Cargo Space Research Articles

Globalna pandemia a przewóz towarów drogą lotniczą w Europie

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected flight schedules and operations planning as well as air cargo capacity and freight rates imposed by the air carriers around the world. Airlines had to quickly learn how to respond to fast changing conditions due to the constant changes of entry requirements introduced by many countries. The European air freight market, which had experienced a significant overcapacity before the pandemic, faced an unexpected decrease in cargo space under decks of the passenger aircrafts and a simultaneous increase in demand for this type of service. The purpose of this article is to present the activities undertaken by air carriers and airports regarding cargo transport during the COVID-19 crisis. The author focused on these measures, because the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus became a turning point for air carriers. Apart from the ever-lasting competition between market participants, there was a need to deal with external epidemic constraints and developing new and profitable market strategies.

Cooling unit impact on energy and emissions of a refrigerated light truck

The dynamic numerical simulation of an urban multi-drop delivery mission of perishable goods inside a medium-size refrigerated truck is presented. Three different connections between the cooling unit’s compressor and the vehicle engine are considered: a direct belt drive, the use of a dedicated alternator and the implementation of a battery to store energy from the engine and then feed the compressor. A dynamic numerical model of the whole system is built to simulate the real-time operation of both the refrigerating system and the vehicle engine during the delivery mission, providing a novel modelling approach accounting for the interaction between refrigeration needs and environmental impact. Simulation results show that the compressor speed control leads to a 26.0% increase of the mission COP and to an overall improvement of the cargo space internal air conditions. A 19.0% increase of the fuel consumption due to the presence of the cooling unit is assessed. However, the implementation of a battery mitigates the fuel consumption increase from 19.0% to 5.7% and leads to a significant reduction in pollutant emissions. The results of this study are relevant to assess the environmental impact of the refrigerated road transport sector in urban environment and to suggest possible improvements.

Experimental study on smoke flow behaviour under ships’ deck structures in early stages of fire

In ships’ cargo spaces carrying vehicles, so called “vehicle spaces”, fire has sometimes taken place and safety measures against such fire is under discussion at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Early detection of fire is one of the essential elements of such safety measures. Location of fire detectors affects swiftness of detection of fire, and in onshore buildings, fire detectors are generally installed directly on ceilings because there are no obstacles under ceilings and smoke spreads along the ceilings. On the other hand, structures below ceilings, i.e., decks, of vehicle spaces are quite different from those of onshore buildings due to strength members below a deck, such as stiffeners and web beams. The appropriate positions of smoke detectors in a vehicle space, including vertical positions of detectors from a ceiling, has not been well-understood, while the maximum coverage of a detector is determined by an international regulation. In this study, the effect of structures below the ceilings of vehicle spaces on detection of fire has been investigated and the appropriate positions of smoke detectors including vertical positions have been considered, in particular, for smouldering fire sources. For this purpose, a one-sixth scaled deck model was prepared to simulate a part of a vehicle space and fire experiments were conducted using a small-scaled fire source. The effect of the structure on a smoke flow beneath the ceiling was experimentally investigated under the condition that the flow had a weak driving force in a smouldering fire or an early stage of fire. In the experiment, the flow was visualized using a laser and the smoke density expressed with the extinction coefficient was also measured. In addition, a small flaming fire source was used during the experiment, to further investigate a possibility of detection in an early stage of fire. The vertical profiles of smoke density were measured using the laser transmissometer. Furthermore, a smoke flow was visualized using continuous wave laser. As the results, it is concluded that it is appropriate to install smoke detectors at the lower end of the longitudinal stiffener, instead of installing on the ceilings in vehicle spaces.

Securing loads on road vehicles, national regulations and test method in accordance with PN-EN 12642

The objective of this work is to develop a method of safe vehicle testing for compliance with the PN-EN 12642 standard. Vehicle tests can be carried out in a static and dynamic form. Dynamic tests better reflect the forces exerted by loads on the walls of the cargo space of vehicles. Heavy goods vehicles with certified walls of the cargo space ensure the safe transport of cargo in road traffic. Improper load securing is the cause of approximately 25% of truck accidents. Reducing the number of road accidents is the responsibility of each EU Member State. In Poland, the requirements for securing loads and appropriate vehicle construction have been introduced in the national regulations regarding the technical conditions of vehicles and their necessary equipment. The article presents the current legal status regarding cargo securing, as well as the designed and implemented solution and the method of safe conducting dynamic tests of vehicles in accordance with the PN-EN 12642 standard

