Carotid Chemoreceptor Activity Research Articles

Significance of peripheral chemoreceptor response and adaptation in the regulation of breathing.

The objective of this presentation is to focus attention on some neglected aspects of peripheral chemoreflexes in the regulation of breathing. Since the work of Gesell and White1 the phase dependent effect of carotid chemoreceptor stimulation on volume and duration of breaths in resting animals has been firmly established by Black and Torrance2 and Eldridge3, 4 In recent years these observations on the stimulating effect dominated the literature on peripheral chemoreflex control of breathing. But stimulation is not the only aspect of this reflex. Withdrawal of stimulation is a natural occurrence. Waxing and waning of peripheral chemoreceptor activity occurs with respiration5 and blood flow (unpublished observation). A phase relationship between these aspects and respiratory oscillations is expected to determine in part the extent of stimulation and effects of withdrawal. We examined simultaneously the effect of withdrawal of arterial stimulus on carotid chemoreceptor activity and ventilation and related ventilation to carotid chemoreceptor activity. These results emphasize the importance of overall dynamic aspects of peripheral chemoreceptor activity on single breaths as well as on minute ventilation.

Intermediate product I of prothrombin proteolysis as a natural factor of the anticoagulating system stimulation

Injection of Intermediate product I (P-I) resulting from prothrombin proteolysis by thrombin, into the systemic circulation of frog leads to mobilization of the anticoagulating and fibrinolytic potential of the organism. No effect is observed in animals with destroyed central nervous system. Perfusion of humorally isolated carotid labyrinth of frog by P-I considerably increases the bioelectric activity of carotid chemoreceptors and induces changes in blood coagulability in the systemic circulation. The resulting changes are accompanied by an increase in total coagulation time, overall fibrinolytic activity and non-enzymic fibrinolysis. The data obtained are indicative of reflex excitation of the anticoagulating system by P-I, which possesses no coagulating activity, but is structurally similar to thrombin.

Proposed respiratory 'gating' mechanism for cardiac slowing.

THREE of the essential variables concerned in the regulation of systemic cardiovascular performance are cardiac output, blood pressure and the resistance encountered by the blood in flowing through the systemic vascular bed. Cardiac output may be further considered as the product of cardiac stroke volume and heart rate. The latter is under the control of the vagi and sympathetic nerves but the reflex bradycardia produced by vagal activation as a result of increased blood pressure, increased carotid chemoreceptor activity or direct electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve occurs only if the stimulus is delivered during expiration. A sustained stimulus which is able reflexly to activate the cardiac vagal efferents will, therefore, produce the pattern of heart rate known as sinus arrhythmia (that is, a slow heart rate regularly interrupted by periods of cardiac acceleration coinciding with inspiration). This association of inspiratory activity with the inhibition of bradycardia is also seen when stimulating certain areas of the brain: areas which produce an inhibition of bradycardia2,3 also produce an increase in respiratory activity, while other areas produce bradycardia and apnoea4. A vagal bradycardia unrelated to respiration can in fact only be induced by stimulating the cells of origin in the nucleus ambiguus5,6 or the vagus nerve itself. This nucleus lies in the medullary reticular formation ventro-lateral to the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. Since all known afferent stimuli which cause reflex bradycardia converge on the area of the nucleus tractus solitarius where “inspiratory” type neurones abound before passing on to the nucleus ambiguus, it is tempting to postulate that these inspiratory neurones may actually be part of a ‘gate’ which controls the passage of impulses through this reflex pathway. The rhythmical opening and closing of this gate with respiratory activity would result in sinus arrhythmia provided the gate remains open for a sufficient length of time and that there is an adequate background of vagal tone, which is in itself reflexly engendered. We have experimentally analysed some of the properties of this proposed respiratory gating mechanism and conclude that it is in fact influenced by both neural inspiratory activity and by lung inflation.

Stimulation of the aortic and carotid chemoreceptor drive by low doses of chlorpromazine.

Chlorpromazine (75 mg daily) or placebo was administered, during a week, to 10 healthy students, 23–27 years old, on a double-blind cross-over basis. Minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation increased significantly under Chlorpromazine (p p>0, 05) and increased the arterial PO2 (p<0, 0025), without any change of P-50. We conclude that low oral doses of chlorpromazine had no influence on the alveolar-capillary O2-carriage. The drug taken in the chosen dosis, however, seems to stimulate the aortic and carotid chemoreceptor activity, possibly by a local blockade of the cytochrome P-450.

