Cardboard Paper Research Articles

Determiningcarrot preservation depending on the root quality and size, as well as on storage techniques

This study aimsto scientifically substantiate the influence of the quality, size of carrot roots, as well as storage techniques, on safety that couldprolong their consumption. The research into carrot roots has not been developed properly. In this regard, it is important to conduct comprehensive studies of objective indicators that exert the greatest impact on the intensity of natural weight loss of carrot roots and their preservation. The study reported here aimed to scientifically substantiate the influence of the quality, size of carrot roots,as well as storage techniques, on safety, which could allow them to be consumed longer. It has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed that the longest storage period of 206 days with a commercial yield of 89.27 %characterized large root crops. The output of marketable products of medium root crops was 86.56 %, small ones after 161 days ‒ 80.30 %. Compared with large root crops, the shelf life of both small and mechanically damaged carrots decreased by 46 days, and the yield of marketable products decreased by 9.0 and 11.1 %, respectively. Carrot roots damaged by pests were preserved almost the same as chopped ones. On average, over 191–192 days of storage, the yield of marketable products amounted to 83.43 and 83.90 %, respectively. The shortest shelf life (142) and the worst preservation (68.34 %)were observed in carrots with a torn peel, due to a large number of diseased root crops (18.53 and defective ones (6.85 %). Storage of carrots in boxes at a permanent storage facility with forced-air and exhaust natural ventilation turned out to be ineffective. The yield of marketable products amounted to 85.5 %. The highest safety of 96.3–94.3 % was observed when the roots were stored in plastic bags and perforated bags, respectively. A greater yield of marketable products is provided by bags with a capacity of 5 kg. It was found that the storage in cardboard boxes and paper bags contributed to the development of microorganisms. The number of affected root crops ranged from 2.4 to 2.8 %.

Effects of Visual Field Changes on Gait and Balance

Introduction: The vision provides proprioceptive information about the relative positions of the movements of the body compared to the environment or a body portion. We aimed to see the effect of visual field changes on gait and balance to obtain results for proprioceptive power of vision and to determine whether there was any difference in visual information between the hemispheres. Material and Method: Our study was conducted with 50 male subjects. The dominant extremity of the subjects were questioned. To measure gait and stance, we used © FDM System Type FDM 1,5 and Win FDM computer program. First, the normal gait and balance were measured. Then, the subjects were given a trial frame, half covered with black cardboard paper; and the measurements were repeated with up, down, right and left closed. The statistical significance limit was set at p <0,05. Results: The changes in the visual field affected the balance, especially in the medial – lateral direction, and the left (dominant) hemisphere was more affected. There were differences in visual field changes between right and left hemisphere. It was seen that the lower part of the peripheral visual field was very important in gait. Conclusion: More comprehensive studies are needed to better understand the difference between visual field changes and right – left hemisphere. The part where we close the right – left visual field of our study can be considered as the first study in literature as far as we can see. Keywords: Visual field, proprioception, gait analysis, stance analysis

Properties of concrete containing shredded waste paper as an additive

Cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water are the materials used to make a concrete mixture. The abundance of waste paper was dumped in landfills and every year, the number of waste paper dumped is increasing. This situation causes great stress to the landfills as more spaces are needed. As more spaces or areas are needed, this might cause a loss of natural resources. The waste paper industry every year is increasing gradually. More spaces are needed for landfills, loss of natural resources, increased expenditure and various types of pollutions. Utilizing waste paper as an addition to concrete production could reduce environmental pollutions. This research investigates the concrete properties containing shredded waste paper using copier and cardboard as additives for the slump of fresh concrete and splitting tensile strength of hardened concrete. All specimens are subjected to water curing at 7 and 28 days for splitting tensile strength test. The results of the slump and splitting tensile strength increase at 5% and 10% addition of shredded copier and cardboard waste paper. The finding shows that concrete containing 10% addition of shredded copier and cardboard waste paper exhibits the highest slump and splitting tensile strengths. Furthermore, the results also show that shredded cardboard waste paper has higher slump and splitting tensile strength than shredded copier waste paper for all addition percentages. This study indicates that shredded copier and cardboard waste paper can be used as additional material in concrete production.

