Extraction Of Carotenoids Research Articles

Microencapsulation of mechanically extracted annatto for improved use in food products

Annatto is commonly used as a natural colourant in processed food products. Due to its chemical structure, it is sensitive to environmental factors such as oxygen, temperature and light. Carotenoid extraction using chemical methods requires greater expenditure of time and energy, leading to potential repercussions on the quality and safety of the end product. This study aims to encapsulate the Annatto extract (AE) produced using a developed extractor with different concentrations of maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA) used as carrier materials to improve the solubility and stability. The formulation 50:0 (MD: GA) showed a remarkable microencapsulation efficiency 86.28 ± 0.14 % with a process yield 195.75 ± 3.20 g/500 ml, bulk density 0.281 ± 0.012 g cm−3 and water activity of 0.65 ± 0.02. The AE microcapsules obtained good homogeneity and high solubility (>97 %) with a low moisture content of 4.07 ± 0.06 %. Furthermore, it was morphologically characterized as dodecahedron-shaped with a smooth surface and the absence of cracks or fissures offering complete protection to the bioactive compound encapsulated. The presence of bixin and polyphenol was confirmed by the FT-IR bands at 1646.91 cm−1, 1151.29 cm−1 and 926.26 cm−1. The purity was confirmed by the peaks drawn in the HPLC analysis. AE microcapsules were evaluated for heat stability up to 160 °C and storage stability for 60 days. Therefore, AE powders can be used as an alternative to synthetic additives which offer great potential as colorants in food matrixes.

Characterization of carotenoids extracted from Haloferax larsenii NCIM 5678 isolated from Pachpadra salt lake, Rajasthan.

Carotenoids are a diverse group of pigments known for their broad range of biological functions and applications. This study delves into multifaceted potential of carotenoids extracted from Haloferax larsenii NCIM 5678 previously isolated from Pachpadra Salt Lake in Rajasthan, India. H. larsenii NCIM 5678 was able to grow up to OD600 1.77 ± 0.03 with carotenoid concentration, 3.3 ± 0.03µg/ml. The spectrophotometric analysis of carotenoid extract indicated the presence of three-fingered peak (460, 490 and 520nm) which is a characteristic feature of bacterioruberin and its derivatives. The bacterioruberin was purified using silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The carotenoid extract showed 12.3 ± 0.09mm zone of growth inhibition with a minimum inhibitory concentration 546ng/ml against indicator strain, H. larsenii HA4. The percentage antioxidant activity of carotenoid was found to be 84% which was higher as compared to commercially available ascorbic acid (56.74%). Thus, carotenoid extract from H. larsenii NCIM 5678 possesses unique attributes with compelling evidence of antimicrobial and antioxidant potential for the development of novel pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.

Novel tributyl phosphate-based deep eutectic solvent: Application in microwave assisted extraction of carotenoids

A contribution to the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was made for bioactive compounds recovery, especially those with lipophilic character, from tomato and carrot samples rich in carotenoids. For the first time, a novel deep eutectic solvent was synthesized, comprising tributyl phosphate (TBP) as a hydrogen bond acceptor and acetic acid (AcOH) as a hydrogen bond donor. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of tomato and carrot extracts obtained by MAE, in which optimization of operational parameters and modeling were made with the use of Box-Behnken design of the response surface methodology (RSM), was evaluated using the Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method. For the highest TAC, operational parameters that best suit the MAE procedure were set at 80 °C, 35 min, and 25 mL/2.0 g. The TAC values of extracts obtained by MAE using TBP:AcOH, 1:2 (mol/mol) were examined against those of extracts acquired by classical solvent extraction using a mixture of hexane, ethanol and acetone (H:E:A, 2:1:1 (v/v/v)) mixture. TAC of extracts in DES varied between 5.10 and 0.71 lycopene equivalents (mmol LYC kg−1). The highest extraction yield comparable to conventional organic solvents was obtained with TBP:AcOH (1:2). It was observed that, in addition to lipophilic antioxidants, some hydrophilic antioxidant compounds were partially extracted with the proposed DES. Moreover, the extracted antioxidant compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC analysis. The proposed DES and MAE process will find potential application for hydrophobic antioxidant extraction from tomatoes and carrots on an industrial scale after further studies.