Mechanisms of autonomic control of carotid chemoreceptor activity

Single chemoreceptor fibres dissected from the cut carotid sinus nerves of cats were studied when carotid body blood flow was normal, and when it had been abruptly halted by reducing the local perfusion pressure to zero. Ten chemoreceptor fibres which, when normally supplied with blood, increased their discharge by at least 25% in response to sympathetic stimulation, and 7 fibres which, when normally supplied with blood, decreased their discharge by at least 10% in response to carotid sinus nerve stimulation, were chosen for study. The development of discharge during the period of stagnant asphyxia following stoppage of flow was reproducible in repeated control trials for each fibre investigated. Neither sympathetic nor carotid sinus nerve stimulation, commencing at the stoppage of flow and continued throughout the period of asphyxia, produced any significant alteration from the control pattern of developing chemoreceptor discharge. These experiments provide evidence that the effects of sympathetic and carotid sinus nerve stimulation on carotid chemoreceptor discharge are mediated through alterations in carotid body blood flow. When there is no flow there are no effects on discharge.

Relationship between carotid chemoreceptor activity and ventilation in the cat

The steady-state stimulus-response relations between arterial pq, and P CO 2 , and the mean activity of carotid chemoreceptors (single and multi-fiber) and ventilation were simultaneously recorded in 48 anesthetized cats. The carotid chemoreceptor activity varied linearly with the increase of arterial P CO 2 , below and above the normal value, at any given level of arterial P O 2 . A decrease in arterial Po, increased the activity of the carotid chemoreceptors and increased its sensitivity to changes in arterial P CO 2 showing multiplicative stimulus interaction. The authors also found that the response in ventilation during hypoxia to changes in arterial P CO 2 , below the normal value was smaller than that to changes above it, unlike the response of carotid chemoreceptors. This arterial P CO 2 , quasi-threshold for ventilation was, therefore, not due to a corresponding threshold for the activity of the carotid chemoreceptors but to a central mechanism. Above the central Pa CO 2 threshold, the ventilatory response to changes in Pa CO 2 , and Pa O 2 resembled that of chemoreceptors but the ventilation dependent on hypoxia was greater than that could be directly accounted for by the activity of peripheral chemoreceptors. A multiplicative interaction between the activity of peripheral chemoreceptors and central CO 2 excitation appears to play a role in the regulation of ventilation.

Potencies of doxapram and hypoxia in stimulating carotid-body chemoreceptors and ventilation in anesthetized cats.

The effects of doxapram on carotid chemoreceptor activity and on ventilation (phrenic-nerve activity) were tested before and after denervation of the peripheral chemoreceptors in cats. Doxapram was found to be a potent stimulus to the carotid chemoreceptors; the stimulation produced by 1.0 mg/kg doxapram, iv, equalled that produced by a Pao2 of 38 torr. Doxapram also increased phrenic-nerve activity in doses as low as 0.2 mg/kg, iv. After denervation of the peripheral chemoreceptors, doxapram in doses as large as 6 mg/kg failed to stimulate ventilation. It is concluded that (in anesthetized cats) doxapram in doses of less than 6 mg/kg increases ventilation by direct stimulation of the carotid, and, probably, the aortic, chemoreceptors, not by a direct effect on the medullary respiratory center.

Effects of temperature on carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor activity.

