Carboxymethyl Cellulose Films Research Articles

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of plant essential oils and extracts in the development of antimicrobial edible films for dairy application.

The purpose of this review was to assess the use of plant essential oils and extracts (PEOE) in the development of antimicrobial edible films for dairy application through a systematic review and meta-analysis. All studies published in multiple databases were explored via PRISMA protocol on November 1, 2022. According to the results, the interquartile range of pathogen reduction potential of essential oil (EO) in dairy products, irrespective of EO, film and product type, was 0.10 - 4.70 log CFU g-1 per % concentration. The findings from 38 articles indicate that among all EOs or their compounds, Zataria multiflora Boiss in protein film, thyme in protein film, Z. multiflora Boiss EO in protein film, Trans-cinnamaldehyde in carbohydrate film and lemongrass EO in protein film had extraordinary pathogen reduction potential on important foodborne pathogens. In the case of plant extract, fish gelatin film with Lepidium sativum extract, whey protein isolate film loaded with oregano EO and carboxymethyl cellulose film with clove EOs had the highest antimicrobial effect on mesophilic bacteria (9.50 log CFU g-1 per % concentration), yeast-mold (2.63 log CFU g-1 per % concentration) and mesophilic/ psychrophilic counts (> 9.06 log CFU g-1 per % concentration), respectively. Listeria monocytogenes is the primary species of interest; whereas, mesophiles and mold-yeast populations were the most investigated microbiota/mycobiota in cheese with PEOE-incorporated film. In light of these findings, the choice of PEOE at appropriate concentrations with the selection of appropriate edible film may improve the safety, sensory, and shelf life of dairy products.

High-performance carboxymethyl cellulose-based composite film tailored by versatile zeolitic imidazolate framework

Robust biopolymer-based composite film with multifunctional performances significantly contributes to the packaging field. Herein, we proposed a sort of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) based composite film via incorporating versatile zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) materials. Compared to pristine CMC film, the OTR, WVTR, and tensile strength of CMC/ZIF composite film with 1 wt ‰ Zn/Co-ZIF were improved from 64.89 cm3*μm/(m2*d*kPa), 1579.21 g/(m2*24h) and 16.9 MPa to 20.79 cm3*μm/(m2*d*kPa), 1209.58 g/(m2*24h) and 70.1 MPa, respectively. Notably, owing to the reduced band gap and intrinsic chemical and thermal stability of Zn/Co-ZIF, the fabricated Zn/Co-ZIF/CMC composite film presented well UV protection capability within the whole UV region and excellent UV-blocking durability after being exposed to UV-light at 365 nm for 12 h. In practice, the photocatalytic degradation of RhB solutions under UV light could be effectively suppressed when using Zn/Co-ZIF/CMC film as UV protection layer. Our findings proposed the potential application of these versatile ZIF materials as functional nanofiller within biopolymer substances for UV protection and transparent packaging area.

Buriti oil and natural surfactant improve the properties of cassava starch and carboxymethylcellulose films

Due to the environmental problem related to the disposal of non‐biodegradable packaging and its aggravation during the COVID‐19 pandemic, buriti oil (BO) and Yucca schidigera (YS) surfactant were added to the cassava starch and carboxymethylcellulose films to create a new emulsified biofilm with better properties. The influence of BO and YS on mechanical and barrier properties was evaluated. All properties differed significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the base film. Incorporation of BO and YS increased tensile strength by 1.100% and opacity by 375% and reduced elongation. In addition, the two variables generated a reduction in water vapour permeability (~47%) and water solubility (~70%), making the films less hydrophilic. Both attenuated total reflectance (ATR)–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were able to generate important correlations, observing the effects of BO and YS on the uniformity and cohesion of the structures of the emulsified films. Overall, the emulsified films showed great potential for application as primary and/or secondary packaging.

Effects of whey protein-polyphenol conjugates incorporation on physicochemical and intelligent pH-sensing properties of carboxymethyl cellulose based films

This study aimed to develop carboxymethyl cellulose films functionalized by whey protein and polyphenols (proanthocyanidins and curcumin) conjugates. The physicochemical properties, freshness monitoring and preservation ability of films with conjugates were evaluated. The results showed that the vapor barrier property, tensile strength and contact angle of films incorporated with conjugates were improved 10%–31%, 61%–134%, 4%–19% respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of conjugates improved the ability to indicate the changes of pH value, inhibit the microbial growth and prevent fat oxidation, when the films were applied for beef preservation. The improvement was attributed to the enhancement of intermolecular interactions and higher binding rate, which helped to form the films with more compact and uniform microstructure. This study suggested that films containing conjugates can be applied for monitoring freshness and extending the shelf-life of beef.