Waste-to-methanol: Direct CO2 Emissions Assessment for the Methanol Production from Municipal Waste-derived Syngas

The valorization of municipal waste represents one of the major opportunities for the next future. In particular, the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) can be used in anaerobic digesters to produce biogas/biomethane. Furthermore, a fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (e.g. non-recyclable plastics, paper cardboard, etc.) can be converted to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). Both biogas/biomethane and RDF may be further converted in syngas (a mixture of H2, CO and CO2) by using several technologies, such as steam reforming for the former, and gasification for the latter. Syngas may be used as fuel in CHP plants or for the production of chemical intermediates and fuel. The digestate derived from anaerobic digestion, as well as CO2 from biogas, can be used as nutrients source to grow microalgae, which are feedstock suitable for supercritical water gasification (SWG). In this paper, an integrated process is proposed, by coupling an anaerobic digestion plant for biomethane production with (i) high-temperature gasification of RDF and (ii) SWG of algae grown up with digestate and CO2 from biogas. The biomethane is assumed to be converted in syngas by steam reforming. Considering its importance for the chemical industry chain, methanol is considered as a target product. Methanol synthesis is assessed in terms of mass and energy balances and direct CO2 emissions. The results show that high-temperature endothermic processes require the use of purge gas as a fuel in a burner to sustain itself. The lowest direct CO2 emission value per kg of methanol produced is obtained in the case of high use of RDF, minimum recycling of CO2 to algae production and minimum purge ratio.

Pemberdayaan Perempuan Melalui Pelatihan Menjahit di Desa Sukosono Jepara

The Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on the weak economy of families, many workers have been laid off, and businesses are not running optimally. On the other hand, the group of mothers has free time, the potential to be productive independently by working from home, but they do not have the skills. So to overcome these problems the service team carried out sewing training service activities. This service activity aims to empower women, increase creativity, and independence of women in Sukosono, Kedung, Jepara.. This service method is socialization, training, and sewing assistance which includes pattern making, cutting and sewing. This service activity is carried out face-to-face or offline while adhering to health protocols. Sewing training is carried out in several stages. First, participants are trained to make patterns using cardboard paper and then apply them to the fabric. Second, participants are taught to cut cloth properly. Third, participants are trained to sew with the correct technique, so that the results are neat. The fabric used is Troso woven cloth, so that participants will be able to use Jepara's local products. The response of the participants to this dedication showed that in the material aspect 95% considered it very good, 90% of the facilitator aspect considered it very good, and the rest responded well. The results of this dedication showed that 85% of the participants were successful in sewing skills, seen from the success of the participants in making a sewing service business start-up and convection from fabric after participating in service activities.

Effect of Soil Compaction on Growth, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) Crop and It is Management: A Review

Sugarcane is a tall growing monocotyledonous crop plant that is cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world primarily for its ability to store high concentrations of sucrose, or sugar, in the internodes of the stem. Sugar is not the only product of the cane that is used in the production of various products. Both the pulp and the outer portions of the stalk can be utilized in the creation of woven furniture, cardboard and other paper products, and disposable eating utensils. In spite of the importance of the crop there are many factors which cause the decrease in sugarcane productivity such as climate change and declining in soil fertility as an impact of conventional soil management. The use of heavy machinery during planting, harvesting and transporting operations in fine textured soils has led to the concern that subsoil compaction may decline long term productivity. Hence this leads to affects soil physical fertility, particularly storage and supply of water and nutrients, through increasing soil bulk density, decreasing porosity, increasing soil strength, decreasing soil water infiltration, and water holding capacity, and all of these processes lead to changes in plant physiology of sugarcane that leads to effect sugarcane growth, decline sugar yield and quality. Among many other management options of soil compactness; Soil Water Potential, Soil characterization before cultivation of land, Soil Tillage, passages of machine across the field and crop rotation is the major one. Keywords : Sugarcane, Yield, Quality and Soil Compaction DOI: 10.7176/JEES/11-5-02 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

