Papaya Seeds Research Articles

Abordagem molecular em genitores elites de mamoeiro com foco na qualidade fisiológica das sementes

Abstract: Papaya seeds have natural barriers (phenolic compounds, seed structure and genetic factors) that make their germination difficult. And the use of seeds is the main means of propagating the species, whether for commercial cultivation, maintenance of germplasm or selection of genetic materials. Thus, the use of seeds with physiological quality (germination, normal seedlings and germination speed) is fundamental to the production of vigorous plants. However, few studies have been developed with the aim of evaluating and improving seed quality. From this perspective, the study aims to evaluate the quality of seeds in genetic materials widely used to obtain new genotypes, in order to identify superior materials and possible crosses between those that have high physiological seed quality. For this purpose, 44 genotypes were analyzed by molecular characterization, via microsatellite markers (observed and expected heterozygosity, number of alleles, information index, fixation index, inbreeding coefficient, genetic structure and genetic dissimilarity via UPGMA grouping), as well as determining physiological quality of the seed (germination speed index, percentage of germination and abnormal seedlings). Among the genotypes, 10 have germination above 60%, a high rate of germination speed and a low percentage of abnormal seedlings, and can be used in crosses to improve seed quality. The dissimilarity analysis was able to highlight the dissimilarity between the accessions of the Solo and Formosa groups. The use of the dissimilarity coefficient and the number of shared alleles made it possible to identify 18 possible crosses promising to improve the quality of papaya seeds.

Synthesis and Characterization of Papaya (Carica papaya) Seeds Mucilage-Based Hydrogel Film

Synthesis and Characterization of Papaya (Carica papaya) Seeds Mucilage-Based Hydrogel Film

Hepatoprotective Properties of Citrus aurantifolia Juice and Carica papaya Seed Extract Mixture against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats

Hepatoprotective Properties of Citrus aurantifolia Juice and Carica papaya Seed Extract Mixture against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats

Effect of Supplementation of Papaya Seed (Carica papaya) on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Histomorphology of Japanese Quails

Effect of Supplementation of Papaya Seed (Carica papaya) on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Histomorphology of Japanese Quails

Effects of Drying Techniques and Different Solvents on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Carica papaya Seed Extracts: Implications for Industrial Use and Medicinal Benefits

Plant has always been of immense health benefits to humanity because, plant contains different parts that have been found to have various medicinal and industrial values. Therefore, plants play a crucial role in obtaining their most effective extracts for medical and industrial applications. The primary components of these preparations involve the extraction and drying methods. Carica papaya is a plant that is known to have different parts with numerous and unexplored medicinal and industrial benefits. Thus, this study investigated the effects of drying techniques and different extracting solvents on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Carica papaya seeds extract using standard analytical procedures. The results showed that drying technique has significant effect (p < 0.05) on the phytochemical composition of the C. papaya seeds with air-drying at room temperature having the highest amount of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponin content and antioxidant activity when compared to other techniques. Hexane extracted the highest amount of total phenolic compounds (121.08 mg/GAE/100 g). Diethyl ether extracted the highest amount of total flavonoid and saponin content while polar solvents (aqueous and ethanol) extracts have the highest amount of antioxidant activity. This study showed that air drying at room temperature is a good method of preservation of the phytochemicals present in medicinal plants and that stereochemistry and structural diversity of compounds determine the efficiency of their extraction in any solvent. Furthermore, the highlighted phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of C. papaya seed extracts could be of immense benefits in various industries and for medicinal purposes.

The Effect of Solvent Concentration Against Specific and Non Specific Parameters of Standardization: Ethanolic Extract of Papaya Seed (Carica papaya Linn.)