Effects of temperature on carotid chemoreceptor and baroreceptor activity.D S McQueen, and C EyzaguirreD S McQueen, and C EyzaguirrePublished Online:01 Nov 1974https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1974.37.6.1287MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByCarotid body hyperexcitability underlies heat-induced hyperventilation in exercising humansTravis D. Gibbons, Jerome A. Dempsey, Kate N. Thomas, Philip N. Ainslie, Luke C. Wilson, Tiarna A. M. Stothers, Holly A. Campbell, and James D. Cotter14 December 2022 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 133, No. 6Carotid body chemosensitivity is not attenuated during cold water divingHayden W. Hess, David Hostler, Brian M. Clemency, Erika St. James, and Blair D. Johnson29 July 2021 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 321, No. 2Carotid chemoreceptors have a limited role in mediating the hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation in exercising humansNaoto Fujii, Miki Kashihara, Glen P. Kenny, Yasushi Honda, Tomomi Fujimoto, Yinhang Cao, and Takeshi Nishiyasu6 February 2019 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 126, No. 2Role of the carotid body chemoreceptors in glucose homeostasis and thermoregulation in humans5 March 2018 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 596, No. 15Acid-base balance in the developing marsupial: from ectotherm to endothermSarah J. Andrewartha, Kevin J. Cummings, and Peter B. Frappell1 May 2014 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 116, No. 9Breath-to-breath hypercapnic response in neonatal rats: temperature dependency of the chemoreflexes and potential implications for breathing stabilityKevin J. Cummings and Peter B. Frappell1 July 2009 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 297, No. 1Human cardiorespiratory and cerebrovascular function during severe passive hyperthermia: effects of mild hypohydrationJui-Lin Fan, James D. Cotter, Rebekah A. I. Lucas, Kate Thomas, Luke Wilson, and Philip N. Ainslie1 August 2008 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 105, No. 2Components and mechanisms of thermal hyperpneaMatthew D. White1 August 2006 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 101, No. 2Hypothermia and hypoxia inhibit the Hering-Breüer reflex in the marsupial newbornP. M. MacFarlane, and P. B. Frappell1 May 2004 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 286, No. 5Do circadian rhythms in respiratory control contribute to sleep-related breathing disorders?Sleep Medicine Reviews, Vol. 7, No. 6Strong Expression of Interleukin-1 Receptor Type I in the Rat Carotid Body26 June 2016 | Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, Vol. 50, No. 12Circadian pattern of ventilation during prolonged hypoxia in conscious ratsRespiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, Vol. 133, No. 1-2Depressed ventilatory response to hypoxia in hypothermic newborn piglets: role of glutamateAnnette McCormick, Cleide Suguihara, Jian Huang, Carlos Devia, Dorothy Hehre, Jocelyn H. Bruce, and Eduardo Bancalari1 March 1998 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 84, No. 3Thermal dependence of chemosensory activity in the carotid body superfused in vitroBrain Research, Vol. 600, No. 1Effects of body temperature on chemosensory activity of the cat carotid body in situNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 132, No. 2Thermal effects on ventilation in cats: participation of carotid body chemoreceptorsRespiration Physiology, Vol. 86, No. 1Changes in glomus cell membrane properties in response to stimulants and depressants of carotid nerve dischargeBrain Research, Vol. 477, No. 1-2The effect of hypothermia on central neural control of respirationRespiration Physiology, Vol. 58, No. 3Effects of temperature on denervated carotid body (glomus) cellsBrain Research, Vol. 279, No. 1-2Effects of temperature on the response of chemoreceptor fibers to chemical agentsBrain Research, Vol. 279, No. 1-2Carotid body grafts induced chemosensitivity in muscle nerve fibers of the catBrain Research, Vol. 270, No. 1Carotid chemoreceptor reflexes in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive ratsGeneral Pharmacology: The Vascular System, Vol. 12, No. 6Effects of drugs on chemoreceptors, pulmonary and cardiovascular receptorsPharmacology & Therapeutics. Part B: General and Systematic Pharmacology, Vol. 3, No. 1Reflex changes in hindlimb and renal vascular resistance in response to distention of the isolated pulmonary arteries of the dog.Circulation Research, Vol. 40, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 37Issue 6November 1974Pages 1287-96 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1974.37.6.1287PubMed4436701History Published online 1 November 1974 Published in print 1 November 1974 Metrics

Statistical analysis of cyclic variations in carotid body chemoreceptor activity.