Mechanical and physical properties of boards made from recycled paper

Due to the increasing accumulation of wastes around the world, the demand for sustainable products is increasing. Paper is a commonly disposed of material that can pose problems even when it is recycled. The concept of using cardboard (CB) as a material for furniture production has been around for many years, but CB furniture does not last long. This study examined the feasibility of using post-consumer recycled paper to produce paper-based boards for furniture design. Cardboard (CB) and office paper (OP) were the main post-consumer materials that were used. The CB and OP were mixed with polylactic acid (PLA) and limestone. The boards were made at a temperature of 200 °C and pressed at a pressure of 3.5 N/mm2 using a single opening hydraulic press. The physical and mechanical properties were tested according to the European standards for wood-based panels. Tests that are critical for furniture parts, such as the modulus of rupture (MOR), the modulus of elasticity (MOE), the internal bond, the screw withdrawal resistance, the thickness swelling, and the water absorption were examined. The paperboard samples exceeded some of the requirements for the general use of boards for interior fitments (including furniture) for use in dry conditions (Type P2) and for non-load bearing boards for use in humid conditions (Type P3).

Load-Strain Behaviour of Shredded Waste Paper Reinforced Concrete Beam

Cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water and reinforcing bar are the materials to make a reinforced concrete beam. The waste paper has been dumped as waste and causes environmental pollution behind mill or landfill. The industry paper wastage for every year is increasing gradually. More spaces are being needed for landfills, uses energy loss of natural resources and increase of expenditure and various types of pollutions. Utilizing waste paper as an addition in concrete and reinforced concrete beam productions will reduce environmental pollutions. This research investigates the load-strain behaviour of reinforced concrete beam containing shredded waste paper using 10% copier and 10% cardboard waste paper as additions in the concrete mixture to the concrete shear strain and concrete bending strain of reinforced concrete beam. There are three types of beam shear reinforcements with stirrup spacing (SS)=100 mm, 150 mm, and 200 mm. All specimens are subjected to air curing at 28 days. The result of concrete bending and shear strains are higher by 10% shredded copier waste paper (SCPWP) and 10% shredded cardboard waste paper (SCBWP) with reducing shear reinforcements (SS=200 mm) and (SS=150 mm) compared to full shear reinforcement (SS=100 mm). This research shows that 10% SCPWP and 10% SCBWP improves the concrete bending and shear strains with reducing reinforcements. Furthermore, the results also show that 10% SCBWP has higher concrete bending and shear strains than 10% SCPWP for full and reduce shear reinforcements. This study indicates that shredded copier and cardboard waste paper can be used as additional materials in reinforced concrete beam production.

Structural Behaviour of Shredded Waste Paper Reinforced Concrete Beam

Cement, sand, coarse aggregate, water and reinforcing bar are the materials to make a reinforced concrete beam. The waste paper has been dumped as waste and causes environmental pollution behind mill or landfill. The industry paper wastage for every year is increasing gradually. More spaces are being needed for landfills, uses energy loss of natural resources and increase of expenditure and various types of pollutions. Utilizing waste paper as an addition in reinforced concrete beam production will reduce environmental pollutions. This research is conducted to investigate the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beam containing 10% shredded mixed and cardboard waste paper as additions in concrete with three types of reinforcements such as full shear reinforcement with stirrup spacing (SS=100 mm) and reduced shear reinforcements with stirrup spacing (SS=150 mm) and (SS=200 mm). All specimens are subjected to air curing at 28 days. The results of load-deflection behaviour and ultimate load-bearing capacity are better with 10% shredded mixed and cardboard waste paper at 28 days of air curing with full and reduced shear reinforcements. The finding shows that reinforced concrete beam with full and reduced shear reinforcements containing 10% addition of shredded cardboard waste paper in concrete exhibits the highest load at yield (Py), ultimate load (Pu), maximum load (Pmax) representing the load-carrying capacity, load at first crack (P1) and the lowest yield deflection (δy), ultimate deflection (δu), maximum deflection (δmax) compared to 10% SCPWP and 0%. This study indicates that shredded mixed and cardboard waste paper can be used as additional materials in reinforced concrete beam production.