Bioactivity and Bioavailability of Carotenoids Applied in Human Health: Technological Advances and Innovation.

This article presents a groundbreaking perspective on carotenoids, focusing on their innovative applications and transformative potential in human health and medicine. Research jointly delves deeper into the bioactivity and bioavailability of carotenoids, revealing therapeutic uses and technological advances that have the potential to revolutionize medical treatments. We explore pioneering therapeutic applications in which carotenoids are used to treat chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and age-related macular degeneration, offering novel protective mechanisms and innovative therapeutic benefits. Our study also shows cutting-edge technological innovations in carotenoid extraction and bioavailability, including the development of supramolecular carriers and advanced nanotechnology, which dramatically improve the absorption and efficacy of these compounds. These technological advances not only ensure consistent quality but also tailor carotenoid therapies to each patient's health needs, paving the way for personalized medicine. By integrating the latest scientific discoveries and innovative techniques, this research provides a prospective perspective on the clinical applications of carotenoids, establishing a new benchmark for future studies in this field. Our findings underscore the importance of optimizing carotenoid extraction, administration, bioactivity, and bioavailability methods to develop more effective, targeted, and personalized treatments, thus offering visionary insight into their potential in modern medical practices.

Phenolic Composition and Bioactivities of Invasive Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Leaf Extracts Obtained by Two-Step Sequential Extraction.

Ailanthus altissima, a highly invasive species, contains valuable compounds in different plant parts, indicating great practical potential. This paper proposes the use of non-polar (n-hexane) and polar (ethanol) solvents for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from A. altissima (family Simaroubaceae) leaves in a sequential two-step process. Fresh and dried leaves were examined for their microstructure by scanning electron microscopy, and for color changes in the CIELAB color space co-ordinates. An investigation of the harvesting season, processing (freezing and drying), and solvent indicates ethanol can be used for the highly efficient extraction of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and carotenoids. Statistically significant differences were found between the autumn and summer samples for phenolic content, and between dried and frozen samples for tannin content. The HPLC phenolic profile indicates more phenolics (nine polyphenols) in dried leaves harvested in both seasons compared to those in frozen ones (five to six polyphenols). Frozen leaves showed a higher antioxidant activity in a ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay than that of the dried samples, which exhibited a higher antioxidant activity using the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay, but it was not statistically significant. The phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid contents significantly influenced the antioxidant activities. Among the ethanolic extracts, those from dried leaves showed better antibacterial activity, in particular, on Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The high bioactive content and activity of A. altissima leaves make them suitable natural raw materials for various applications.

Green extraction of carotenoids from canistel (Lucuma nervosa) pulps using ultrasound-assisted fatty acid-based deep eutectic solvents: Optimization and mechanism

This study aimed to develop an eco-friendly and high-efficiency method for extracting carotenoids from canistel pulps (CPs) by ultrasound-assisted natural fatty acids-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The DES consisting of menthol and capric acid (Men-CaA, 2:1) resulted in the highest total carotenoids content (TCC) of 614 ± 3 μg β-carotene equivalent (β-CE)/g DW. The conditions of ultrasound-assisted Men-CaA extraction were then further optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum extraction yield of TCC (831.0 ± 0.3 μg β-CE/g DW) was achieved under the conditions of ultrasonic power of 320 W, liquid to solid ratio (L/S) of 6:1, temperature of 40℃, and ultrasound time of 18 min. In addition, ultrasound significantly intensified the extraction of carotenoids from CPs. The carotenoids compositions in CPs were also identified using UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS for the first time. Men-CaA extract exhibited much higher content of lycopene (499 ± 1 μg/g DW) compared to the acetone and corn oil extracts. Molecular dynamic simulation confirmed that more non-covalent bonds were found between Men-CaA and lycopene. Overall, an ultrasound-assisted eco-friendly fatty acids-based eutectic solvent method was successfully developed for highly efficient extraction of carotenoids from agricultural by-products.