UV-blocking properties of carboxymethyl cellulose film integrated with oolong tea extracts as eco-friendly packaging film

The preparation of biodegradableUV protective carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films using extracted phenolic compounds fromoolong tea (O) as bio-fillers to improve UV-blocking capability has been studied.The properties of the CMC and CMC/O films including color,transmission infrared spectra,moisture uptake, water vapor permeability, thermal properties, tensile properties, %reduction of UV transmittance and biodegradability were examined The total amount of phenolic compounds fromoolong teaextracts was determined as 0.1577 ± 0.0018 g of compound per 15 g of oolong tea powder.The addition ofoolong teaextracts to CMC matrices improved the reduction of UV transmittance of the films. It wasobservedthat CMC/Ofilms with2 % v/voolong teaextracts gave a %reduction of UV transmittance for all UVC, UVB and UVA ranges comparable to that of the oolong teaextracts. Moreover, the addition ofoolong teaextracts led to a decreasein water vapor permeability of the CMC/Ofilms.The results indicated that carboxymethyl cellulosefilms filled withoolong teaextracts have potential for an application of UV radiation reduction packaging.

Carbon Emission Assessment of Bioplastics from Durian Peel

Plastic is a product widely used daily and contributes to huge waste, which can cause a potential environmental impact worldwide. The production of bioplastics can lessen plastic waste while also benefiting the environment. There are still few studies examining the influence of bioplastics in different contexts. This investigation assesses the cradle-to-gate life cycle of durian peel-derived bioplastics while considering their potential to contribute to global warming as measured by their carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq). The steps in the evaluation process were acquiring raw materials, extracting cellulose powder, synthesizing carboxymethyl cellulose, and making carboxymethyl cellulose film. Based on the results, the entire production of bioplastics emits 76.339 kgCO2eq, and the extraction process emits the maximum CO2eq. Bioplastic manufacturing can minimize global warming by reducing humidity before the extraction process.

Characterization of synbiotic films based on carboxymethyl cellulose/β-glucan and development of a shelf life prediction model

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/β-glucan (BG)-based films (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75) were developed and characterized to extend the survivability of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and establish a shelf life prediction model. The incorporation of inulin (IL, 2% and 4%) into the CMC matrix was also assessed. Films containing 2% IL and 50% BG were selected to develop probiotic films due to their suitable physicomechanical and barrier properties. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy spectra and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed good compatibility between prebiotics and CMC films matrix. Although tensile strength and water vapor permeability (WVP) of films reduced by prebiotics addition, their oxygen barrier and extensibility were significantly improved. Acceptable viability of probiotic cells was observed in film containing BG; at 4 °C (8.3 Log CFU/g), 10 °C (8.06 Log CFU/g) and 25 °C (7.37 Log CFU/g), and under simulated gastrointestinal conditions (7.87 Log CFU/g). This new edible film would be inspiring for future bioactive-loaded packaging.

UV-Shielding biodegradable films based on carboxymethyl cellulose filled with henna extracts

UV-shielding biodegradable films based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have been prepared using henna extracts from henna powder as the UV blocker additive. The effect of henna extracts content from 0 to 10v% on the mechanical, thermal, and optical properties, moisture content, water vapor permeability and biodegradability of the prepared CMC films has been investigated. The results showed that the total phenolic compounds content of henna extracts was 0.1803 ± 0.0097 g/15 g dry weight of henna powder. The addition of henna extracts to CMC increased moisture content of the films but decreased the water vapor permeability in which lowest water vapor permeability was 2.08 × 10-5 ± 1.36 × 10-5 g.m/m2.day.mmHg. The henna extracts addition also reduced tensile strength of the films. From optical properties testing, it was found that color of the henna extracts filled CMC films tended to be darker; L* and %transmittance decreased with the increase of henna extracts content. Moreover, the addition of henna extracts significantly improved the UV shielding ability of the films. In particular, the CMC film with 10 %v henna extracts showed 100 % shielding ability against UVC (100–280 nm) and UVB (280–315 nm) and 99.90 % shielding ability against UVA (315–400 nm). CMC film filled with henna extracts as UV blocker additive has potential for use as UV-shielding biodegradable packaging material.