Assessing the impact of the Boankra inland container terminal on the operational performance of the seaports of Ghana

PurposeTraffic congestion and limited cargo space have for a long time been a herculean challenge hindering the smooth operation of most seaports globally due to an increase in container trade. To provide a lasting solution to these challenges, most contemporary seaports have adopted the strategy of developing inland container terminals to help manage their cargo influx. This study assesses the impact of the Boankra inland container terminal on the operational performance of the seaports of Ghana, taking into consideration the operational performance variables affecting seaport and inland container terminal operations. Methodology/design/approachThe primary data used in this study was gathered using structured questionnaires. A total of 245 responses representing the opinion poll of the key architects involved in container movement to and from the seaports of Ghana was received. The dataset of the study and hypotheses of the model was tested using partial least square structural equation modelling to obtain the model fit. FindingsThe findings of the study suggest that value-added services, location, government policies, intermodal transport system, and capacity of inland container terminal have a direct significant influence on the: output of seaport, the productivity of seaport, utilization of resources, and quality of services offered by a seaport. The findings further reveal that the intermodal transport system of an inland container terminal has no direct significant influence on the output of seaport and utilization of seaport resources even though it might have an indirect significant influence on these variables. OriginalityThe study provides a very insightful and thought-provoking theoretical knowledge on the direct significant relationship between an inland container terminal and its seaports. It also explains how an inland container terminal directly influences the operational performance of its seaports. The study further serves as a guide to policymakers and port authorities on policy formulation towards inland container terminal development and its integration into seaport operations.

Distributionally Robust Model and Metaheuristic Frame for Liner Ships Fleet Deployment

The container shipping industry market is very dynamic and demanding, economically, politically, legally, and financially. Considering the high cost of core assets, ever rising operating costs, and the volatility of demand and supply of cargo space, the result is an industry under enormous pressure to remain profitable and competitive. To maximize profits while maintaining service levels and ensuring the smooth flow of cargo, it is essential to make strategic decisions in a timely and optimal manner. Fleet deployment selection, which includes the profile of vessel hire, as well as their capacity and port rotation, is one of the most important strategic and tactical decisions container shipping operators must make. Bearing in mind that maritime business is inherently stochastic and uncertain, the key aims of this paper are to address the problem of fleet deployment under uncertain operating conditions, and to provide an integrated and optimized tool in the form of a mathematical model, metaheuristic algorithm, and computer program. Furthermore, this paper will show that the properties of the provided solutions exceed those offered in the literature so far. Such a solution will provide the shipping operator with a decision tool to best deploy its fleet in a way that responds more closely to real life situations and to meet the maximum demand for cargo space with minimal expense. The final goal is to minimize the operating costs while managing cargo flows and reducing the risks of unfulfilled customer demands.

Joseph Smith Sr.’s China Adventure

Joseph Smith Sr.’s China Adventure

All-Electric Cargo Ships Data Analysis and Efficiency vs Fuel Ships Comparison

This paper scrutinizes the common belief that electric vessels are economically unadvantageous. To achieve this, data of most known all-electric cargo ships (available in the internet as of 2021) was gathered and missing information was estimated with due diligence, to put together a sample selection. Sample vessels’ parameters including principal dimensions, speed and battery capacity were used to calculate their relative cargo transport efficiency. Different routes and speeds were used, as electric ships efficiency was compared to that of fuel-powered vessels. Electric ships were shown to be about 50% more profitable on short routes and equally as profitable on medium routes (if they were slow steaming), reasons being reduced crew, lower maintenance requirements and higher propulsion efficiency. However, at long routes and/or high speeds oil-powered ships currently dominate because otherwise a big part of cargo space would be allocated to transporting batteries, whose energy density is much lower than fuel among other reasons. This paper derives Electric ships design guidelines and helps make an informed decision on whether to use an electric propulsion ship on a given route.

Analitičko istraživanje požara u teretnom prostoru kontejnerskih brodova u razdoblju od 2010. do 2020.