Papaya plants (Carica papaya L.) can be used as traditional medicine. The parts of the plant commonly used as medicine are the seeds and leaves. Assurance of the quality of the extract obtained needs to be carried out by testing specific and non-specific parameters. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the percentage of ethanol solvent concentration on specific parameters (organoleptic, phytochemical screening, and total phenolic content) and non-specific parameters (moisture content, ash content, and specific gravity) of papaya seed extract (Carica papaya L.). This type of laboratory experimental qualitative research was done to determine the effect of the percentage of ethanol solvent concentration (70% and 95%) on specific and non-specific parameters. Specific and non-specific parameter testing is based on work procedures listed in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The results of testing the specific parameters on organoleptics showed no difference in the extract obtained, which was viscous and dark brown in color with a characteristic odor. Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, 70% ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. However, the 95% ethanol extract was only positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The phenolic content test of 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol extracts was 4.31 ± 0.65 mg GAE/g and 2.69 ± 0.41 mg GAE/g, respectively (Sig 0.022 < 0.05). Extract non-specific parameter test results. The ash content test for 70% and 95% ethanol extracts was 9.5% ± 0.21% w/w and 8.5% ± 0.06% w/w (Sig 0.043 < 0.05). The respective water contents were 8.7 ± 0.11% w/w and 9.7 ± 0.26% w/w (Sig 0.046 < 0.05). The specific gravity of each obtained was 0.88 ± 0.006 % g/ml and 0.75 ± 0.006% g/ml (Sig 0.043 < 0.05). The conclusion of this study is that the concentrations of 70% ethanol and 95% ethanol in papaya seed ethanol extract have an effect on specific parameters, namely the measurement of total phenolic content. While the non-specific parameters affect the water content, total ash content, and specific gravity.

A Comparative Analysis of The Effectiveness of Plantain Peels and Papaya Seeds for Wastewater Treatment

This study investigated the effectiveness of plantain peels and papaya seeds used as natural coagulants on the physicochemical properties of wastewater obtained from the oxidation pond at Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife. Water quality parameters; Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), turbidity, alkalinity, total solid (TS), total suspended solid (TSS) and pH were determined for raw wastewater. Prepared coagulants of 25 ml concentration (1%, 2% and 3%) of plantain peels and papaya seeds were added to 500 ml of wastewater and the mixture stirred rapidly for 60 seconds and then slowly for two minutes. The treated wastewater samples were then allowed to settle for 24 hours before rechecking the wastewater parameters. Comparing the results and taking the concentration of 5000 mg/L as the most effective for both coagulants, all the results are within the WHO standard except for BOD result which can be said to require higher concentration or dosage of coagulant for significant removal. Papaya seed coagulants was observed to be more effective in the reduction of TSS (95.7%), turbidity (77.8%), BOD (33.3%), alkalinity (25%) and COD (62.3%) while plantain peel coagulant proved to be more effective in the reduction of TS (76%), turbidity (77.8%) and pH (40.4%). Based on these results, papaya seeds observed to be more effective in the treatment of wastewater.

The effect of indigenous Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on phyto-accumulation in Carica papaya hybrids

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a climacteric fruit with a resilient and distinctive aroma. The consumption of the fruit is global due to its high nutritive and medicinal values. However, there has been low production of quality papaya fruits due to unavailability of crucial mineral elements in the soils. The current study therefore, focuses on the effect of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a biofertilizer on the quality of papaya fruits. In order to verify AMF effectiveness on papaya fruits, four treatments were used: AMF inoculum only, composted farm yard manure (FYM) only, combination of AMF inoculum and compost FYM and control where only soil and sand media were used at a ratio of 1:1. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) and Malkia papaya hybrids were used. The papaya seeds from JKUAT and Malkia papaya hybrids were sown in trays and transplanted at 3 leaves stage into 5 litre pots within a green house. The AMF spores were bulked using sorghum plants to obtain the AMF inoculum. The treatments were added into the soil media of the papaya plantlets at a ratio of 1:3, every 4 weeks after first transplanting until they were 20 weeks old. They were then transplanted to 100 litre containers, where completely randomized design was used and replication of six papaya plants for each treatment and hybrid. Watering, weeding and cooling the green house with water fumes was carried out when necessary; as the papaya plants grew until the fruits attained physiological maturity. The fruits were separately harvested and ripened to a predetermined stage. They were then analysed for moisture content, crude fibre, minerals (nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc), ascorbic acid, total carotenoids and total polyphenols. Data obtained was subjected to two-way ANOVA at p ≤ 0.05 significance level; means were separated using Tukey's HSD test in Genstat's 15th edition. JKUAT hybrid with AMF inoculum treatment had 3.07%crude fibre and 8.42mg/100g phosphorous content while JKUAT hybrid with both AMF inoculum and manure treatments had 4.9 % crude fibre and 9.88 mg/100g phosphorous content. Malkia and JKUAT hybrids with compost FYM treatment had potassium content of 98.31mg/100g and 109.4 mg/100g respectively while the controls had 31.58 mg/100g and 35.32mg/100g respectively. Incorporating soil media with manure and AMF inoculum improved the nutritive quality of papaya fruits and this was contingent on papaya hybrids. Key words: biofertilizer, inoculum, mineral elements, nutritive quality, physiological maturity