Fabrication and Characterization of Intelligent Multi-Layered Biopolymer Film Incorporated with pH-Sensitive Red Cabbage Extract to Indicate Fish Freshness.

This study aimed to fabricate an intelligent monolayer and multi-layered biodegradable films incorporated with red cabbage extract (RCE) to act as a safe and reliable freshness indicator. A film-forming solution (FFS) of gelatin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan was prepared and fortified with 0.5% (w/v) of RCE for developing intelligent monolayer films. The intelligent multi-layer film was prepared via layer by layer casting of gelatin, chitosan (added with 0.5% of RCE) and CMC biopolymers. The thickness of the multi-layered film was the highest (0.123 ± 0.001 mm) compared to gelatin-, CMC- and chitosan-based monolayer films (p < 0.05). Chitosan film has the highest tensile strength (p < 0.05), followed by multi-layer, CMC and gelatin films. Elongation at break was slightly higher in CMC (35.67 ± 7.62%) compared to the multi-layer film (33.12 ± 9.88%) and gelatin film (p > 0.05). Water vapor permeability was higher in the multi-layer film (1.244 ± 0.05 × 10-5 g mm h-1cm-2 P-1) than the other monolayer films. Moisture content was highest in chitosan film followed by the multi-layered film (p < 0.05) and then the CMC and gelatin films. CMC film showed the highest solubility compared to multi-layered and chitosan film (p < 0.05). Additionally, transmittance and transparency values in the multi-layered film were the lowest compared to the chitosan-, CMC- and gelatin-based films. L* and a* values were the lowest, while b* values increased in the multi-layered film compared to the other film samples (p < 0.05). pH sensitivity and ammonia gas tests revealed similar color changes in chitosan and multi-layer films. However, FTIR spectra confirmed that dye leaching was not detected for the multi-layered film soaked in ethanol. The biodegradability test showed rapid degradation of multi-layered and chitosan films within 1 month. Based on the optimum results of the multi-layered film, it was applied to monitor the fresh quality of tilapia fish fillets at 4 °C for 10 days. The results of freshness acceptability were noted on day 6 due to the change in color of the multi-layer film with an estimated total volatile basic nitrogen content of 21.23 mg/100 g. Thus, the multi-layered film can be used as an indicator to monitor the quality of the fish freshness without leaching dye onto the food surface.

Developing ethyl lauroyl arginate antimicrobial films to combat Listeria monocytogenes in cured ham

Widespread use of plastics poses a serious environmental hazard to our planet and should be substituted by eco-friendly and biodegradable alternatives, simultaneously reducing waste of perishable food products and the risk of transmission of pathogenic microbes. In our study, we describe how the water solubility of the antimicrobial surfactant ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) can be reduced through complexation with a Keggin-type polyoxometalate (POM), K8[SiW11O39]. The POM-LAE complex, LAE7K[SiW11O39], was effective against Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 32 and 64 μg/mL, respectively, with the important finding that the concentrations of LAE required to inhibit bacterial growth were as much as two times lower in the POM-LAE complex, compared with LAE on its own. In addition, our results demonstrate that POM-LAE is both an effective inhibitor of biofilm formation and is also able to destroy pre-formed biofilms of L. monocytogenes and E. coli at MIC concentrations. Further, POM-LAE was incorporated into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films that were able to reduce 7–8 log (CFU/mL) of L. monocytogenes at concentrations of 5–10% POM-LAE. In vivo assays of the POM-LAE-CMC films with cured ham prevented initialk bacterial growth with a 0.77 log significative reduction in bacterial counts. Overall, this work provides new alternatives for the development of antimicrobial biodegradable films for ready-to-eat (RTE) foods prone to contamination with pathogenic bacteria, such as L. monocytogenes, while also circumventing practical issues related to the incorporation of LAE into active packaging films.