Container transport by sea has almost doubled in the last decade. Accordingly, container ships’ size has increased significantly, and the latest container ships carry up to 24000 Twenty-foot Equivalent Units (TEU). In the near future, the appearance of container ships with a capacity of 25000 TEUs can be expected on the market, because the design is already available. It is known that 10-12% of transported containers contain International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) cargo. The above stated reasons directly impact the frequency of container ship fires in cargo spaces. According to the Insurance Companies, fires occur on average every two months, and this is a growing problem of container transport by sea. In this paper, 23 fires in the cargo area, either in cargo holds or on deck, were analysed. The analysis results determined the most common causes of fires and have shown that the current fire protection systems on container ships are ineffective. It is unacceptable that firefighting systems’ inefficiency results in the loss of human lives, abandonment of vessels, environmental pollution, and extensive property losses related to cargo and ship structure. Due to all the above, it is necessary to continuously work on new regulatory and technical solutions to improve the fire safety of cargo areas on container ships.

Fish Terminal Design To Reduce Fishermen Operation Costs In Banda Island

One of the islands in the Maluku province is a cluster of the Banda Islands. The Banda sea is known as the waters are very rich in various kinds of fish. The center for Economic and Development-LIPI (1999) have calculated the average time fishermen go out to sea in a year as many as 200 days, that entire day, which allowed her to sea. Therefore, at the time of going to sea fishermen use the time optimally to work throughout the day so that it will drain the operational cost and energy fishermen to return to the coastal areas bring their catch to that required terminal of the fish. Teriminal fish serves as a place of temporary suspension to raise and lower the tangakapan fishermen so that it can maintain the quality of the catches of fishermen to the place of destination. The purpose of this study is to design the terminal of fish to help fishermen. Carried out technical calculations such as the determination of the payload, the volume of cargo space, electricity needs, trim, stability and freeboard. As for the size of the main result is Lbp = 81,19 m, B = 15,00 m, H = 7,00 m, and T = 5,50 m and the cost of the construction of the terminal fish Rp 85,053,530,160.11

Fish Terminal Design To Reduce Fishermen Operation Costs In Banda Island

One of the islands in the Maluku province is a cluster of the Banda Islands. The Banda sea is known as the waters are very rich in various kinds of fish. The center for Economic and Development-LIPI (1999) have calculated the average time fishermen go out to sea in a year as many as 200 days, that entire day, which allowed her to sea. Therefore, at the time of going to sea fishermen use the time optimally to work throughout the day so that it will drain the operational cost and energy fishermen to return to the coastal areas bring their catch to that required terminal of the fish. Teriminal fish serves as a place of temporary suspension to raise and lower the tangakapan fishermen so that it can maintain the quality of the catches of fishermen to the place of destination. The purpose of this study is to design the terminal of fish to help fishermen. Carried out technical calculations such as the determination of the payload, the volume of cargo space, electricity needs, trim, stability and freeboard. As for the size of the main result is Lbp = 81,19 m, B = 15,00 m, H = 7,00 m, and T = 5,50 m and the cost of the construction of the terminal fish Rp 85,053,530,160.11

Optimization of Capacity Allocation Models with Effort Dependent Demand in Global Supply Chain

In a demand driven market, optimal allocation of capacity to the demand has been one of the major issues. In this paper, we consider a single global freight firm allocating its capacity to its own regional sales offices. The firm sells cargo space based on two types of contracts: long-term and spot sales. Regional sales offices utilize their effort to generate more demand in their designated region. In other words, it is assumed that the demand is dependent on their efforts. First, we find a closed-form solution for the optimal level of the efforts of a single sales office in a specific region. Then, we study the case when the firm allocates its limited total capacity to two sales offices. We investigate different methods of capacity allocation: decentralization, centralization, and mixed, by conducting numerical studies. Different from the traditional finding, we suggest that the decentralization method is not always dominated by the centralization method.

A combined forecasting and packing model for air cargo loading: A risk-averse framework

In this paper, we present a combined forecasting and optimization decision-support tool to assist air cargo revenue management departments in the acceptance/rejection process of incoming cargo bookings. We consider the case of a combination airline and focus on the passenger aircraft belly capacity. The process is dynamic (bookings are received in a discrete fashion during the booking horizon) and uncertain (for some bookings the three dimensions are not provided, while the actual belly space available for cargo is only revealed a few hours before departure). Hence, analysts base decisions on historical data or human experience, which might yield sub-optimal or infeasible solutions due to the aforementioned uncertainties. We tackle them by proposing data-driven algorithms to predict available cargo space and shipment dimensions. A packing problem is solved sequentially once a new booking request is received, predicting shipment dimensions, if necessary, and considering the uncertainty of such prediction. The booking is accepted if it results in a feasible loading configuration where no previously accepted booking is offloaded. When applied in a deterministic context, our packing method outperformed the one used by the partner airline, increasing the loaded volume up to 20%. The framework was also tested assuming unknown shipment dimensions, comparing a risk-prone and a risk-averse strategy, with the latter accounting for uncertainty in dimension predictions and the former using mean values. While the average loaded volume decreases in the risk-averse case, the number of unplanned offloadings due to under-predicted dimensions decreases from 54% to 12% of the simulated cases, hence yielding a more robust acceptance strategy.

ДЕРЖАВНЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ ЕКОНОМІКИ КОСМІЧНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ: ЗАРУБІЖНИЙ ДОСВІД ТА ВІТЧИЗНЯНА ПРАКТИКА

Defects in the legal regulation of space transport due to the lack of its definition in the Basic Laws of Ukraine "On Transport" and "On Space Activities" were revealed. The author's definition of space transport as a field of transport, which ensures the satisfaction of the needs of the state, business entities and the population in launching satellites and spaceships, carrying out passenger and cargo space transportation for the purpose of realizing defense, scientific research, economic and commercial purposes, is substantiated. Space transport is proposed to include objects of space activity (launchers, spacecraft, booster blocks and other objects intended for launch into space), as well as space infrastructure (spaceports, aviation-space missile complexes), which provides ground and air launch of space objects, their launch into Earth orbit of various altitudes, space flight and return of spacecraft to Earth. It is shown that space transport, in accordance with international treaties on outer space, is included in the sphere of its "use". In order to create sources of compensation for damages caused by a space object on the Earth's surface or aircraft in flight, world practice has developed "space" insurance mechanisms. Ukraine offers four main insurance products for space activities. Despite the existence of a legal framework for space insurance, it remains a "fiction", since the stipulated norms "do not work", including due to the administrative approach to the formation of insurance tariffs, which does not correspond to market conditions. A quantitative assessment of the state of development of space transport was carried out, a conclusion was made about: a limited circle of individuals - micro-entrepreneurial subjects working in the industry; the small amount of services provided; low share of added value. It is substantiated that the institutional structure of providing space transport services restrains the existing technical and technological potential of Ukraine in this field and requires the involvement of budgetary resources, funds of international financial organizations and big business in the field.

CFD Analysis of Flow Over Pickup Truck with And Without Covering Cargo Area Using OpenFOAM

Pickup truck serves purpose as car as well as small truck. Pickup truck is popularly used in USA and Saudi Arabia. Pickup truck consists of enclosed cab and an open cargo space. Here CFD analysis of full scale pickup truck is performed using free CFD software OpenFOAM for speed range from 40km/hr to 140km/hr. For turbulence modelling k-ω model is used. This work investigates effect of covering cargo area on aerodynamics drag. Covering cargo area decreases drag coefficient by 5.2% by horizontally covering cargo area whereas decreases by 13% by inclined surface covering cargo area. Thus, covering cargo area reduces drag coefficient as recirculation zone is reduced. Inclined cover case shows drastic rise in lift force, requiring attention for safety as traction will be affected.

Research on Stereo Library Based on Homogeneous Markov Chain

The intelligent inventory has not yet been implemented in the automated three-dimensional library. The warehouse basically relies on the accounts of the warehouse. It is really necessary to check the pallets manually with the help of a stacker, or venture into the aisle to check on the spot, or install radio frequency identification (RFID) on the pallet. The radio frequency recognition device on the stacker’s loading platform obtains the information of a specific pallet to achieve a physical inventory. After investigation, the results that can pass the three-dimensional library system automatic library are still blank. For the three-dimensional library, the intelligent inventory is of great significance to the actual production. It can automatically identify whether the goods in the designated cargo space are consistent with the storage according to the needs of the warehouse manager, so the demand for the intelligent inventory is very urgent.