ArticleStatistical analysis of cyclic variations in carotid body chemoreceptor activity.J L Gehrich, and G P MooreJ L Gehrich, and G P MoorePublished Online:01 Nov 1973https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1973.35.5.642MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited BySpontaneous action potential generation due to persistent sodium channel currents in simulated carotid body afferent fibersDavid F. Donnelly1 May 2008 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 104, No. 5Single-unit recordings of arterial chemoreceptors from mouse petrosal ganglia in vitroDavid F. Donnelly, and Ricardo Rigual1 April 2000 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 88, No. 4Respiratory modulation in the activity of sympathetic neuronesProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 43, No. 6Avian arterial chemoreceptor responses to steps of CO2 and O2Respiration Physiology, Vol. 90, No. 3Respiratory variability and associated cardiovascular changes in adults at restClinical Physiology, Vol. 11, No. 2Carotid chemoreceptor response to increases in CO2 outputRespiration Physiology, Vol. 81, No. 1Effect of dopamine antagonism on carotid chemoreceptor interspike intervalsBrain Research, Vol. 407, No. 1Oscillation, Gating, and Memory in the Respiratory Control System1 January 2011Initiation and Control of Chemoreceptor Activity in the Carotid Body1 January 2011Reflex Responses to Chemoreceptor Stimulation1 January 2011The effect of the phase relationship between the arterial blood gas oscillations and central neural respiratory activity of phrenic motoneurone output in catsRespiration Physiology, Vol. 61, No. 3Cardiorespiratory Effects of HypoxemiaOscillations of medullary extracellular fluid pH caused by breathingRespiration Physiology, Vol. 55, No. 2Non-random chemoreceptor activity during superfusion in vitroBrain Research, Vol. 292, No. 1The Response Characteristic of Peripheral Chemoreceptors and Their Physiological RelevanceThe relation between hypoxia and CO2-induced reflex alternation of breathing in manRespiration Physiology, Vol. 29, No. 3Relationship between carotid chemoreceptor activity and ventilation in the catRespiration Physiology, Vol. 24, No. 3Chemical control of ventilation during hypoxic exerciseRespiration Physiology, Vol. 22, No. 3 More from this issue > Volume 35Issue 5November 1973Pages 642-8 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1973.35.5.642PubMed4770348History Published online 1 November 1973 Published in print 1 November 1973 Metrics

Absence of carotid chemoreceptor response during hypoxic exercise in the cat

The ventilatory response to hypoxia is augmented by muscular exercise. In order to determine the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in the ventilatory response during hypoxic exercise we measured carotid chemoreceptor activity in few-fiber and multi-fiber preparations in 15 anesthetized and 6 decerebrate cats simultaneously with ventilation and systemic blood pressure. These determinations were made at three levels of P co 2 (about 460, 80 and 36 torr) during hind limb exercise elicited by spinal cord stimulation and also during passive hind limb movement. The ventilatory response to each exercise maneuver was prompt and persistent. Although the carotid chemoreceptor preparation responded normally to chemical stimuli, there was no modification of the response by the simulated exercise. On the other hand, in 6 separate experiments on anesthetized cats, exercise increased ventilation in proportion to the increase in oxygen uptake and enhanced the hypoxic effect on ventilation. Therefore these results demonstrated, at each level of inspired 0; tested, that the hyperpnea of exercise occurred without an increase in mean activity of the carotid chemoreceptors. We conclude that the effect of exercise is not mediated by the peripheral chemoreceptors and that the augmenting and interacting effects of hypoxia on the ventilation during exercise occur centrally.

Direct central and reflexly mediated effects of nicotine on the peripheral circulation

The direct central and some reflexly (chemoreceptor) initiated cardiovascular actions of nicotine were studied using a vascularly isolated, perfused, in-situ cat brain preparation having neural control over the peripheral circulation. 4 different groups were studied relative to the integrity of certain cranial nerves (CN): (a) all CN intact; (b) the carotid branch of CN IX only was sectioned; (c) CN X only was sectioned in the cervical region and (d) CN IX, X, XI and XII were sectioned at the level of the jugular foramina rostral to the nodose ganglia. The effects of perfusion of nicotine hydrochloride through the isolated brain at perfusion blood concentrations of 1 and 10 μg/ml were as follows: In group (a) the effect appeared to depend on concentration, a significant hypotension and bradycardia occurring only at 10 μg/ml. In group (b) the larger concentration caused a marked hypotension and bradycardia. In group (c), 10 μg/ml caused a significant hypertension but little effect on heart rate. At 1 μg/ml, the effect was qualitatively similar but not statistically significant. Finally, in group (d), 10 μg/ml caused a significant hypotension and bradycardia. These results indicate that when nicotine is restricted to blood perfusing only the carotid bifurcation region and the cerebral circulation, the reflex and direct centrallu initiated effects on the peripheral circulation depend to a large extent on the integrity of the afferent and efferent autonomic pathways carried by CN IX and X and possibly to some extent XI and XII. Actions of nicotine contributing to the above effects included activation of carotid chemoreceptors leading to both tachycardia and bradycardia and to both hypertension and hypotension. What appeared to be a direct centrally induced hypotension and bradycardia was also demonstrated. There was no evidence of a direct centrally induced hypertension by nicotine at the above stated blood levels.