Synthesis and Characterization of Lignin-Incorporated Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) Films from Oil Palm Lignocellulosic Waste

An environmentally friendly, biobased film was prepared from cellulose and lignin extracted from oil palm dried long fiber (DLF). DLF crude cellulose was first extracted from this lignocellulosic biomass by an alkaline pretreatment process at an elevated temperature (5.75 wt% NaOH, 200 °C, and 1 h), before it was carboxymethylated to obtain carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). CMC is highly soluble in water, whereas lignin was precipitated out of the filtrate of the alkaline pretreatment process by adding acid to pH 2 (50 wt% H2SO4). The lignin/CMC films were synthesized at varying lignin concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% (w/v) in ethanolic solution with 0.25% (v/v) of glycerol; a neat CMC film was also prepared as a control. These lignin/CMC films were evaluated and compared for their morphological, physical, chemical, and thermal characteristics. The films displayed a brownish physical appearance, which was attributed to the natural color of lignin. The successful incorporation of lignin in the films was confirmed with the characteristic spectral bands of lignin in the mid-IR range (4000–400 cm−1). When measured with UV-vis spectrometer, the lignin/CMC films showed more enhanced UV blocking properties than the neat CMC film. The CMC films incorporated with lignin also showed slightly improved hydrophobicity and thermal stability. However, due to the low compatibility of lignin with CMC, the distribution of the lignin/CMC film was observed to be inhomogeneous in SEM images. Nonetheless, the addition of lignin to CMC in synthesizing biobased films is promising, potentially providing better properties that can be useful as biodegradable material.

Parameters Affecting Lithium Ion Conductivity of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Binders

In an effort to minimize green house gas emissions, the development of renewable energy storage has become important, especially for the transportation industry.(I) Currently, the most effective energy storage solution is Li-ion batteries due to their long cycle life and high energy density.(I) However, this current technology uses highly reactive and flammable liquid electrolytes which are both limited by their limited charging speed through a liquid medium and their unsafe nature.(II) For this reason, many large companies such as Hyundai and Samsung have heavily invested in the development of all-solid-state batteries (ASSB), seen as the next step in safe fast-charging energy storage.(III)However, problems remain that need to be solved before ASSBs can become commercially viable. One of these problems is cycling stability, where battery performance significantly drops after a few charge/discharge cycles, notably through mechanical degradation and interfacial contact issues caused by volume changes of the active material against a rigid solid electrolyte.(I) For this reason, there is growing interest in increasing the system’s mechanical flexibility thus preventing degradation by the use of ionically conductive polymers as soft binders and volume buffers.(IV) One potential choice for such materials are environmentally friendly natural biopolymers such as cellulose derivatives like carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), whose functional groups coordinate cations during transport. CMC has already been shown to act as a binder that increases mechanical stability for electrodes of current Li-ion technology and exhibits proton conductivity in fuel cell applications. It is also being investigated for its potential in ASSBs, Na-ion, and Zn batteries where it has been shown to have high durability and that it combines well with a variety of other polymers when used as binders or as a solid electrolyte in these batteries.(IV-VII)To further our understanding of incorporating this biopolymer in batteries, we are studying the effects of various aspects of CMC film preparation on their ionic conductivity such as salt concentration and film homogeneity. In addition, to the preparation parameters, we investigated the activation energy of ion transport for CMC films of differing concentrations through temperature dependence measurements. Furthermore, we investigated the structure of these materials with infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to see the effects of salt concentration on the microstructure. This data is of importance in assessing the impact of CMC binders and will lay a foundation for optimizing binder choice for cheap and biodegradable components in both current and next-generation battery technology. References (I) Li, L.; Deng, Y.; Chen, G. Status And Prospect Of Garnet/Polymer Solid Composite Electrolytes For All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries. Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020, 50, 154-177.(II) Zheng, Y.; Li, X.; Li, C. A Novel De-Coupling Solid Polymer Electrolyte Via Semi-Interpenetrating Network For Lithium Metal Battery. Energy Storage Materials 2020, 29, 42-51.(III) Eckhouse, B. Samsung Venture, Hyundai Investing in Battery Producer. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-09-10/samsung-and-hyundai-investing-in-solid-state-battery-producer.(IV) Shetty, S.; Ismayil; Shetty, G. Enhancement Of Electrical And Optical Properties Of Sodium Bromide Doped Carboxymethyl Cellulose Biopolymer Electrolyte Films. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 2020, 59 (4), 235-247.(V) Darjazi, H.; Staffolani, A.; Sbrascini, L.; Bottoni, L.; Tossici, R.; Nobili, F. Sustainable Anodes For Lithium- And Sodium-Ion Batteries Based On Coffee Ground-Derived Hard Carbon And Green Binders. Energies 2020, 13 (23), 6216.(VI) Dueramae, I.; Okhawilai, M.; Kasemsiri, P.; Uyama, H.; Kita, R. Properties Enhancement Of Carboxymethyl Cellulose With Thermo-Responsive Polymer As Solid Polymer Electrolyte For Zinc Ion Battery. Scientific Reports 2020, 10 (1).(VII) Sasso, C.; Beneventi, D.; Zeno, E.; Petit-Conil, M.; Chaussy, D.; Belgacem, M. Carboxymethylcellulose: A Conductivity Enhancer And Film-Forming Agent For Processable Polypyrrole From Aqueous Medium. Synthetic Metals 2011, 161 (5-6), 397-403.

