Cargo Movement Research Articles

Multiple kinesins induce tension for smooth cargo transport.

How cargoes move within a crowded cell-over long distances and at speeds nearly the same as when moving on unimpeded pathway-has long been mysterious. Through an in vitro force-gliding assay, which involves measuring nanometer displacement and piconewtons of force, we show that multiple mammalian kinesin-1 (from 2 to 8) communicate in a team by inducing tension (up to 4 pN) on the cargo. Kinesins adopt two distinct states, with one-third slowing down the microtubule and two-thirds speeding it up. Resisting kinesins tend to come off more rapidly than, and speed up when pulled by driving kinesins, implying an asymmetric tug-of-war. Furthermore, kinesins dynamically interact to overcome roadblocks, occasionally combining their forces. Consequently, multiple kinesins acting as a team may play a significant role in facilitating smooth cargo motion in a dense environment. This is one of few cases in which single molecule behavior can be connected to ensemble behavior of multiple motors.

Crowd Control: Effects of Physical Crowding on Cargo Movement in Healthy and Diseased Neurons.

High concentration of cytoskeletal filaments, organelles, and proteins along with the space constraints due to the axon’s narrow geometry lead inevitably to intracellular physical crowding along the axon of a neuron. Local cargo movement is essential for maintaining steady cargo transport in the axon, and this may be impeded by physical crowding. Molecular motors that mediate active transport share movement mechanisms that allow them to bypass physical crowding present on microtubule tracks. Many neurodegenerative diseases, irrespective of how they are initiated, show increased physical crowding owing to the greater number of stalled organelles and structural changes associated with the cytoskeleton. Increased physical crowding may be a significant factor in slowing cargo transport to synapses, contributing to disease progression and culminating in the dying back of the neuronal process. This review explores the idea that physical crowding can impede cargo movement along the neuronal process. We examine the sources of physical crowding and strategies used by molecular motors that might enable cargo to circumvent physically crowded locations. Finally, we describe sub-cellular changes in neurodegenerative diseases that may alter physical crowding and discuss the implications of such changes on cargo movement.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ЛОГІСТИЧНИМИ ЛАНЦЮГАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

Досліджуються особливості управління логістичними ланцюгами та основні напрями розвитку,роль і місце вантажного транспорту в логістичному ланцюгу руху зернових вантажів. Сформульованотенденції розвитку вантажоперевезень автомобільним транспортом зернових вантажів. Представленіосновні провайдери логістичних послуг в умовах розвитку інтеграційних процесів. Аналіз цілей і за-вдань учасників логістичного ланцюга руху зернових вантажів виявив роз’єднаність їх економічних ін-тересів та суперечності, що виникають у ході їх взаємодії. Передбачається, що реалізація запропоно-ваних напрямів з консолідації дій учасників логістичного ланцюга та використання IT-технологій вуправлінні бізнес-процесами підприємств дозволить отримати конкурентні переваги від послуг, що на-даються, підвищити їх якість, оптимізувати витрати, знизити собівартість перевезень.

Role of Dynactin in the Intracellular Localization and Activation of Cytoplasmic Dynein.

Cytoplasmic dynein, the major minus end-directed motor protein in several cell types, transports a variety of intracellular cargo upon forming a processive tripartite complex with its activator dynactin and cargo adaptors such as Hook3 and BicD2. Our current understanding of dynein regulation stems from a combination of in vivo studies of cargo movement upon perturbation of dynein activity, in vitro single-molecule experiments, and cryo-electron microscopy studies of dynein structure and its interaction with dynactin and cargo adaptors. In this Perspective, we first consolidate data from recent publications to understand how perturbations to the dynein-dynactin interaction and dynactin's in vivo localization alter the behavior of dynein-driven cargo transport in a cell type- and experimental condition-specific manner. In addition, we touch upon results from in vivo and in vitro studies to elucidate how dynein's interaction with dynactin and cargo adaptors activates dynein and enhances its processivity. Finally, we propose questions that need to be addressed in the future with appropriate experimental designs so as to improve our understanding of the spatiotemporal regulation of dynein's function in the context of the distribution and dynamics of dynactin in living cells.