A Study on Vegetable Export for the Economic Development of Bangladesh and Its Entrepreneurial Opportunities for Young Educated Bangladesh People

This study tries to explain the prevailing vegetable supply chain system in Bangladesh which impact on International Market linkages includes some markets, number of intermediaries, and involvement of Stakeholder. Next, it shows many limitations within the present supply chain where the issues of export of vegetable supply chain have discoursed thoroughly. Then, the influences of lack of effective supply chain linkages are discussed. The main difficulties met by the growers, Exporter, and negotiators were deficiency of money, Training, production, Packaging Knowledge, poor communication and transport services, lack of adequate storage services, lack of suitable market info, higher market tolls, deficiency of market facilities, etc. The growers and intermediaries also suggested some solutions to those difficulties. As vegetables are perishable products, the study provides an overview of the issues and solutions within the use of cargo space at the airport. The govt should take the required steps to undo these problems and thus extend the effectiveness of vegetable supply chain export marketing in Bangladesh. Here shows a proposed vegetable supply chain and policy level suggestion for International Market linkages. At present Bangladesh is in the demographic dividend. It includes a large number of educated unemployed. This study provides a detailed explanation of how to start a new business to grow as an entrepreneur. These people can play a significant role in the country's GDP by exporting vegetables from the country by obtaining export licenses and earning foreign exchange. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/11-20-09 Publication date: October 31 st 2021

Methodology for Optimal Placement of Containers in Trains in Case of Cargo Operations Along the Route

A new approach to organisation of container block trains is considered based on the principles of passenger traffic. The technology assumes container train’s traffic subject to the timetable with sale of cargo space in the train. The train is made up at the departure station and follows the established route with stops at intermediate container terminals or stations, where a container for which this station is designated as destination is removed and a new container is placed on the vacated place to be delivered to subsequent points of the route.The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for optimal placement of containers in a block train intended for en route cargo handling operations. The technique involves an iterative search for such an order of placement of packages so that containers assigned to each intermediate point are as close to each other as possible. The technique is an authors’ algorithm based on combinatorial optimisation methods.The implementation of the proposed algorithm makes it possible to reduce the excessive mileage of handlers and loaders at intermediate points and, consequently, to increase speed of cargo operations when rearranging containers, as well as to reduce operating costs of using the loading facilities of the container terminal.The proposed mathematical algorithm as compared to exhaustive search allows significantly reducing the number of iterations in search for a solution and can be implemented as software.

A Comprehensive Review on Big Data-Based Potential Applications in Marine Shipping Management

Shipping is becoming a spearhead economic sector in sea countries. Over 90% of goods and raw materials are transported globally by marine shipping. However, the requests from the advanced transport ship generations include much more modern facilities, larger cargo space, faster moving, and flexible controlling cargo from inland with a shorter time. As a result, the demand for digitalization of maritime is increasing in a flexible virtual environment and under pressure to reduce costs. Big Data plays an extremely important role in marine shipping. Big Data helps determine what is traditional and non-traditional data to reap profits. Shipping companies often collect extremely large amounts of data from various sources such as frequent reports from ships, sensors, GPS devices, RFID tags, and traffic management systems. This way can boost forecasting and/or avoiding risks as well as saving the cost of transport. This article focuses on assessing the challenges and opportunities of Big data in marine shipping before comprehensively analyzing its applications in maritime transport including online vessel decision support, vessel performance optimization, fleet operation optimization, and predictive analysis. This review has gathered, provided, and highlighted the rich ways and vast opportunities to improve big data-driven shipping processes and operations of the shipping industry. The results achieved can provide a good direction for authorities and shipping companies to formulate and implement effective policies to cope with the growing pressures of a highly competitive shipping market.

Tank Cleaning Process dalam Menunjang Kelancaran Pemuatan Jet A-1 di Kapal Mt. Andhika Vidyanata

Proper loading space preparation is an important factor in the loading and unloading activities of a tanker. An unprepared tank for loading space will result in losses for the company, for that it requires close cooperation between the company. This research was conducted to determine the factors that cause the less optimal implementation of tank cleaning on the ship MT. Andhika Vidyanata. The data collection technique used was the observation technique. The data processing technique used in this research is the editing process and the data analysis method is descriptive qualitative. The problem finding obtained from the research is that the implementation of tank cleaning activities on the ship MT. Andhika Vidyanata. is not optimal. Lack of coordination, supervision, communication and maintenance of cleaning equipment for loading rooms is the cause of the tank cleaning process not running optimally. Efforts that must be made to overcome the cleaning process for loading spaces in order to run optimally are to improve ship crew coordination and carry out routine maintenance of supporting equipment for cleanliness of cargo spaces. The results obtained from this study are to optimize the implementation of tank cleaning in order to prevent delays in loading on board.