Enhancing the stability and bio-accessibility of carotenoids extracted from canistel (Lucuma nervosa) via liposomes encapsulation

Canistel (Lucuma nervosa) is a valuable natural source of carotenoids, but their use in the food industry is hampered by low extraction efficiency, poor stability, and limited bio-accessibility. HPLC results showed that a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of D-menthol and canoic acid (Men-CaA) has significantly higher extraction yields for lycopene (498.66 ± 3.20 μg/mL DW) and β-carotene (6.43 ± 0.23 μg/mL DW) than corn oil. UV-VIS spectrophotometry combined with response surface methodology results confirmed that the best encapsulation efficiency of liposome for lycopene and β-carotene was attained in the temperature range of 30–70 °C, with the ratio of carotenoid extract to liposome of 1:25 (w/w), the ratio of phospholipids to cholesterol, and the ratio of aqueous phase to lipid phase of 2:1 (v/v). SEM analysis revealed that liposome-encapsulated carotenoid extract formed spherical structures with a uniform texture and rough surface. The ζ-potential assay confirmed the highest stability of liposomes at pH 7. FTIR spectroscopy indicated effective encapsulation of canistel-derived carotenoids by liposomes. Furthermore, liposomes encapsulation improved the thermal and storage stability and bio-accessibility of lycopene and β-carotene. Encapsulating canistel carotenoids in liposomes significantly enhances their stability and bio-accessibility, presenting a viable strategy for preserving the efficacy of food-based active ingredients.

Peach Palm Fruit (Bactris gasipaes) Peel: A Source of Provitamin A Carotenoids to Develop Emulsion-Based Delivery Systems.

The peach palm fruit (Bactris gasipaes) peel is a byproduct after fruit consumption. The peel flour of two varieties (yellow and red) was separately obtained by hot air drying and was subsequently milled. The proximate analysis showed that the red variety exhibited higher protein, fat, and fiber contents than the yellow one. A higher carotenoid (836.5 ± 24.5 μg/g), phenolic compounds (83.17 ± 1.76 mg GAE/100 g), and provitamin A activity (33.10 ± 0.83 μg retinol/g) were found in the cooked red variety. The carotenoid and phenolic compositions were analyzed by HPLC-PDA-MS, finding β-carotene and γ-carotene to be major compounds. The effect of thermal treatment increased the amount of these provitamin A carotenoids and lycopene, which were detected only in the red variety. Among phenolic compounds, procyanidin dimer (isomer I), feruloyl quinic acid, and several apigenin C-hexosides were identified as major constituents of peach palm epicarp. A carotenoid-rich emulsion-based delivery system was obtained after the optimization (RSM model) of carotenoid extraction with ultraturrax and sunflower oil and further development of an ultrasound-assisted emulsion. The best conditions for a stable emulsion were 73.75% water, 25% carotenoid-rich oil extract, 1.25% emulsifiers, and 480 W of ultrasonic power for 5 min. The optimized emulsion had a total carotenoid content of 67.61 μg/g, Provitamin A activity of 3.23 ± 0.56 μg RAE/g, droplet size of 502.23 nm, polydispersity index of 0.170, and zeta potential of -32.26 mV. This emulsion was chemically and physically stable for 35 days at 30 ± 2 °C, showing potential as a food additive with biofunctional properties. The strategy here developed is an economical and environmentally friendly process that allows the reuse of the byproduct of B. gasipaes.

Fractionation and characterization of Dunaliella microalgal biomass and extraction of carotenoids