Circulatory reflex from vagal afferents in response to hemorrhage in the dog.

Experiments were conducted in 35 anesthetized dogs to study the circulatory adjustments, after hemorrhage, mediated by vagal afferents from the cardiopulmonary area. With the aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors denervated and carotid baroreceptor and chemoreceptor activity held constant, hemorrhage of 10% of blood volume caused an increase in heart rate and constriction of the resistance vessels of the hindlimb, renal, and mesenteric beds and of the splanchnic venous bed. Vagotomy abolished these responses to hemorrhage, resulting in a greater decrease in blood pressure. With the carotid baroreflex operative, the constriction of the renal and mesenteric resistance vessels and of the splanchnic venous bed were similar to that obtained with only the vagi operative, but the constriction of the hindlimb resistance vessels was much greater and aortic pressure was better maintained. It is concluded that receptors in the cardiopulmonary area, subserved by vagal afferents, exert their main influence on the splanchnic resistance and capacitance vessels and on the renal circulation, whereas the carotid baroreceptors predominantly affect the muscle vessels.

Reflex cardiovascular responses after 36 hr of hypoxia.

ARTICLESReflex cardiovascular responses after 36 hr of hypoxiaDD Heistad, RC Wheeler, and VS AokiDD Heistad, RC Wheeler, and VS AokiPublished Online:01 Jun 1971https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.6.1673MoreSectionsPDF (984 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByGlobal REACH 2018: Andean highlanders, chronic mountain sickness and the integrative regulation of resting blood pressure14 May 2020 | Experimental Physiology, Vol. 106, No. 1Efficacy of Electrical Baroreflex Activation Is Independent of Peripheral Chemoreceptor ModulationHypertension, Vol. 75, No. 1Reductions in carotid chemoreceptor activity with low‐dose dopamine improves baroreflex control of heart rate during hypoxia in humans14 July 2016 | Physiological Reports, Vol. 4, No. 13Thromboelastographic Study of Psychophysiological Stress19 November 2013 | Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, Vol. 21, No. 6A Review of Psychophysiological Stressors on Pharmacokinetics7 March 2013 | The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 51, No. 11Impaired Vascular Regulation in Patients with Obstructive Sleep ApneaAmerican Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 180, No. 11Systemic hypoxia affects cardiac autonomic activity and vascular hemodynamic control modulated by physical stimulation20 January 2009 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 106, No. 1Oxygen regulation of arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and survivalJulie Basu Ray, Sara Arab, Yupu Deng, Peter Liu, Linda Penn, David W. Courtman, and Michael E. Ward1 February 2008 | American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Vol. 294, No. 2Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 enhances systemic arterial contraction after hypoxiaJeff Z. He, Adrian Quan, Yi Xu, Hwee Teoh, Guilin Wang, Jason E. Fish, Brent M. Steer, Shigeyoshi Itohara, Philip A. Marsden, Sandra T. Davidge, and Michael E. Ward1 January 2007 | American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Vol. 292, No. 1Hypoxia induces a functionally significant and translationally efficient neuronal NO synthase mRNA variantJournal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 115, No. 11Increased myofibrillar protein phosphatase-1 activity impairs rat aortic smooth muscle activation after hypoxiaHwee Teoh, Mary Zacour, Avraham D. Wener, Lakshman Gunaratnam, and Michael E. Ward1 April 2003 | American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, Vol. 284, No. 4Mechanisms of aortic smooth muscle hyporeactivity after prolonged hypoxia in ratsMary E. Zacour, Hwee Teoh, Andrew J. Halayko, and Michael E. Ward1 June 2002 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 92, No. 6Circulatory HypoxiaImpaired reactivity of rat aorta to phenylephrine and KCl after prolonged hypoxia: role of the endotheliumGrant Auer, and Michael E. Ward1 August 1998 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 85, No. 2Carotid baroreflex control of heart rate during acute exposure to simulated altitudes of 3,800 m and 4,300 mS. Sagawa, R. Torii, K. Nagaya, F. Wada, Y. Endo, and K. Shiraki1 October 1997 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 273, No. 4The Effect of Naproxen on Acute Mountain Sickness and Vascular Responses to HypoxiaThe American Journal of the Medical Sciences, Vol. 292, No. 1Metabolic Functions of the Lung: Biochemical Activities that have Clinical SignificanceThe pathophysiology of acute high-altitude illnessThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 73, No. 3Physiological Effects of Environmental StimuliJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 61, No. 8 More from this issue > Volume 220Issue 6June 1971Pages 1673-1676 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1971 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1971.220.6.1673PubMed5087816History Published online 1 June 1971 Published in print 1 June 1971 Metrics