Fabrication, organoleptic evaluation and invitro characterization of cream loaded with Carica papaya seed extract.

The current study aimed to provide preliminary insights into potential biopharmaceutical applications of Carica papaya seed extract by evaluating its phytochemical and biological profiles. Furthermore, the study aimed to develop a stable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion for the effective delivery of antioxidant-rich biologicals for cosmetic purposes. The hydroethanolic (ethanol 80%: 20% water) extract of C. papaya seeds was prepared via maceration technique. The chemical composition was carried out through preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC). The biological profile of the extract was explored using various in-vitro antioxidant methods. The homogenization procedure was used to create a cream of O/W and various tests were applied to assess the stability of the emulsion. By keeping the emulsion at different storage conditions (8 ± 0.5°C, 25 ± 0.5°C, 40 ± 0.5°C, and 40 ± 0.5°C ± 75% relative humidity [RH]) for a period of 28 days), the physical stability parameters of the emulsion, including pH, viscosity, centrifugation, phase separation, and conductivity, as well as rheological parameters and organoleptic parameters (odor, color, liquefaction, and creaming), were assessed. The preliminary phytochemical screening assay revealed the presence of various plant secondary metabolites including alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and quinones. The extract was found to be rich in TPC and TFC. The invitro antioxidant study gave maximum activity in the DPPH method. The plant extract containing cosmetic cream exhibited remarkable stability during the entire research. Data gathered indicated that no phase separation or liquefaction was seen after the experimental period. Throughout the experimental period, a small variation in the pH and conductivity values of the base and formulation was seen. The findings suggest that the seed extract of C. papaya is a rich source of polyphenols with antioxidant potential and can be a promising alternative for the treatment of various ailments. The stability of emulsion paves the way for its utilization as a carrier for the delivery of 3% C. papaya seed extract and applications in cosmetics products.

Effectiveness of Papaya Seeds as a Biocoagulan to Reduce Turbidity in Grained Media Water Treatment

Bedadung River is one of the raw water sources in Jember City. Turbidity is one of the water quality parameters of the Bedadung River. It has exceeded the quality standards, requiring treatment to reduce turbidity through the coagulation-flocculation method with a gravel bed flocculation. The process needs a coagulant. However, commonly found coagulants are made from raw chemical materials that have an impact on the environment and health. Therefore, alternatives are needed, such as coagulants that use natural raw materials, one of which is papaya seeds. This study aims to determine the optimum dose of papaya seed coagulant and the effect of media type (single and multiple media) on the final turbidity using papaya seed coagulant. The research began with the preparation of papaya seed coagulant and determination of the optimum dose, then continued with running reactor. The result shows that the optimum dose of papaya seed biocoagulant to reduce water turbidity of 15-110 NTU is 130 ppm. Application in the reactor, the effect of a media type (single and multiple media) as bed flocculation using coagulant papaya seeds has a significant effect on the final turbidity partially, with a significance value of < 2 x 10−16 < 0.05.