This paper presents findings on the application of two fractionation protocols of Dunaliella microalgal biomass with the aim to separate and recover the lipid, pigment and protein fraction, leaving as “residue” the fraction that contains carbohydrates. The first protocol (LPC) is based on the initial extraction of lipids, followed by extraction of proteins, while in the second protocol (CLP), the pigments are first extracted followed by lipids extraction. With the LPC protocol the recovered lipid fraction was 34 and 32 wt%, while the recovered proteinic fraction was 46 and 50 wt% for the two samples under study, i.e. 1120 (D. granulata) and 1220 (D. minutissima). The CLP protocol led to the initial extraction of the pigment fraction with a percentage of 10–15 wt% while the subsequently recovered lipidic fraction was 16–24 wt%. The initial biomass was characterized for its moisture (<0.7 wt% for both samples), ash (approx. 45 wt% for both samples), organic matter, elemental composition and higher heating value (HHV) which was 23 and 30 MJ/kg (organic matter based-OMB). The composition of the lipid fraction was analyzed via esterification and gas chromatography (GC-FID) showing C16 and C18 as the predominant acids in the samples. The residue/carbohydrate fraction was analyzed via acid hydrolysis and analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) showing about 20 wt% (-OMB) content of carbohydrates. The high ash content of the biomass was found to be co-extracted during the fractionation protocols at a percentage of ≈49 % in the lipidic fraction and 45 % in the proteinic fraction. Furthermore, emphasis was given on pigment extraction and recovery using various solvents and quantification methods. Measurements of β-carotene, carotenoids, and chlorophyll content through UV and HPLC analyses is presented with chlorophyl and carotenoid content being ≈12 wt% and ≈9 wt% for samples 1120 and 1220 (-OMB). Additionally, a comparison between three solvents (THF, dichloromethane, acetone) was performed regarding their ability to extract the pigments from the microalgal biomass showing that acetone is capable of extracting pigments when concentration of the pigments is not high. The comparison of the HPLC with the UV method, suggested that UV spectroscopy is a reliable and rapid alternative for pigments determination, while HPLC enables identification and quantitative determination of specific pigments and chlorophyll species. The study provides insights for different fractionation protocols applied in two not yet fully studied Dunaliella species as well as the chlorophyl and carotenoid content.

Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Total Carotenoids from Orange Coral "Astroides calycularis" by Response Surface Methodology

Optimization of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Total Carotenoids from Orange Coral "Astroides calycularis" by Response Surface Methodology

Alternative green solvents associated with ultrasound-assisted extraction: A green chemistry approach for the extraction of carotenoids and chlorophylls from microalgae

This study proposes a method for the ultrasonic extraction of carotenoids and chlorophyll from Scenedesmus obliquus and Arthrospira platensis microalgae with green solvents. Ethanol and ethanolic solutions of ionic liquids were tested with a variety of extraction parameters, including number of extractions, time of extraction, and solid–liquid ratio R(S/L), to determine the optimal conditions. After selecting the most effective green solvent (ethanol), the process conditions were established: R(S/L) of 1:10, three extraction cycles at 3 min each), giving an extraction yield of 2602.36 and 764.21 μgcarotenoids.gdried biomass−1; and 22.01 and 5.81 mgchlorophyll.gdried biomass−1 in S. obliquus and A. platensis, respectively. The carotenoid and chlorophyll extracts obtained using ethanol were shown to be potent scavengers of peroxyl radical, being 5.94 to 26.08 times more potent α-tocopherol. These findings pave the way for a green strategy for valorizing microalgal biocompounds through efficient and environmentally friendly technological processes.

Lycopene enriched extra virgin olive oil: Biological activities and assessment of security profile on cells

The production of tomato products is massive in Italy resulting in a huge amount of tomato waste as seeds, peels and stems. The aim of our work is to re-utilize these matrices through the extraction of carotenoids, especially lycopene to obtain enriched extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The extraction has been obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique using directly extra virgin olive oil as extraction solvent, due to its lipophilic nature. The quantification of lycopene has been done through HPLC-DAD, resulting in a good concentration of lycopene per gram of oil (0.9 mg/g oil). Then the lycopene enriched EVOO was evaluated in vitro to determine its antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity in comparison with the EVOO itself. These data were associated to the cytotoxicity assays and in vivo histological bioassays, aiming to highlight its safe and healthy profile on human normal cells.