The effects of electrical stimulation of the distal end of the cut sinus and aortic nerves on peripheral arterial chemoreceptor activity in the cat.

1. In anaesthetized cats, stimulation of efferent components of the carotid sinus or aortic nerves depressed chemoreceptor discharge from the relevant chemoreceptor afferents. The local application of 2% procaine hydrochloride to the sinus nerve trunk, peripheral to the site of the stimulating electrodes and proximal to that of the afferent nerve twig, abolished the depression of afferent chemoreceptor discharge caused by electrical stimulation; on washing the procaine away electrical stimulation once more induced depression of chemoreceptor discharge.2. The depressant effect of efferent stimulation on carotid chemoreceptor activity was still seen during complete carotid glomeral ischaemia. Atropine given by close intra-arterial injection to the carotid body did not affect the depressant influence of efferent sinus nerve stimulation on carotid body chemoreceptor discharge.3. Stimulation of the sinus nerve efferents usually increased carotid body blood flow. Close arterial injection of atropine abolished this effect.4. The responses of glomeral blood flow and carotid chemoreceptor activity to efferent stimulation of the cut sinus nerve were not temporally related. It seems improbable that the depressant effect of such stimulation on chemoreceptor discharge was due to alterations of glomeral blood flow.5. Stimulation of the peripheral end of the cervical vagus in atropinized cats reduced chemoreceptor activity recorded in the ipsilateral aortic nerve.

Activation of carotid chemoreceptors by local decrease of arterial pressure in rabbits and cats

An 32 Kaninchen und 12 Katzen wurde die Teilungsstelle der A. carotis einschlieslich der Glomusarterie teilweise vom arteriellen Kreislauf isoliert und an einen arteriovenosen Shunt angeschlossen, der es gestattete, den Blutdruck in diesem Gebiet unabhangig vom Kreislaufdruck zu senken. Die arterielle Gefasversorgung des Glomus caroticum wurde auserdem bei jedem Praparat durch nachtragliche Injektion von Silopren dargestellt. Bei den Kaninchen fuhrt diese Senkung des Sinusdruckes mit einer Ausnahme nur dann zu einer chemoreflektorischen Atmungs-oder Blutdrucksteigerung, wenn der Sinusdruck auf Werte zwischen 6 und 18 mm Hg gefallen war. Dieser Schwellenwert wurde durch gleichzeitige Drucksenkung im allgemeinen Kreislauf, durch Atmung von 13,7% O2 in N2 sowie durch Wechsel von Nembutal-zu Chloralose-Urethan-Narkose nicht verandert. Bei den meisten Katzen bewirkte dagegen bereits eine Senkung des Sinusdruckes auf 40–74 mm Hg eine deutliche Aktivierung der Chemoreflexe. Dieser auserordentlich niedrige Schwellendruck fur die Erregung der Carotis-Chemoreceptoren des Kaninschens erklart fruhere Befunde, wonach die Chemoreflexe bei dieser Tierart fur die Kreislaufregulation bei niedrigem Blutdruck keine Rolle spielen.

Factors affecting the cat carotid chemoreceptor and cervical sympathetic activity with special reference to passive hind-limb movements.