Effect of Shredded Waste Paper on Properties of Concrete

Cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water are the materials to make a concrete mixture. The waste paper has been dumped as waste and causes environmental pollution behind the mill or landfill. The industry paper wastage for every year is increasing gradually. More spaces are being needed for landfills, uses energy loss of natural resources and increase of expenditure and various types of pollutions. Utilizing waste paper as an addition in concrete production will reduce environmental pollutions. This research is conducted to investigate the effect of shredded waste paper using copier and cardboard waste paper as additions to the compressive and flexural strengths and water absorption of hardened concrete. All specimens are subjected to water curing at 7 and 28 days. The results of compressive and flexural strengths increase at 5% and 10% additions of shredded copier and cardboard waste paper at 7 and 28 days of water curing. The finding shows that concrete containing 10% addition of shredded copier and cardboard waste paper exhibit the highest compressive and flexural strengths. For concrete water absorption, the higher water absorption is caused by the higher addition of shredded copier and cardboard waste paper. Furthermore, the results also show that shredded cardboard waste paper has higher strength and water absorption than shredded copier waste paper for all percentages of addition. This study indicates that shredded copier and cardboard waste paper can be used as additional materials in concrete production.

A game proposal for teaching math operations to 6th / 9th grade students

The purpose of this work is to serve as an aid tool for the teacher, for the students and for the development of the classes, however, we hope that the game is developed in an appropriate way so that it does not harm their performance. The objective of this work is to analyze the possibilities of teaching / learning of mathematical operations from the application of the game "the awakening of mathematics" for 6th and 9th grade students. The work methodology was developed for the students in order to solve such difficulties that some students were presenting during the math classes, developed from cardboard paper, A4 paper in 9x9 square format (9 squares in height and width), containing a total of 81 cells on the board, where the mental calculation of the four mathematical operations is proposed. It was realized that the use of the game should not be applied only as a means of interaction between students, therefore, if the teacher proposes the game as a teaching strategy, he should treat it as a vehicle for building knowledge, creating and experimenting.

The promises, poetics and politics of verticality in the really high African city

This article is an attempt to foreground considerations in African cities of three-dimensional urbanism, or what Eyal Weizman has called the ‘politics of verticality’. Through analysis of the work of three builder/artists the article resists a strain of persistent horizontality in African urban studies. The focus of this article is on three specific urban forms which are contested in interesting and provocative ways. The first, the Tower, in Limete Kinshasa is simultaneously a built form, an imagined space, a set of processes, a film and a theoretical proposition for Filip de Boeck and Sammy Baloji. The second structure is a radical reimagining of Bodys Isek Kingelez’s childhood agricultural village as a megacity of cardboard skyscrapers, paper parks and polystyrene promenades. Kimbembele Ihunga (1994) is a three-by-two-meter ‘extreme maquette’ in which Kingelez presents an unbuildable city which is nevertheless intended in all seriousness as a visionary proposal for post-independence African urbanism. The third structure is a literary residential high-rise, the Maianga Building in Luanda. Ondjaki’s novel, Transparent City (2018) presents the biography of a building in a general state of decay but which is, counterintuitively, not a burden to its residents; in fact, its idiosyncratic dysfunction offers some promising, pleasant and useful affordances.

Using Paper Waste and Local Bacterial Isolates to Produce Biomass and Cellulase Enzyme- A Study Waste Recycling