Container Cargo Operation and Time Study of Container Cargo Movements in the 6D Shipping & Logistics

Cargo liners had steadily improved in their speed and efficiency with the regularity and frequency of services matching the demands of steadily increasing international trade. Further improvements wore, however, hampered by the fact that general cargo came in all shapes and sizes. From massive crates of machinery to drums, bales, and cartons. Over a thousand separate consignments per sailing were not unusual and all these had to best owed by hand. Piece-to-piece cargo is now referred to as break bulk or conventional cargo. Extraordinary skill was needed to ensure that the different consignments did not damage each other and were carried safely even in heavy weather. The time taken in port was such that there was no scope for any economies of scale because larger ships meant even longer in port. The cost of building faster ships would be lost as the time in port could not be improved

Statistical and Financial Analysis of Georgian Railway`s Main Performance Indicators in 2006-2019

Due to the geopolitical location, Georgia can become the center for Caucasus transport-logistics; partly it still performs this function. The purpose of this research paper is to study and analyze the financial-economic and statistical position of the main indicators of the Georgian Railway Holding. Based on all the above mentioned, we have set out the tasks of the research: Statistic analysis of the value added created by the Railway Industry in the Georgian economy years 2006-2019, Determination of correlation between the general indicators of JSC "Georgian Railway" and factors operating on it, Comparative analysis of the financial indicators of the Georgian railway in the post soviet space. Data was taken from the Georgian Railway Information Technology Agency. We observed the sensitivity of cargo movement in the region. The correlation between the general indicators of JSC "Georgian Railway" and its operating factors are also reflected in the study. Despite the small portion of the railway in the country's GDP, its role in the socio-economic development of the country is great. The average annual geometric growth of the EBITDA of regionals railways is decreasing. This reduction is caused by general economic shocks in region and slowing of economic growth. However, it is worth mentioning that the results of Georgian Railway compared with the other countries are only 4% reduction. This means that the reduction of shipping of oil and dry cargo by the Georgian Railways in recent times is caused by external factors.

Investigation of the influence of the length of the rope suspension of the bridge crane and the length of displacement of the cargo in the controlled sway mode on the time of displacement

The formulas for a complete analytical solution of the problem of moving cargo on a pendulum suspension of constant length along a given trajectory in a plane setting are presented. To set the desired trajectory as a time dependence of the linear horizontal coordinate of the cargo in a limited time interval, two-point Hermite polynomials are used. The field of application of the method is the automatic control of the movement of bridge and gantry cranes, as well as modeling of crane working processes. The application is limited to small angles of deviation of the cargo rope of the bridge crane from the gravitational vertical. The method makes it possible to quickly synthesize the optimal trajectory of the point of cargo suspension movement, which accurately provides the required trajectory of cargo movement. For a series of constant values of the maximum acceleration developed by the point of suspension of the cargo during a single transient process, graphs of the moving time dependences from moving length and cargo rope length are revealed. The functions obtained are not smooth and have a fracture. This makes it impractical to approximate them using the regression equation, due to the high error of the latter. The resulting graphs can be used to determine the time of movement of the cargo depending on the specified length of moving, the length of the cargo rope and the maximum acceleration developed by the drive of the cargo suspension.

MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION AND MODELLING OF TRANSPORTATION OF CARGOES ON THE BASE DIGITAL RAILWAY