Microwave-assisted extraction, encapsulation, and bioaccessibility of carotenoids from organic tomato industry by-product

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a widely consumed fruit in the world. Discarded biomass has a huge potential, as tomato peel is rich in carotenoid content. This study focuses on the recovery of carotenoids from tomato industry agro-wastes, specifically peel and seeds. Initially, the conventional method was employed to analyze the sample, determining a total carotenoid content of 3.19 ± 0.23 mg β-carotene eq/g dry matter. A carotenoid profiling of the sample revealed high concentration of 5-cis-lycopene (1340.1 ± 15.6 μg all-trans-β-carotene eq/g dry matter), 9-cis lycopene (1062.7 ± 12.8 μg all-trans-β-carotene eq/g dry matter) and all-trans-β-carotene (1246.4 ± 1.7 μg all-trans-β-carotene eq/g dry matter). Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was employed as a green extraction method to optimize biomass-solvent ratio (BSR), extraction time (ET), and microwave power (MP) for achieving maximum recovery of carotenoids. A surface response methodology based on a Box-Behnken design was used. The optimized extract (BSR 1:10 g:mL, ET 60 s, and MP 283.84 W) was microencapsulated using maltodextrin (MD) combined with either gum arabic (GA) or whey protein isolate (WP) as wall materials. Freeze-drying was utilized for capsule sealing. The properties of the encapsulates were characterized, including moisture content (0.99 ± 0.04% for MD:GA and 0.80 ± 0.07% for MD:WP), water activity (0.087 ± 0.01 for MD:GA and 0.084 ± 0.01 for MD:WP), dissolution rate (140.4 1 ± 6.41 s for MD:GA and 86.49 ± 1.68 s for MD:WP), tapped density (0.48 ± 0.01 g/mL for MD:GA and 0.44 ± 0.01 g/mL for MD:WP), drying yield (90.73 ± 3.34% for MD:GA and 89.73 ± 3.47% for MD:WP), and encapsulation efficiency (68.12 ± 1.42% for MD:GA and 74.55 ± 1.62% for MD:WP). Bioaccessibility studies for encapsulated extract revealed values of 27.68% ± 0.72 and 25.10% ± 0.04 for MD:GA and MD: WP, respectively. This research highlights the potential of tomato agro-wastes as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. The implementation of MAE and microencapsulation techniques demonstrates effective strategies for their recovery and preservation obtaining the optimal conditions for the MAE (BSR 1:10 g: mL, ET 60 s, and MP 283.84 W) and for the encapsulation (MD: WP mixture). These findings contribute to the valorization of tomato industry by-products and their potential application in functional food products.

GREEN EXTRACTION OF CAROTENOIDS FROM LEMON PEELS

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in fully utilizing agro-industrial wastes, with carotenoids gaining attention as valuable coloring agents. One of the potential sources for carotenoid extraction is lemon peel. The purpose of this study was to determine optimal extraction techniques for extracting as much carotenoids as possible from lemon peel. In this context, a comparison was conducted among extracts obtained via conventional, ultrasound-assisted (UAE), and ultrasound-assisted enzymatic (UAEE) extraction methods. The highest carotenoid content (0.792±0.01 mg/L) was achieved with UAEE, while the lowest (0.493±0.01 mg/L) was obtained conventionally. UAEE exhibited the highest antioxidant activity values among three methods: 753.80±5.79 mg TE/L (ABTS), 624.64±10.52 mg TE/L (DPPH), and 186.64±1.66 μmol TE/L (FRAP). In conclusion, UAEE showed promise in extracting carotenoids from lemon peel. Thus, by carotenoid extraction using green technology from waste lemon peels, with higher added value, richer in terms of phenolic composition and antioxidant properties, has been obtained.

Recovery of carotenoids as bioactive compounds from peach pomace by an eco-friendly ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction

The industrial processing of fruits generates by-products. These by-products serve as a source of valuable bioactive compounds. In this study, carotenoid was extracted from peach pomace (PP) by using the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE), an eco-friendly method. The process conditions ensuring the highest carotenoid content and b* color value for UAEE were detected by response surface methodology (RSM). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the ultrasonic process, enzymatic extraction was carried out at the optimum point. Physicochemical (pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids), color (L*, a*, b*, chroma value (ΔC) and color difference (ΔE), total phenolic compound (TPC) and antioxidant activity analyses (ABTS and FRAP) were carried. When the analysis results evaluated, the highest b* color parameter, TPC (761.10 mg gallic acid/L), ABTS (1933.33 mg Trolox/L) and FRAP (52.66 µmol Trolox/L) results of the extracts was observed with UAEE method. The study shows that ultrasound based upon the cavitation event was increased efficiency of enzymatic reaction with higher extraction yield and this provided in higher amounts of carotenoid and bioactive compounds. In other respects, when obtained carotenoid extracts are used in food formulations compatible with their acidic structure, they will contribute to protection of the product and minimizing color losses.

