined as, 2.097±0.034, 45.820±0.242, 14.446±0.240 and 38.040±0.210 for male and 2.050±0.033, 45.850±0.277, 14.120±0.154 and 37.960±0.227 for female (P>0.05), respectively. Besides, condition factor (K) was determined as 2.1829±0.0338 for male and 2.1383±0.0409 for females (P>0.05), respectively.

Simulating the Advection and Degradation of the Environmental DNA of Common Carp along a River.

The environmental DNA (eDNA) method is a novel technique for precise and efficient biological surveillance. Although eDNA has been widely used to monitor various freshwater organisms, eDNA dynamics in streams remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the eDNA dynamics of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) in a forested headwater stream affected by the effluent from a carp farm. We evaluated the longitudinal variation in carp eDNA along a river downstream from the farm and performed a temporal eDNA decay experiment using digital polymerase chain reaction. On the basis of the resulting decay constants, we built a model to simulate the advection and degradation of eDNA along the studied river. The observed eDNA flux (concentration multiplied by flow rate) decreased exponentially with distance downstream from the farm, and eDNA was detected 3 km downstream of the farm. Although the water temperatures were similar, the eDNA decay constant was lower in autumn than in summer. The simulated eDNA concentration was markedly larger (>10 times) than the observed concentration, suggesting that eDNA removal is accelerated in the stream environment compared to in conventional experimental settings.

Histopathology and Detection of Cyprinid Herpesvirus Infection in Two Koi Farms in Tianjin City (China)

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is the etiologic agent of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) causing mass mortalities in common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio), koi (Cyprinus carpio koi), and ghost carp (Cyprinus carpio goi) populations. In this study, we report new outbreaks of the koi herpesvirus (KHV) disease in a koi carp farm in Tianjin city, northern China. From June to September 2017, severe mortalities of koi juvenile and broodstock occurred in ornamental fish, and infected koi carp which showed signs of lethargy and loss of appetite, and clinical signs including sunken eyes, gill necrosis, and excessive secretion of mucus. Histopathologically, the gills showed hyperplasia and degeneration of epithelial cells and fusion of the lamellae, and foci necrosis was found in gills, liver, kidney, and spleen. In addition, KHV and Carp edema virus (CEV) were detected in the diseased koi fish by diagnostic PCR tests for the viruses. The results showed that the nucleotide sequences of thymidine kinase (TK), DNA polymerase (SphI-5), and four open reading frame (ORF 25, ORF 56, ORF 72, ORF 81) genes confirmed the highest identity with other KHV strains such as KHV-I, KHV-U and KHV-J, but the CEV was negative. The phylogenetic tree showed KHV-TJ1708 and KHV-TJ1709 clustered with the Asian strain KHV-J (AP008984). Results of the present study confirmed the prevalence of Carp herpes disease (KHVD) in China koi populations by means of clinical examination, histopathology and molecular technique. These data will provide a reference for diagnosis, quarantine, and surveillance of KHV in China.

Time Series Regression in Aquaculture

Time Series Regression in Aquaculture

Antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolatedrnfrom the carp farm following Streptomycin treatment

Antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas spp. isolatedrnfrom the carp farm following Streptomycin treatment

Serodiagnosis of grass carp reovirus infection in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella by a novel Western blot technique

Frequent outbreaks of grass carp hemorrhagic disease, caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection, pose as serious threats to the production of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Although various nucleic acids-based diagnostic methods have been shown effective, lack of commercial monoclonal antibody against grass carp IgM has impeded the development of any reliable immunoassays in detection of GCRV infection. The present study describes the preparation and screening of monoclonal antibodies against the constant region of grass carp IgM protein, and the development of a Western blot (WB) protocol for the specific detection of antibodies against outer capsid VP7 protein of GCRV that serves as antibody-capture antigen in the immunoassay. In comparison to a conventional RT-PCR method, validity of the WB is further demonstrated by testing on clinical fish serum samples collected from a grass carp farm in Jiangxi Province during disease pandemic in 2011. In conclusion, the WB technique established in this study could be employed for specific serodiagnosis of GCRV infection.

A NEW TECHNOLOGY OF SHRIMP MARSUPENAEUS JAPONICUS CULTIVATION IN SEMI-INTENSIVE METHOD IN ALBANIA

The results obtained in the rearing of Marsupenaeus japonicus in Albania, using semi-intensive methods are described. The experiment took place in an existing Carp Farm, partially transformed in an extensive Shrimp Farm by a joint-venture (Italo-Albanian), which will be established as a Research Unit for shrimps production. The Research Unit is located in an area of approximately 6 hectares. The size and the number of utilized ponds will be very flexible and not cost effective. Four ponds of 0.5 ha each of them, are stocked with a number of Post-larvae (PL22) which will vary 5PL/m². With water exchange from a minimum of 5% to a maximum of 20%. Alimentation will be based on fresh food and dry food depending on price and availability. 100,000 juveniles with an average weight of 0.02g each were released into the rearing ponds. After 120 days of rearing 1100kg of shrimps were collected weighing on average 20 g each. The final survival rate was 65% with a food conversion of 1.4.