This article presents the results of a mathematical description of the transportation process of goods by rail on the exit routes. The parameters reflecting state of time, speed and cost of the actual performance of the freight transportation are simulated, which makes it possible to identify and respond in time to the risk caused by interaction between adjacent subjects and objects for transportation. An algorithm to respond to a decrease in speed of transportation is determined. It is substantiated that the efficiency in transportation provides the level of development in transport and logistics system as an infrastructure of a new technological order. The price of these systems generates added value due to speed, inter modality services, drawing up optimal routes for cargo delivery, ensuring full car loads, passage control of goods at all stages of the logistics chain, etc., i.e. through the integration of products and services, considering the dominant global network of production and consumption. This work is an implementation element of digital formats in the operational activity of railways. The created model implements the “traceability” of information about the movement of cargo traffic in exit routes, generating Fast Date for time-sensitive decision-making process and Smart Date for asymmetric analytics. In contrast to the traditional model of transportation, the proposed solution is based on a mathematical description of all stages of the life cycle of freight (trains), which allows evaluating all costs by type of each process of transportation (movement and idle time) in real time mode. This approach takes into account the "investment" in the formation of value of all enterprises involved in transportation, including the condition and operation of technical infrastructure, locomotives, locomotive crews, wagon and freight facilities employees, and the movers themselves who provide and manage the transportation process. It is proved that the further growth of the profitability of the transport business is in direct correlation with the increase in the marginal profitability of shippers, and decrease of the transport component in the final price of goods achieved as result of digitizing the process of cargo transportation in the exit routes. The research methodology is based on the process-functional approach to describing the life cycle of a freight train, analysis factor for technical and economic characteristics of the transportation process and dynamic modelling of the parameters of significant means of elements affecting the transportation process. The information basis of the study relies on a representative sample of loading and unloading of goods in areas of mass traffic. We have investigated dependent (homomorphic) and independent (singular) pairs in accordance with the time, cost, and technical parameters.

A role for kinesin-1 subunits KIF5B/KLC1 in regulating epithelial mesenchymal plasticity in breast tumorigenesis.

BackgroundEpithelial mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) is deemed vital in breast cancer progression, metastasis, stemness and resistance to therapy. Therefore, characterizing molecular mechanisms contributing to EMP are in need enabling the development of more advanced therapeutics against breast cancer. While kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are well known for their role in intracellular cargo movement, our knowledge of their function in breast tumorigenesis is still limited.MethodsVarious breast cancer cell lines representing different molecular subtypes were used to determine the role of kinesine-1 subunits KIF5B/KLC1 in regulation of EMP.FindingsIn breast cancer, we show that kinesin family member 5B (KIF5B) and its partner protein kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1), subunits of kinesin-1, to play differential roles in regulating EMP and tumorigenesis. Indeed, we found KIF5B to be expressed in triple negative (TN)-basal-like/claudin low breast cancer subtype and to be an inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, invasiveness, tumor formation and metastatic colonization. Whereas, we found KLC1 to be expressed in epithelial/luminal breast cancer subtypes and to be a suppressor of EMT, invasion, metastasis and stem cell markers expression as well as to be an inducer of epithelial/luminal phenotype. Interestingly, in TN-basal-like/claudin low cells we found a novel nuclear accumulation of KIF5B and its interaction with the EMT transcriptional regulator Snail1 independent of KLC1. In addition, TGF-β mediated pro-invasive activity was found to be dependent on KIF5B expression. In contrast, the epithelial differentiation factor and EMT suppressor prolactin (PRL) was found to repress KIF5B gene expression and KIF5B-Snail1 nuclear accumulation, but enhanced KLC1 gene expression and KIF5B-KLC1 interaction.InterpretationTogether, these results highlight a new paradigm for kinesin-1 function in breast tumorigenesis by regulating EMP programing and aggressiveness.FundThis work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (operating grants #233437 and 233438) granted to Suhad Ali.