Papaia fermentada: estratégias para monitorizar e melhorar a fermentação das amostras - estudo preliminar

Introduction: Fermented papaya is known as a nutraceutical, with a unique composition and several health benefits. Its fermentation, being a central process of metabolism, converts the sugars in the fruit into alcohols or acids, with the intermediate formation of pyruvic acid. However, there is a lack of control and uniformity in terms of processes. Objectives: Carry out fermentation cycles of papaya in order to determine which conditions contribute to improving the pyruvic acid content and verify if there is any change of it after freezing preservation. Methodology: The papaya was washed with distilled water and cut into small cubes. About a quarter of each fruit was divided into two sterile flasks, adding ultrapure water, and placing it at 30°C. The flasks were manually shaken every 24 hours, an aliquot was taken for pH measurement. At the end of each fermentation cycle, the sample was subjected to centrifugation followed by gravity filtration and storage at -20°C. At the time of analysis, the aliquots were thawed, and the pH was measured again. The sodium pyruvate content (sodium salt of pyruvic acid) was quantified through a method adapted from another study and validated by this research team. The various fermentation cycles were carried out in duplicate, with changes in the fermentation conditions. Results: The highest content of sodium pyruvate was obtained at the end of the fermentation cycle where the whole fruit (pulp, peel and seeds) was used with sucrose supplementation (1 g.L-1). This indicates that the peel and seeds of papaya, due to their phytochemical composition, have constituents that improve the fermentation process while reducing food waste. The lowest content of sodium pyruvate was obtained on the second day of the fermentation cycle where only fresh papaya pulp and seeds were used, confirming that the presence of the peel is fundamental, probably due to the existence of autochthonous flora in the fruit that contributes to the fermentation process. Furthermore, it was also possible to verify that the pH does not change with the freezing process, indicating that there was no alteration of the pyruvic acid content during the preservation period. Conclusion: It was found that the fermentation conditions that promote a higher content of pyruvic acid is using the whole fruit and sucrose, at 30°C, for 7 days. However, other temperatures, as well as other fermentation conditions, should still be tested in order to understand if the fermentation process can be improved.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Phytochemical Composition, Acute Toxicity Assessment, and Antioxidant Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Carica Papaya Seeds.

Carica papaya seeds are rich in phytochemicals with potential health benefits, warranting safety and antioxidant assessments. This study comprehensively examined the ethanolic extract of Carica papaya seeds (EECPS) to elucidate its phytochemical composition, acute toxicity profile, and antioxidant activity. Phytochemical analysis of EECPS revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, proteins, glycosides, and saponins. Additionally, the presence of sulfuric acid was confirmed. Acute toxicity assessment involved oral administration of EECPS at 2000mg/kg body weight to Wistar rats, with a 14-day observation period. General parameters, body weight changes, and histopathological examination of kidney and liver tissues were evaluated. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of EECPS was compared to that of gallic acid. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the diverse composition of EECPS, suggesting its potential health benefits and biological activity. Acute toxicity assessment revealed no adverse effects, with rats exhibiting normal behavior, weight stability, and no histopathological abnormalities in vital organs. The gallic acid IC50 value was determined to be 5.73±0.02 µg/mL, indicating its antioxidant potency. EECPS exhibited antioxidant properties in a dose-dependent manner, with higher concentrations demonstrating increased DPPH free radical quenching capacity. The IC50 value for EECPS was calculated from the dose-response curve to be 39.41±1.61 µg/mL (expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)). The phytochemical analysis of EECPS highlights its diverse composition and potential health benefits. Acute toxicity studies in rats confirm its safety for oral administration, with no adverse effects observed. EECPS exhibits significant antioxidant activity, as indicated by its IC50 value. These findings suggest that EECPS holds promise for therapeutic use and health applications. However, further research is needed to determine its precise antioxidant potential. Subchronic and chronic toxicity studies are recommended to establish its safety profile definitively and unlock its full potential for healthcare and nutrition.