The study aims to isolate the cellulose-degradation bacteria that produce the cellulase enzyme as well as theproduction of SCP protein from Ramadi city soils and to obtain efficient local bacterial isolates in productionand efficient isolation was selected in the production of cellulase enzyme and single cell protein which isBacillus subtillis bacteria tested the efficiency of the isolated isolation to produce the enzyme and single cellprotein. The cell using local media contains the paper waste available in the environment and contaminatedwith it. Initial transactions were made for this paper waste and these factors included (heating to boilingpoint, dilute sulfuric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide). The paper waste used included the white cardboard,yellow cardboard and white paper Which was used as a single source of carbon and energy, after testingthe waste paper used, it was found that the white cardboard treated with heating gave the best production ofthe cellulase enzyme and single-cell protein. The bacterial isolation used showed the best growth and gavethe highest production of the enzyme and the single cell protein at pH 7, while the best temperature for theproduction of the enzyme was 45 ° C. The optimum temperature for the production of the single cell proteinwas 40 ° C. As for the carbon concentration, which is the white cardboard treated with heating, it was betterto produce than Concentration is 2%. As for the production of single cell protein, the highest output atconcentration was 4%. The best bacterial vaccine size for enzyme production was 3 ml / 100 ml medium. Asfor the production of single cell protein, the size of the inoculum gave 1.5 ml / 100 ml the best production.The addition of the organic nitrogen source (urea) gave a clear increase in enzyme production and singlecell protein, and when adding 0.5 g urea / 100 mL medium. Finally, the results showed that the best periodduration to obtain the highest cellulase enzyme production was after 96 hours, while it was found that thebest production of single-cell protein was after 24 hours incubation.

The Study of Paper Capillarity with a Simple Technique

The study of water absorption by capillarity on paper with a simple technique is simple but important to do to inform the public about the characteristics of paper and for the development of research on the absorption of different types of paper. In this study, five types of paper were used, namely HVS paper, cardboard, tissue paper, concord paper and buffalo paper. In the capillary water absorption test on paper, the physical quantities analyzed are the water absorption, the absorption time and the water absorption rate. The capillarity of the paper is a comparison of the rate of water absorption by the paper which is analyzed using the straight line movement approach. The value of water absorption is estimated using the ratio between the height of water absorption and the time absorption. Based on the results of the capillary test on paper, it was found that the water absorption height for the five types of paper increases with increasing absorption time. The highest water absorption capacity is tissue paper, which is 7.4 ± 0.2 cm every 180 seconds. While the lowest water absorption capillarity is HVS paper which is 0.5 ± 0.1 cm at the 180th second. Cardstock and buffalo paper have almost the same water absorption value and are higher than HVS paper and match. The absorption speed which is almost the same between cardboard and buffalo paper is due to the fact that both belong to the same type of paper, namely printing paper.

Evaluation of the performance of IND/Zn and DFO on various porous substrates in Singapore context

Enhancement of latent fingermarks found at crime scenes can be crucial to criminal investigations. The performance of ninhydrin analogues 1,2-indanedione (IND/Zn) and 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) used in laboratories for the enhancement of latent fingermarks on porous substrates were compared for operational use. The visualisation of enhanced latent fingermarks on seven substrates commonly encountered in local crimes - plain A4 paper, glossy magazine, paper magazine, brown envelopes, white envelopes, cardboard, and joss paper were assessed using fingermarks deposits from seven donors. Fingermarks were aged under both indoor and outdoor conditions as well as over different periods of time. Our results show that IND/Zn consistently produced fingermarks of superior quality and contrast to DFO across the different donors, substrates and time periods. IND/Zn also appears to be more sensitive compared to DFO.

Teachers’ Strategy in Improving Students’ Learning Achievement of Al-Qur’an and Hadits at Madrasah Tsanawiyah

This study aims to determine the strategies of teachers of the Qur'an and hadith subjects in improving the learning achievement of students in Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) Al-Khairaat Biromaru. The method is qualitative research, with data collection techniques namely; observation, interview and documentation. By using analytical techniques; data collection, data reduction, data presentation and data verification. Data verification uses three methods namely deductive, inductive and comparative. Research results show that by using expository learning strategies with lecture, training or group work methods in teaching it can make it easier for teachers to control students to learn in accordance with the objectives to be achieved in the Al-Khairaat Biromaru Madrasah (MTs) Al-Khairaat Biromaru namely to increase learning achievement. In addition, the selection of media in teaching is also highly considered by Madrasas, especially Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) Al-Khairaat Biromaru because it is one of the determinants to motivate students so that their learning achievement increases, for example in the form of cardboard paper written by the teacher containing verses of Al-qur'an or hadith, or by showing videos that match the material.