The Kinesin-3 motor, KLP-4, mediates axonal organization and cholinergic signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Microtubule plus‐end directed trafficking is dominated by kinesin motors, yet kinesins differ in terms of cargo identity, movement rate, and distance travelled. Functional diversity of kinesins is especially apparent in polarized neurons, where long distance trafficking is required for efficient signal transduction‐behavioral response paradigms. The Kinesin‐3 superfamily are expressed in neurons and are hypothesized to have significant roles in neuronal signal transduction due to their high processivity. Although much is known about Kinesin‐3 motors mechanistically in vitro, there is little known about their mechanisms in vivo. Here, we analyzed KLP‐4, the Caenorhabditis elegans homologue of human KIF13A and KIF13B. Like other Kinesin‐3 superfamily motors, klp‐4 is highly expressed in the ventral nerve cord command interneurons of the animal, suggesting it might have a role in controlling movement of the animal. We characterized an allele of klp‐4 that contains are large indel in the cargo binding domain of the motor, however, the gene still appears to be expressed. Behavioral analysis demonstrated that klp‐4 mutants have defects in locomotive signaling, but not the strikingly uncoordinated movements such as those found in unc‐104/KIF1A mutants. Animals with this large deletion are hypersensitive to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb but are unaffected by exogenous serotonin. Interestingly, this large klp‐4 indel does not affect gross neuronal development but does lead to aggregation and disorganization of RAB‐3 at synapses. Taken together, these data suggest a role for KLP‐4 in modulation of cholinergic signaling in vivo and shed light on possible in vivo mechanisms of Kinesin‐3 motor regulation.

Numerical study on coupled effect of a vessel loaded with liquefied nickel ore

Liquefaction of granular bulk cargo could result in cargo movement and loss of stability of ships, causing the loss of many lives in marine casualties in recent years. To ensure shipping safety, experimental tests and numerical methods have been adopted to reveal the coupled mechanism between liquefied cargo movement and ship motions. In the present study, a numerical model based on a CFD solver and non-Newtonian constitutive equations was established to solve the sloshing of liquefied nickel ore. Validations were carried out by comparing with available experimental data. A nonlinear simplified body surface method is proposed for the external ship response. The two problems are coupled through a coupling strategy. Different wave frequencies and amplitudes were considered and analyzed. Finally, the main reasons for the ship capsizing were deduced and concluded.

Developing a Green Route Model for Dry Port Selection in Vietnam

The dry port can smooth the movement of cargo and eliminate capacity pressure, natural restriction and externalities faced by seaports. A network of dry ports also can reduce the amount of pollution emitted from logistics activities by allowing the increasing share of environmentally friendly modes of transport. The paper suggests a green routing model for dry port selection to increases the percentage of using rail or inland waterway transportation in the journey through dry port, instead of road transportation. This model reduces the amount of emission from logistics activities, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) with the minimum cost, considering both the emission charge and the shipping charge. A case study is conducted for Samsung Thai Nguyen factory in the North of Vietnam to validate the model application. The results indicate that the smallest total cost route saves up to 51% of CO2 and 36.5% of PM emission exhausted than unimodal road transportation. The research provides a useful guideline for new green transport policies of public agents as well as decision-making processes in private companies.

THE IMPACT OF THE USE OF TRANSPORTATION MEANS FOR STRATEGIC GOODS BETWEEN CITIES IN EGYPT ON THE FUEL CONSUMPTION RATE AND EMISSIONS AMOUNT

Growth of the states, standard of living, and prosperity depends mainly on the performance of the available infrastructure. Transportation sector is an essential element of the infrastructure, where this sector contributes to support the economic and social development. Upgrade of transport services leads to reducing transportation cost, enhancing operational performance, and facilitating passenger and goods movement that has a positive impact on the national economy. From an environmental point of view continuous increase in using transport means leads to an increase in energy consumption and polluted emissions. This research discusses the share of intercity goods transport between the three modes of transport (roadways – railways – inland waterways). Where it is noticed the share of road sector is rapidly increasing, while the share of each of railway, and inland waterway sector is deteriorating, although there are many relatively competiveness advantages of these two sectors, particularly fuel consumption which is one of the same time the polluted emissions of trucks is high. These have direct effects on operating cost, and sustainable sources of energy, and consequently the national economy in general to guarantee the continuous work of state activities (industry – agriculture – housing). Therefore, the focus of this research is to provide an analysis on the division of cargo movement on inland modes of transport to assess the environmental harm and operational efficiency of such movement. This is done through establishing a model to compute the change of transported volume between the three transport modes (Road - Rail – Inland waterway) based on the both the available transport supply provided by transport by transport service providers and transport demand of transport service users. The findings of the research provided that there is still a heavy dependence on road transport which requires 270.502 mega jewels of energy for the transport of on ton*km of cargo in comparison to 154.731 for rail and 106.497 for river transport. In terms of total CO2 emissions and greenhouse gases it was concluded that road produces 0.20 ton CO2 for each ton*km traveled in comparison to 0.011 for rail and 0.008 for river transport. Accordingly the main recommendations of the study focus on shifting the focus of transport from road to rail and river transport which are found to require less energy and produce