Nephroprotective Activity of Aqueous Extract of Carica Papaya Seeds in Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Nephrotoxic Rats

Background &amp; objective: The kidney plays a dominant role in homeostasis by excreting the metabolic waste products and excess of necessary substances. It is a major excretory organ regulating water and electrolyte balance and conserving necessary products according to body needs. Nephrotoxicity is one of the most common kidney problems. A number of therapeutic agents can adversely affect the kidney resulting in acute renal failure, chronic interstitial nephritis and nephritic syndrome. Nephroprotective agents are the substances which possess protective activity against Nephrotoxicity. Early literatures have prescribed several herbal and medicinal plants, that are used as nephroprotective agents. Several herbal and medicinal plants are used as nephroprotective agents in experimental animals. Carica papaya was reported to have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. The present study was performed to determine the nephroprotective role of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced nephrotoxic rats. Methods: For the purpose of the study 28 healthy, male, wistar albino rats were taken and randomly divided into four groups (Group-A, Group-B, Group-C, and Group-D), each group formed of 7 rats. Group A received laboratory diet for 7 days. Group B received laboratory diet for 7 days. Group C and group D received aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds (CPE) 250 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day respectively for 7 days. On 8th day a single intraperitoneal injection of 1.5 ml/kg of 20% CCl4 dissolved in olive oil was given to the rats of group B, group C and group D for induction of nephrotoxicity. All the animals were sacrificed on 11th day and their blood and kidney samples were collected. Serum creatinine, urea and uric acid were estimated and histopathology of kidney was done. Result: Result showed that the highest level of serum creatinine and urea were exhibited by the rats of Group-B and lowest level by the rats of Group-A. The levels of the same biochemical variables in Group-C and Group-D were in between the levels found in Group-A &amp; Group-B (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001 respectively). The serum creatinine and urea levels remain normal and histopathological architecture was almost maintained in rats, treated with aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds 500 mg/kg/day before nephrotoxicity induced in them by Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection, although these biochemical values were elevated and histopathological structure was altered in rats, treated with Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection and no CPE was given before (Group-B). The study also revealed that Carica papaya seeds 500 mg/kg/day was more protective than 250 mg/kg/day as was evidenced by lower serum urea level in the Group-D (31.73 ± 4.29 mg/dl) than that in Group-C (52.47 ± 5.38 mg/dl) (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that Carica papaya seeds have nephroprotective activity against nephrotoxic effect of CCl4. Renal histological architecture was almost maintained by Carica papaya. Higher dose of Carica papaya provides better protection. Ibrahim Card Med J 2022; 12 (1): 9-17

Penanganan kembali slurry keluaran digester biogas dengan substrat awal manure sapi perah dan biji pepaya untuk meningkatkan produksi methan

Co-substrate of papaya seeds (PS) with dairy cow manure (DCM) resulted an increase of organic matter (OM) content and not all OM could be digested properly in the continuous digester. This research was conducted to measure methane production of slurry that study. The experiment used MSP, BP, NaOH, batch type digester with completely randomized design. The treatments were R1 (100% DCM), R2 (95% DCM and 5% PS non germination) and R3 (95% DCM and 5% PS germination) with 5 replications. Data were analysed using analysis of variance. The observed variables were methane production, pH value, dry matter reduction (DMR) and OM reduction (OMR). Methane production showed significantly different (P&lt;0.05), namely: 5.28; 7.19 and 6.26 l/l for R1, R2 and R3. The limited hydraulic retention time of substrate in continuous digester caused not all of the OM in R2 and R3 to be properly digested and is still left in the slurry. The decrease methane production of R3 than R2 was due to better nutrient content of R2 so that it was digested better while in the continuous digester. The higher DMR, OMR and methane production in R2 and R3 than R1 indicate that the use of BP as a co-substrate with DCM can increase the OM content and its quality and some of OM is still left in the slurry.

Review on “scope and opportunities of papain as food tenderizing agent for food processing in Ethiopia”

The basic goal of food preservation is to limit microbial development during storage, which promotes a longer shelf life and lowers the risk of food poisoning. Fruits and vegetables are a crucial addition to the human diet because they include the essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber needed to sustain good health. Papaya contains the proteolytic enzyme known as papain, which is used in a variety of food processing procedures to break down proteins. The objective of this review is to carefully study the extraction methods for papain enzyme to employ grinding and ultra-sonication extraction techniques and determine the application of papain as a preservative in future studies. Because papaya fruit contains cysteine proteinases, it can be used as a significant instrument in pharmacology and medicine. Papaya seeds, fruit, and fruit all contain carpaine, an alkaloid with a bitter taste that has a potent heart-depressant effect. Food preservation primarily aims to maintain the nutritional value of food while also preserving its appearance and increasing its shelf life. Due to papaya’s widespread popularity and reputation for its high food and nutritional value, it is necessary to fortify the fruit with the best preservation enzyme. Enzymes have evolved into critical tools for numerous industries, most notably food and animal feed, biofuels, detergents, textiles, pulp, and paper.