1. Recordings have been made of the activity in carotid body chemoreceptor afferent fibres and in the cervical sympathetic of the cat during passive movement of the hind limbs.2. The chemoreceptor activity increases immediately the limbs are moved and is maintained at a raised level with preservation of the chemoreceptor rhythm fluctuations throughout. In some cases, the increase persists for a time after the movements are stopped.3. This early change does not occur if the cervical sympathetic on the same side as the carotid body from which recordings are made is cut, nor does it occur if the femoral and sciatic nerves are cut.4. The carotid artery oxygen tension (P(a, O2)) increases early; in the majority of experiments, there was no significant change in end-tidal P(CO2) although the minute volume of ventilation (V) increased by about 20% of control with passive movement of the hind limbs.5. Passive movement of the hind limbs also causes an immediate rise in cervical sympathetic activity which is sustained, and which is abolished if the femoral and sciatic nerves are cut.6. Electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic causes an increase in chemoreceptor afferent discharge.7. Bilateral cervical sympathectomy causes the respiratory lag to increase from approximately 1 sec to some 20 sec and, when passive movements cease, the fall in V is more sluggish than control.8. These results are discussed in the light of the controversy regarding humoral and neurogenic causes for the increase in respiration in exercise.

Observations on carotid body chemoreceptor activity and cervical sympathetic discharge in the cat

1. Parallel recordings have been made of the cervical sympathetic and carotid body chemoreceptor activity in the anaesthetized cat.2. The sympathetic activity remains remarkably constant while the chemoreceptor activity is varied by changes in the blood gas tensions of relatively short duration.3. Changes in intrathoracic pressure by obstruction to the airway or thoracic compression were associated with changes in the activity of both nerves.4. It is likely that, under normal conditions, the sympathetic nervous activity provides a stable vasomotor tone within the carotid body.

Carotid body chemoreceptor activity in the new‐born lamb

1. Tidal volume, carotid artery oxygen tension (P(a,O2)) and blood pressure and chemoreceptor activity in the sinus nerve have been continuously measured and recorded in nine lambs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium, and varying in age from some minutes after birth to 5 days after birth.2. Inhalation of 100% oxygen caused, after a delay of 3-4 sec, a rise in P(a,O2), a fall in minute ventilation (V) and chemoreceptor activity. The respiratory response was abolished after section of both sinus nerves.3. Inhalation of 10% oxygen in nitrogen caused a fall in carotid P(a,O2), a rise in respiration and in chemoreceptor activity. The respiratory response was abolished after both sinus nerves had been cut.4. Minute ventilation, carotid P(a,O2) and chemoreceptor activity increased on breathing 5% CO(2) in air. Section of both sinus nerves did not affect the maximum increase in ventilation but the lag of the respiratory response approximately doubled while respiration increased more slowly.5. From these results, it was calculated that the chemoreceptors had a latency of 0.25-0.5 sec and the time constant of the rate of change of chemoreceptor activity was 10-15 sec.6. The chemoreceptors responded to changes in P(a,O2) of +/-5-10 mm Hg.7. Comparison of these results with those reported in adult animals suggest that the peripheral chemoreceptors are fully mature at birth, that their response does not differ with the age of the lamb and that the carotid body chemoreceptors are concerned both in the mediation of the hypoxic drive to ventilation and in the respiratory response to inhaled CO(2).

Effect of stellate ganglion blockade on the hyperpnea of exercise.

ArticleEffect of stellate ganglion blockade on the hyperpnea of exercise.J H Eisele, B C Ritchie, and J W SeveringhausJ H Eisele, B C Ritchie, and J W SeveringhausPublished Online:01 May 1967https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1967.22.5.966MoreSectionsPDF (877 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByCarbon dioxide sensitivity during hypoglycaemia-induced, elevated metabolism in the anaesthetized rat8 March 2005 | The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 563, No. 3Reflexes Controlling Circulatory, Ventilatory and Airway Responses to Exercise1 January 2011Respiratory Control During Exercise1 January 2011Influence of ganglioglomerular nerve on carotid chemoreceptor activity in the catJournal of the Autonomic Nervous System, Vol. 15, No. 1Peripheral Arterial ChemoreceptorsDensity-dependent airflow and ventilatory control during exerciseRespiration Physiology, Vol. 49, No. 3HUMORAL CONTROL OF VENTILATION DURING EXERCISE IN MANRole of the carotid chemoreceptors in the hyperpnea of exercise in the catRespiration Physiology, Vol. 26, No. 2Chemical control of ventilation during hypoxic exerciseRespiration Physiology, Vol. 22, No. 3Absence of carotid chemoreceptor response during hypoxic exercise in the catRespiration Physiology, Vol. 18, No. 1Abnormal Respiratory Control in Acquired DysautonomiaNew England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 285, No. 7 More from this issue > Volume 22Issue 5May 1967Pages 966-9 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1967.22.5.966PubMed4381653History Published online 1 May 1967 Published in print 1 May 1967 Metrics

Responses of aortic chemoreceptors.