Resource utilization and ionization modification of waste starch from the recycling process of old corrugated cardboard paper

Generally, the mechanical strength and stiffness of old corrugated cardboard (OCC) waste paper are decreased after multiple recycling procedures. Surface sizing starch, which is extensively used in the surface sizing of paper making, accumulates after dissolving from the fibers and is transformed into pollutant during the OCC re-pulping process. To overcome the pollution and reutilization problem of the waste starch during the recycling process of OCC paper, waste starch was ionized using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to improve the mechanical properties of OCC paper during the reutilization. The results showed that the carboxyl group of waste starch increased with an increasing degree of ionization, resulting in enhanced copper ion adsorption capacity. Furthermore, the retention rate of the modified starch in the wet-end increased from 18.0% to 48.2%. The OCC paper presented the highest burst index and tensile strength of 8.94 kPa m2/g and 112.5 N m/g, respectively, when MS-2 was added. This work has great significance for implementation of the cleaning production of OCC waste papers and the reutilization of the waste starch.

Optimisation of bleaching time and H2O2 concentration of handmade paper from Areca catechu L. fibre

Areca nut (Areca catechu L.) is a type of palm used for commercial purposes because all parts of the plant -have high economic value. Areca nut fibre contains 53.2% cellulose and therefore, it can potentially be used as raw material for pulp for paper craft. Bleaching is conducted in order to make colourful paper craft. Some factors to be taken into account while bleaching the paper craft are levels of chemicals used for bleaching and length of bleaching time. The purpose of this study was to determine H2O2 level and optimum bleaching time to create quality paper from areca fibres and cardboard paper. Quality of the paper was evaluated based on tensile strength, thickness, grammage and brightness. Response surface method (RSM) is implemented optimize the estimated response. The model used in RSM is CCD (Central Design Composite) with 2 factors, namely bleaching time and H2O2. The upper and lower limit for the first factor were 90 and 150 minutes consecutively. Those for the second factor were 5% and 15% respectively. The evaluate responses were tensile strength and brightness level. The findings showed that the most suitable combination was 150-minutes bleaching time and 15% H2O2. The combination resulted in 69.50% brightness and 14.71 kN/m2 tensile strength. In addition, the paper grammage was 282 gr/cm2, its thickness was 0.88 mm and the moisture content was 6.5.

An eco-incinerator plant using modern waste disposal methods

Threats associated with municipal waste are a problem applicable to residents of every city. The amount of waste keeps growing each year. In highly developed countries, the largest percentage of waste comprises cardboard and waste paper. In Poland, a very significant percentage of waste is constituted by plastics. Thanks to European Union funds, it is possible to implement such projects as the construction of the Thermal Waste Processing Plant in Krakow. The operation of this facility allows for a significant reduction in the volume of waste deposited on landfills, which is not recyclable concurrently generating green energy for the city. The aim of the research was to determine the impact of modern techniques of municipal waste disposal on the ecological safety of city dwellers and the natural environment.

Preparation and application of nanocellulose from non-wood plants to improve the quality of paper and cardboard

The study describes the preparation of pulp and nanocellulose from non-wood plant materials, as well as an improved properties of paper and cardboard for mass production. The pulps from wheat straw, kenaf and flax fibers were prepared by the environmentally friendly organosolv method—cooking in a solution of isobutanol or peracetic acid. The organosolv pulps used to prepare nanocellulose had traces of lignin and mineral substances. The process of hydrolysis of the investigated organosolv pulps was optimal when carried out under the following conditions: 43% sulfuric acid, temperature 60 °C, hydrolysis time 90 min and ultrasonic treatment 60 min. Using the methods of SEM, XRD, TEM, AFM and TGA, the structure and properties of organosolv pulps and nanocellulose were studied. The use of nanocellulose in bulk and on the surface of mass types of paper and cardboard—paper for corrugation, offset paper, recycled containerboard and cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard were investigated. We established the positive effect of nanocellulose application on the physical and mechanical properties of paper and cardboard. Low consumption of nanocellulose allows production of the paper and cardboard with properties that meet the requirements to appropriate standards and replacement of synthetic reinforcing materials.