Cakes fortified with papaya seeds effectively protects against CCl4-induced immunotoxicity

Maintaining a robust immune system and safeguarding the liver from toxins are crucial for overall health. The study aimed to investigate the immunostimulant effects of papaya seed-enriched cakes (CPS) in countering carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced immunocytotoxicity in rats (n = 48). The rats were divided into six groups (8 each): a control group (Group 1), rats fed cakes containing 15% papaya seeds (Group 2 — CPS), rats exposed only to CCl4 (Group 3 — CCl4), rats injected with CCl4 and administered silymarin (Group 4 — CCl4 + S), rats receiving both CCl4 and cakes with papaya seeds (Group 5 — CCl4 + CPS), and rats receiving both CCl4 and silymarin with papaya seed-enriched cakes (Group 6 — CCl4 + CPS + S). HPLC analysis of papaya seeds revealed the presence of ten polyphenol compounds, with quercetin, apigenin, and catechin identified as major flavonoids, along with pyrogallol, ellagic, and gallic acid as predominant phenolic acids. These compounds displayed potent antioxidant activity, attributed to the seeds’ high total phenolic and flavonoid content. The administration of CCl4 significantly affected hematological parameters, liver enzymes, hepatic oxidative stress, levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IgG, as well as IgM. However, rats fed with CPS exhibited mitigation of CCl4-induced toxic effects on hematological parameters and hepatotoxicity. CPS consumption enhanced the antioxidant system, improved inflammatory markers, and immune parameters, restoring them to normal levels. Histopathological analysis confirmed CPS’s ability to reduce CCl4-induced hepatocellular necrosis. Immunohistochemical assessment further revealed reduced immunoreactivity against cleaved caspase-3 expression and increased COX2 immunoreactivity, indicating hepatocellular regeneration in CPS. The combination of CPS and silymarin demonstrated even more notable improvements, suggesting augmented protective impacts against CCl4-induced immunosuppression and hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, CPS exhibited antioxidant properties and effectively protected against CCl4-induced immunotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, with additional benefits observed when combined with silymarin. These findings emphasize the potential health advantages of incorporating papaya seeds into food products, promoting immune system health, and safeguarding against liver damage induced by hazardous agents like CCl4.

Pengaruh Lama Perendaman Benih Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Dalam Ekstrak Bawang Merah (Allium ascolanicum L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit

Research in the form of a field experiment on "The Effect of Soaking Time of Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) Seeds in Shallot Extract (Allium ascolanicum L.) on Seedling Growth. It has been carried out in the form of a field experiment that has been carried out in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah West Sumatra, Tanjung Gadang Koto Nan Ampek Village, West Payakumbuh District, Payakumbuh City, with Inceptisol soil type, and has an altitude of ± 514 meters above sea level, this experiment was carried out in starting from June 2023 to July 2023. This experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, in each treatment there were 4 plants and 2 were sample plants. Treatment of papaya seeds soaked in water for 1 hour, papaya seeds soaked in shallot extract for 2 hours, papaya seeds soaked in shallot extract for 3 hours, papaya seeds soaked in shallot extract for 4 hours, papaya seeds soaked in shallot extract for 5 hours. Observational data on papaya seedlings were averaged and statistically analyzed using the F test. Parameters observed in this study were field emergence (days), seedling height (cm), number of leaves (strands), leaf length (cm), width leaves (cm), stem diameter (cm), growing percentage (%). From the results of this experiment it can be concluded that due to long soaking of papaya seeds in shallot extract it has not been able to have a significant effect on the growth of papaya seedlings aged 45 HST.