Pulling cargo increases the precision of molecular motor progress

Biomolecular motors use free energy to drive a variety of cellular tasks, including the transport of cargo, such as vesicles and organelles. We find that the widely used “constant-force” approximation for the effect of cargo on motor dynamics leads to a much larger variance of motor step number compared to explicitly modeling diffusive cargo, suggesting the constant-force approximation may be misapplied in some cases. We also find that, with cargo, motor progress is significantly more precise than suggested by a recent result. For cargo with a low relative diffusivity, the dynamics of continuous cargo motion —rather than discrete motor steps— dominate, leading to a new, more permissive bound on the precision of motor progress which is independent of the number of stages per motor cycle.

METHODS OF INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT FOR OPTIMIZATION OF GRAIN TRANSPORT ORGANIZATION

The analysis of the railway freight sector in recent years has set a clear trend towards the development of the oil and grain goods transportation. The growth dynamics in the agrarian sector is positive with a growing sum due to the technological development of the industry and the demand for the world market. Taking into account the geographical, normative and legal component of the agricultural transport sector, the railway becomes a key player in this direction. Paying attention to it and to the particular features of grain and oil cargo exports, the industry must meet modern criteria of service and service quality. Due to lack of locomotive traction, lack of a proper investment market, there is a problem of introducing relevant innovations in the formation of the grain cargoes exports logistics. For the last freight year, the price of domestic corn on the world market, according to the expert estimates, was 18 % lower than the world average. Separately, there is a question of forming the wagon shipments of this group of goods. The analysis of the loading capacity of the eastern Ukrainian stations by grain goods at the end of 2018 clearly demonstrates the railways inability to provide the transportation demand for the whole number of shippers with small and medium cargo volumes. This situation creates accumulating and freezing of funds, that makes it impossible to develop the entire business sector and gives a negative assessment of the industry as a whole in the conditions of its investment necessity. The model is developed and the basic principles of forming the stage routes and organizing the movement of grain cargoes are defined. The main trends of the grain cargoes market development are analyzed and key market factors that allow to have a short-term forecast on the transportation tendency are revealed. The model of forming the stage route with the peculiarities of the traction apparatus work of the division and the principle of rolling stock distribution in terms of industry restructuring are proposed.

Propulsion system design and energy optimization for autonomous underground freight transportation systems

The demand for freight transportation is on the rise as a result of population growth, increase in the need for energy, and the expansion of global trade. Existing infrastructure for freight transportation seems inadequate for future growth, and new facilities are required to cover the deficiencies in cargo movement. Underground Freight Transportation (UFT) is a new mode of transportation that uses the space below the ground to carry cargo within autonomous vehicles in tunnels and pipelines. Different propulsion systems have been used for freight pipeline systems. The goal of this research is to find the proper propulsion system for the UFT system. In addition, this research aims at finding the minimum power of the propulsion system and energy consumption for the UFT system operation. Two short-haul and long-haul UFT systems with different load sizes are used to test and apply the results of this research. The findings of this research suggest that because of its light weight and short thickness, a Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is an appropriate propulsion system for UFT. Besides, this research estimates that the energy consumption and power requirement of a LIM system is low. The energy consumption of LIM system is calculated as a function of UFT system operating speed. Therefore, the results of this research can be applied in the design, operation and cost estimating of other UFT systems.

Dynein activators and adaptors at a glance.