ArticleResponses of aortic chemoreceptors.A S Paintal, and R L RileyA S Paintal, and R L RileyPublished Online:01 Mar 1966https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1966.21.2.543MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByEffects of carotid and aortic chemoreceptor denervation in newborn pigletsA. Serra, D. Brozoski, M. Hodges, S. Roethle, R. Franciosi, and H. V. Forster1 March 2002 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 92, No. 3Important role of carotid chemoreceptor afferents in control of breathing of adult and neonatal mammalsRespiration Physiology, Vol. 119, No. 2-3Effect of Independent Changes in Mixed-Venous PCO2or PO2on Cardiac Output in Anesthetized SheepJournal of Surgical Research, Vol. 71, No. 2Role of aortic chemoreceptors in the hypertensive response to cigarette smokeRespiration Physiology, Vol. 106, No. 3Effect of chemoreceptor stimulation on the periodicity of renal sympathetic nerve activity in anesthetized catsJournal of the Autonomic Nervous System, Vol. 37, No. 1Oxygen Sensing by Arterial ChemoreceptorsHow Real Is the Relation of Arterial Po2 to Chemoreceptor Activity?Chapter 18 The responses of chemoreceptors with medullated and non-medullated fibres to chemical substances and the mechanical hypothesisReflex Responses to Chemoreceptor Stimulation1 January 2011Interactions Between Respiration and Circulation1 January 2011Osmosensitive vagal receptors in the small intestine of the catJournal of the Autonomic Nervous System, Vol. 16, No. 3Lung and Airway ReceptorsRole of Peripheral Chemoreceptors and Central Chemosensitivity in the Regulation of Respiration And Circulation1 October 1982 | Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 100, No. 1Ventilatory responses to hypocapnic vertebral artery perfusion in intact and carotid body denervated dogsRespiration Physiology, Vol. 45, No. 1Aortic nerve stimulation in the rat: Cardiovascular and respiratory responsesBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 4-6Innervation of the rat aortic (subclavian) body: An ultrastructural study following axonal degenerationJournal of Ultrastructure Research, Vol. 74, No. 1Influence of the depth of anaesthesia on the peripheral and central ventilatory CO2 sensitivity during hyperoxiaRespiration Physiology, Vol. 41, No. 3Restoration of reflex ventilatory response to hypoxia after removal of carotid bodies in the catNeuroscience, Vol. 5, No. 3The failure of differences in neurally contained acetylcholine to explain differences between carotid body and aortic body chemoreceptionBrain Research, Vol. 179, No. 1Carbon dioxide sensitivity of aortic chemoreceptors in the catRespiration Physiology, Vol. 36, No. 3Medullary and carotid chemoreceptor interaction for mild stimuliPfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, Vol. 374, No. 1Mechanism of increased tracheo-bronchial response to inhalative acetylcholine aerosol in pulmonary vascular congestion and unilateral pulmonary artery occlusionResearch in Experimental Medicine, Vol. 170, No. 3A Functional Estimate of the Local PO2 at Aortic ChemoreceptorsEffects of drugs on chemoreceptors, pulmonary and cardiovascular receptorsPharmacology & Therapeutics. Part B: General and Systematic Pharmacology, Vol. 3, No. 1NATURAL AND PARANATURAL STIMULATION OF SENSORY RECEPTORSStimulus interaction in the responses of carotid body chemoreceptor single afferent fibersRespiration Physiology, Vol. 24, No. 3Relationship between carotid chemoreceptor activity and ventilation in the catRespiration Physiology, Vol. 24, No. 3Cardiovascular ReceptorsA TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR AUTAR SINGH PAINTAL (1925-2004) More from this issue > Volume 21Issue 2March 1966Pages 543-8 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1966.21.2.543PubMed5934462History Published online 1 March 1966 Published in print 1 March 1966 Metrics