Formulation of an anthelmintic syrup based on the seeds of Carica papaya (Caricaceae)

In traditional medicine, of Carica papaya (Caricacea) seeds are used as a coarse powder, in maceration or as an aqueous decoction, for the management of helminthiasis. With the aim of contributing to the management of helminthiasis, this study set out to develop a syrup with anthelmintic properties based on Carica papaya L. seeds The aqueous fluid extract was prepared and subjected to phytochemical screening. A syrup based on this fluid extract was prepared and subjected to a physicochemical and microbiological stability control. To assess the effectiveness of the syrup, a pilot study was initiated. The stools of 441 children aged between 5 and 15 years were examined using Kato-katz technique. The secondary metabolites present in the fluid extract were polyphenols (1.2 g EAT/ml), alkaloids, catechic tannins, flavonoids and mucilages. The syrup prepared contained 15.15% of fluid extract and responded favorably to the pharmacotechnical and microbiological tests of the European Pharmacopoeia 9th edition. Only 43 children tested positive for helminth eggs. The syrup based on Carica papaya L fluid seeds extract proved to be comparable to Albendazole on Ascaris lumbricoides (97.46% reduction rate) and on Trichuris trichiura (100% reduction rate) after two administrations of 20 ml 14 days apart. The treatment was also effective against Necator americanus and Tenia sp; but the number of cases of these last two parasitoses was too low to allow any reliable conclusion. Ultimately, the 15.15% syrup of aqueous fluid extract of Carica papaya L. seeds proved a reliable solution for the management of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura helminthiasis.

The Effects of Sawdust of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) to Seed Germination of Papaya (Carica papaya)

The documentation of the effects of sawdust of coconut (Cocos nucifera) on the seed germination of papaya (Carica papaya) was assessed using quantitative descriptive method of research. There were three experimental set-ups and a control set- up to test the effectivity of Cocos nuciferasawduston seed germination of Carica papaya.The following set-ups were used: Set-up A, using 25% concentration of Cocos nuciferasawdust, Set-up B, using 50% concentration, Set-up C, using 75% concentration and Set-up D, served as the control set-up, using 100% pure soil.The results revealed thatit is possible to use Cocos nucifera (coconut) sawdust as an alternative source of fertilizer.Particularly,25%, 50% and 75% concentration of Cocos nuciferasawdust show considerable effect on Carica papayaseed germination using the one-way ANOVA. The results further showed that Carica papaya seeds germinate faster and taller in Set-up B which contains 50% concentration of Cocos nuciferasawdustwhich gains a mean height of 8.45 cm. using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).This concentration can help in the rapid germination of the plants. This means, that an equal amount of sawdust and soil is good for the germination of Carica papaya (Papaya) seeds.

Effect of Sulfuric Acid Scarification followed by Organic Mulching for Papaya Seedling Growth and Development, in Pot Culture

A major obstacle to the development of papaya seeds is the aril, or sarcotesta, which is present in papaya and results in low and sluggish germination. Hence sulfuric acid was applied in order to evaluate its scarifying effect and materials like rice bran, wood chips and saw dust were used as organic mulching material for further facilitating the process of seed germination. The experiment was consisted of seven treatments and each treatment had 3 replications. The treatments were T1 (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Saw dust mulching), T2 (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Wood chips), T3 (sulphuric acid scarification for 1 min + Rice bran mulching), T4 (sulphuric acid scarification for 30 sec + Saw dust), T5 (sulphuric acid scarification for 30 sec + Wood chips), T6 (scarification for 30 sec + Rice bran) and T7 control (water). Experiment was carried on completely randomized design. Total leaf count and their length, number of rootlets, plant height, length of roots, germination percentage and chlorophyll content were the parameters which were observed in periodic intervals of seedling growth. From the entire experiment it can be stated that, acid scarification and use of organic mulches proved good for the papaya seedling development. However, amongst the various treatments, sulphuric acid scarification for one minute with use of wood chips as an organic mulch material was best, documenting proper results for the different attributes.