Cytoplasmic dynein-1 (hereafter dynein) is an essential cellular motor that drives the movement of diverse cargos along the microtubule cytoskeleton, including organelles, vesicles and RNAs. A long-standing question is how a single form of dynein can be adapted to a wide range of cellular functions in both interphase and mitosis. Recent progress has provided new insights - dynein interacts with a group of activating adaptors that provide cargo-specific and/or function-specific regulation of the motor complex. Activating adaptors such as BICD2 and Hook1 enhance the stability of the complex that dynein forms with its required activator dynactin, leading to highly processive motility toward the microtubule minus end. Furthermore, activating adaptors mediate specific interactions of the motor complex with cargos such as Rab6-positive vesicles or ribonucleoprotein particles for BICD2, and signaling endosomes for Hook1. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we highlight the conserved structural features found in dynein activators, the effects of these activators on biophysical parameters, such as motor velocity and stall force, and the specific intracellular functions they mediate.

Manipulator-tripod on mounted parallelogram mechanism

The objects of development were a universal loader mounted on the base of the manipulator-tripod, the algorithm and method of the “copy” control, which allows to ensure the movement of cargoes along a predetermined path.

The use of hermite polynomials for the analytical solution of the problem of cargo movement on flexible pendulum suspension on a given trajectory

The method of complete analytical solution of the problem of cargo movement on a pendulum suspension of constant length on a set trajectory in a flat statement is developed. To set the required trajectory as a time dependence of the linear horizontal coordinate of the cargo in a limited time interval, two-point Hermite polynomials are used. When a certain amount of the first derivatives of the linear coordinate of the load is equal to zero in the horizontal direction at the ends of the segment, a vertical arrangement of the crane’s cargo rope is provided at the boundary points and there are no uncontrolled angular swings of the cargo rope during the entire movement. Analytical dependences of the horizontal coordinate of the cargo, its first and second derivatives, the angle of the deviation of the cargo rope from the vertical, its first and second derivatives, as well as the horizontal coordinate of the upper point of the load suspension, its first and second derivatives from the time of displacement are obtained. Scope of the method – automatic control systems for the movement of bridge and gantry cranes, as well as modelling of crane work processes. The application area of the procedure is limited to the small angles of deflection of the cargo rope of the bridge crane from the gravitational vertical. The method opens the possibility of rapid synthesis of the optimal trajectory of the suspension point, which accurately provides the required trajectory of cargo movement. There is no need to use a comparatively complex mathematical apparatus of the theory of optimal management, or resource-intensive algorithms of multidimensional and iterative optimization.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ВИДА СУДОВОГО ТОПЛИВА НА ЭНЕРГОЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СУДОВОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ УСТАНОВКИ ТАНКЕРА-ГАЗОВОЗА

The article analyzes the changes in requirements for oxide emissions resulted from fuel combustion in accordance with the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MARPOL 73/78. The problem of improving the energy efficiency of large-capacity gas tankers is studied by using different types of marine fuel. An energy audit was carried out on board a gas carrier with deadweight of 54,354 tons and propulsion system power of 12,400 kW. The energy audit relied on data of six voyages of a gas-carrier from July 14, 2016 to January 19, 2017. The Energy Efficiency Operational Index defined as carbon dioxide emissions per ton-mile of cargo movement, was used as a tool for assessing the energy efficiency of the ship. The research included the methods of comparative analysis of fuel change during the voyages. The comparative analysis was applied to calculate changes of consuming fuels with different lower caloric value. There have been given general characteristics of heavy fuel RMG 380 and diesel fuel DMA. Values of all parameters for analysis of operational coefficient of power efficiency were taken from the engineer’s log, cargo record book and oil record book, as well as from energy efficiency operation indicator reports of the company after each voyage. Based on the results of the assessment, the conclusions were drawn and perspectives were developed concerning the use of marine fuels and modification of the ship power plant. It has been inferred that using liquefied natural gas as main fuel increases power and economic efficiency of a ship and meets new requirements of MARPOL 73/78 to 2020 on sulfur content in fuel. The conducted research and preliminary calculations make it possible to predict an increase in the economic efficiency of a large-tonnage fleet while maintaining a high environmental friendliness.