Enhancing the bioactivity of Dunaliella salina extracts through ultra-high pressure supercritical fluid extraction (UHP-SFE)

Dunaliella salina is a green microalga known for its high carotene content, especially in β-carotene isomers, which are very interesting compounds due to their biological activity. The neuroprotective effect of β-carotene has been related to the potential prevention of multifactorial neurological pathologies. The use of green extraction processes for the extraction of carotenoids present in D. salina has generated a great advance in the production of carotenoid-enriched extracts. In this work, supercritical fluid extraction at ultra-high pressure (UHP-SFE) at semi-pilot scale has been evaluated for the first time for the extraction of β-carotene isomers from D. salina. The effect of the pressure was determined by an experimental design, and results showed that both the carotenoid extraction and the neuroprotective activity of the obtained extracts were maximum at 84.9 MPa. At this ultra-high pressure, the extraction yield was improved 1.35 times, the total terpene and carotene content increased 2.02 and 1.61 times, respectively, and the neuroprotective activity was 2.44 and 1.60 (for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition capacity, respectively) higher in comparison to the CP-SFE extract. Therefore, UHP-SFE is presented as a more selective extraction process with a higher potential to generate enriched extracts with increased bioactivity than SFE procedures under moderate pressure conditions. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the use of the semi-pilot UHP-SFE process had a greener potential for the recovery of bioactive carotenoid-enriched extracts than the analytical scale process. Industrial relevanceThe industrial scaling-up of extraction processes is a current need. In this sense, in this work, the semi-pilot SFE process has been shown as a more automatic and safer process than the analytical scale. Additionally, the use of UHP in the SFE semi-pilot scale has allowed reducing the extraction time to half of the initial time obtaining higher extraction yields. The UHP-SFE extract provides enriched carotene products with increased neuroprotective activity with greater industrial performance. Therefore, this work becomes the starting point for achieving a high throughput β-carotene extract process at industrial scale.

Application of Different Animal Fats as Solvents to Extract Carotenoids and Capsaicinoids from Sichuan Chili.

Inspired by the proved dissolving power of vegetable oils for non-polar and low-polar natural compounds, animal fats with triglycerides as the major components were investigated as food-grade solvents in this study for the simultaneous extraction of carotenoids and capsaicinoids from Sichuan chili. The dissolving power of lard, beef tallow, chicken fat and basa fish oil in the extraction of er jing tiao chili was firstly compared, where animal oils with worse extraction ratios for carotenoids (0.79 mg/g in average) performed better for the extraction of capsaicinoids (0.65 mg/g in average). Furthermore, the solvent effect of animal fats on the oleo-extracts was evaluated in terms of fatty acid composition, oil quality indexes, crystal polymorphism, melting and crystallization behaviors, where no significant differences were observed between animal fats before and after extraction. The oxidative stability of animal fats could be 1.02- up to 2.73-fold enhanced after extraction and the pungency degree could reach the same spicy level as commercial hotpot oil. In addition, the Hansen solubility parameters of solvents and solutes were predicted for further theoretical miscibility study, which helps to make a better comprehension of the dissolving mechanism behind such oleo-extraction. Overall, animal fats demonstrated their considerable solvent power for extracting carotenoids and capsaicinoids simultaneously from Sichuan chili, which showed significant potential for developing a novel Sichuan spicy hotpot oil with enhanced flavor and stability.

Optimum Condition for the Formation of β-ionone by Thermal Decomposition of Carotenoids Extract from Orange Sweet Potato (Ipomoea Batatas L.)