Comparative analysis of carp farming costs in Iran, in 1996 and 2001

Carp is one of the most widely cultivated warm water fish, which has been introduced into many countries. It is essential for the manager of a carp farm to know the production costs and their evolution, showing the main inputs on which the cost reduction is worth effort. In Iran, carp farming is mainly based on common carp, silver carp, grass carp, and bighead carp, which were often reared in poly culture. Carp farming production reached a peak in 2006 with production of more than 77,000 tones. The characteristics of the carp farming industry in the main fish farming provinces, (overall more than 90% of total carp production) are considerably different. In years 1996 and 2001, a study of yield production, factor costs and profitability of farmed carp was carried out to help clarify carp production costs and their difference between the provinces. 153 farms in 1996 and 101 farms in 2001, overall, a total of 254 farms from the main carp farming provinces, including; Guilan, Mazandaran and Khuzestan were randomly selected, classified and studied. Results showed that the various producer provinces have different cost structures. Overall, feed and fertilizer with the highest level of variation accounted for 45% of total costs in 1996, declined to 23% in 2001. However, on average, cost of seed and labor increased from 7% and 10% to 23% and 17% of total costs over the 1996 and 2001, respectively. On average, benefit-cost ratio and the rate of farm income were closely related to location suggesting that farmers practiced more efficiently and have better conditions in Guilan in 1996, resulting in higher farm income per ha and per kg, changing to better conditions and more efficient by Mazandaran province in 2001. Overall, in the three main provinces, rate of farm income from an average of 20% in 1996, declined to 12% in 2001.

Influence of abiotic and biotic environmental factors on weight gain of cultured carp on a carp farm

During the period from April to October in the production season of the year 2000, seven chemical parameters of the aquatic environment were analyzed twice a month for the amount of natural food (zooplankton and bottom fauna) on pond No. 4 at the Dubica Carp Farm in Banatska Dubica (Vojvodina, Serbia). Correlation between natural food and carp growth was analyzed as well. The investigations revealed negative correlation between the amount of natural food per kilogram of ichthyomass and pH (p < 0.001, r = -0.875), electroconductivity (p = 0.0294, r = -0.673), COD (p = 0.0052, r = -0.782), total water hardness (p = 0.0186, r = -0.709), and carbonate water hardness (p = 0.0087, r = -0.758). However, statistically significant positive correlation was found between the biomass of natural food (g/kg of ichthyomass) and concentration of nitrates (p < 0.01, r = 0.841) and phosphates (p = 0.0427, r = 0.640). Concerning com?ponents of natural food (zooplankton and bottom fauna), bottom fauna biomass had a very low production and showed no statistically significant correlation (p = 0.137, r = 0.491) with total natural food biomass whereas zooplankton biomass was very significantly correlated (p<0.001, r = 0.830) with the total amount of natural food, indicating that zooplankton was the dominant component of natural food at the investigated fish pond. The daily weight gain (%) of cultured fish was greatest at the beginning of the carp farming season, i.e., in April, when it comprised a value of 2.3%. After negative growth at the end of May (-0.2%), a gradual increase of weight gain was recorded until the beginning of September. By comparing the biomass of natural food with the daily weight gain (%) of carp, it was observed that the weight gain had a trend similar to biomass of natural food with a 15 day interval. This relationship was justified by positive statistical correlation (p = 0.006, R = 0.960). As zooplankton was the major component of natural food, fish relayed on it as the main protein source showed by a significant positive correlation (p = 0.034, r = 0.907).

Carp vitellogenin detection by an optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy biosensor

A label-free carp vitellogenin sensor has a strong potential for on-site monitoring on the possible contamination of edible fish with endocrine disruptors as a sum parameter in an inland carp farm. In this study, we performed a sensitive detection for carp vitellogenin with a direct-binding optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy-based immunosensor. Carp vitellogenin bound over the sensor surface quite specifically, judging from the sensor responses according to stepwise antibody immobilization. This was also supported by a negligible sensor response found at bovine serum albumin immobilization. When plotted in double-logarithmic scale for carp vitellogenin concentrations of 0.00675–67.5 nM, a linear relationship was found between analyte concentration and sensor response, together with the limit of detection of 0.00675 nM. The reusability of the immunosensor after the regeneration with 10 mM HCl was reasonably good, as presumed from the coefficient of variability of 6.02% for nine repetitive measurements. The model sample prepared by spiking a purified carp vitellogenin into a 10-fold diluted vitellogenin-free carp serum in 9.45 nM showed the response ratio of 96.70% against 9.45 nM of the purified carp vitellogenin. When a female and male carp sera induced with 17β-estradiol injection were analyzed, biomarker induction was even identifiable at 2000-fold serum dilution.

An Analysis of Inputs Cost for Carp Farming Sector in 2001 in Iran

Carp is widely sold and used in its fresh in Iran, however, recently a range of value additions may also be observed. It is essential to the sustainable development of a carp farm to know the production costs and their contribution. Warm-water fish farming is mainly based on common, silver, grass and bighead carp and the common carp and the three Chinese species are often reared in poly culture in Iran. Since, the 1970s carp farming has spread around the Caspian coast and farmed production reached a peak in 2006 with production of more than 73,400 tons. A study of production, costs and profitability of carp farming sector was carried out to help clarify carp production costs and their difference with location in 2001. A total of 101 farms from the three main carp farming provinces, Guilan, Mazandaran and Khuzestan were randomly selected, classified and studied. The results of the survey showed that the various producer provinces have different cost structures. Overall, feed and fertilizer with the highest level of variation accounted for 23% of total costs, followed by seed and labor and salary with 23 and 17%, respectively. On average, benefit-cost ratio and the rate of farm income were closely related to location. This result suggests that farmers practice more efficiently and have better conditions in Mazandaran, followed by Guilan province.