Introduction The need for rose aromatic compounds is very high globally, where the beta-ionone compound as a precursor for rose aroma can be produced through the oxidation process of carotenoids, especially beta carotene. Therefore, Beta-ionone is the compound responsible for the rose fragrance, which is needed industrially. Carotenoids are easily degraded by various factors, namely heat, oxygen, light and enzymatic. This research has carried out heat degradation of carotene compounds extracted from orange sweet potato to determine the effect of heating time on forming aromatic compounds such as Beta-ionone and dihydroactinidiolide (dhA). Methodology Thermal degradation of carotene was carried out at 140°C for 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. The constant oxygen concentration of 7 l.h-1 was used to induce the oxidation. The spectrophotometric analysis of total carotene and the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry analysis of volatile compounds were conducted to clarify the efficiency of the carotene degradation process and aromatic compounds' formation, respectively. Results Orange sweet potatoes contain 1.2% of carotenoids on a dry weight basis. Beta-ionone and dihydroactinidiolide compounds increased along with decreased total carotene value during heating. The results showed that heating sweet potato carotene at 140°C for 4 h caused carotene degradation of up to 93%. Therefore, the optimum thermal degradation treatment for the formation of β-ionone and dhA compounds was the heating condition at a temperature of 140°C for 4 h. Conclusion This research has shown the potential of sweet potatoes as a non-aromatic raw material that can be used to produce aromatic compounds. The use of the crude extract in this research means that the beta-ionone content in the product after oxidation is still low due to the presence of other components; this needs to be a concern for further research.

Induction of volatile organic compounds in chrysanthemum plants following infection by Rhizoctonia solani.

This study investigated the effects of Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn infestation on the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and biochemical composition of ten cultivars of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium /Ramat./ Hemsl.) to bring new insights for future disease management strategies and the development of resistant chrysanthemum cultivars. The chrysanthemum plants were propagated vegetatively and cultivated in a greenhouse under semi-controlled conditions. VOCs emitted by the plants were collected using a specialized system and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Biochemical analyses of the leaves were performed, including the extraction and quantification of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. The emission of VOCs varied among the cultivars, with some cultivars producing a wider range of VOCs compared to others. The analysis of the VOC emissions from control plants revealed differences in both their quality and quantity among the tested cultivars. R. solani infection influenced the VOC emissions, with different cultivars exhibiting varying responses to the infection. Statistical analyses confirmed the significant effects of cultivar, collection time, and their interaction on the VOCs. Correlation analyses revealed positive relationships between certain pairs of VOCs. The results show significant differences in the biochemical composition among the cultivars, with variations in chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds content. Interestingly, R. solani soil and leaf infestation decreased the content of carotenoids in chrysanthemums. Plants subjected to soil infestation were characterized with the highest content of phenolics. This study unveils alterations in the volatile and biochemical responses of chrysanthemum plants to R. solani infestation, which can contribute to the development of strategies for disease management and the improvement of chrysanthemum cultivars with enhanced resistance to R. solani.

The bacteriostatic effect of a new controlled-release carotenoids-silver nanoparticle

Discuss the bacteriostatic effect of a novel controlled release silver nanoparticles carotenoids-silver nanoparticle. Detect the optimal extraction conditions for carotenoids through material liquid ratio, different ultrasonic temperatures and times; Detect the optimal synthesis conditions of carotenoids-silver nanoparticle through different volume ratios, UV irradiation times, and temperatures; Detect the bacteriostatic effects on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Oxford cup agar plate diffusion method. The experiment proved that the best extraction effect of carotenoids was achieved when the volume ratio of orange peel powder to ethanol was 1:25, the ultrasound time was 40 min, and the temperature was 50 °C; When the amount of carotenoid extract added is 12 mL, the concentration of silver nitrate is 8 mmol/l, the UV irradiation time is 40 min, and the ultrasound temperature is 60 °C, the synthesized carotenoids-silver nanoparticle has the highest absorbance value; carotenoids-silver nanoparticle have strong inhibitory effects on the growth of both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus albus. As the concentration increases, the bacteriostatic effect also becomes stronger, especially the strongest inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus albus. It was shown that carotenoids-silver nanoparticle has significant bacteriostatic effects, providing new ideas for the development of bacteriostatic agents in plant resources.