Synthesis and Characterization of Casein/ Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanocomposite for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity

In the present work, CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose) and CAN(Casein) blend nanocomposite hybrid film containing green synthesized Gold nanoparticles were Synthesised. The aqueous bark extract of SyziguimCumini (Java Plum) was used in this study as a stabilizing and reducing agent for synthesizing Au nanoparticles. The efficient incorporation of Au nanoparticles in the polymer matrix has been confirmed by IR and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The morphology of the sample has been studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The biological studies of the above nanocomposite were evaluated in vitro by using surface inoculation method. The result indicate that antibacterial activity of CAN/CMC blend has been enhanced by the incorporation of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix and it can be used for the application of food packaging..

Chemical and Enzymatic Fiber Modification to Enhance the Mechanical Properties of CMC Composite Films.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a cellulose derivative that can be obtained from wood, bamboo, rattan, straw, and other cellulosic materials. CMC can be used to produce biofilms for many purposes, but the properties of these resulting films make them unsuitable for some applications. The effects of three kinds of plant fiber addition on CMC film properties was investigated using CMC derived from eucalyptus bark cellulose. Tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) of CMC/sodium alginate/glycerol composite films were 26.2 MPa and 7.35%, respectively. Tensile strength of CMC composite films substantially increased, reaching an optimum at 0.50 g of fiber. The enhancement due to industrial hemp hurd fiber on CMC composite films was more obvious. Pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glacial acetic acid (CH3COOH) produced films with a TS of 35.9 MPa and an EB of 1.61%. TS values with pectinase pretreated fiber films was 41.3 MPa and EB was 1.76%. TS of films pretreated with pectinase and hemicellulase was 45.2 MPa and EB was 4.18%. Chemical and enzymatic treatment both improved fiber crystallinity, but film tensile strength was improved to a greater extent by enzymatic treatment. Surface roughness and pyrolysis residue of the film increased after fiber addition, but Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), opacity, and water vapor transmission coefficients were largely unchanged. Adding fiber improved tensile strength of CMC/sodium alginate/glycerol composite films and broadened the application range of CMC composite films without adversely affecting film performance.

Film-trigger applicator (FTA) for improved skin penetration of microneedle using punching force of carboxymethyl cellulose film acting as a microneedle applicator

BackgroundDissolving microneedle (DMN) is a transdermal drug delivery system that creates pore in the skin and directly deliver drug through the pore channel. DMN is considered as one of the promising system alternatives to injection because it is minimally invasive and free from needle-related issues. However, traditional DMN patch system has limitations of incomplete insertion and need of complex external devices. Here, we designed film-trigger applicator (FTA) system that successfully delivered DMN inside the skin layers using fracture energy of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) film via micropillars. We highlighted advantages of FTA system in DMN delivery compared with DMN patch, including that the film itself can act as DMN applicator.MethodsFTA system consists of DMNs fabricated on the CMC film, DMN array holder having holes aligned to DMN array, and micropillars prepared using general purpose polystyrene. We analyzed punching force on the film by micropillars until the film puncture point at different CMC film concentrations and micropillar diameters. We also compared drug delivery efficiency using rhodamine B fluorescence diffusion and skin penetration using optical coherence tomography (OCT) of FTA with those of conventional DMN patch. In vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate DMN delivery efficiency using C57BL/6 mice and insulin as a model drug.ResultsFTA system showed enhanced delivery efficiency compared with that of the existing DMN patch system. We concluded CMC film as a successful DMN applicator as it showed enhanced DMN penetration in OCT and rhodamine B diffusion studies. Further, we applied FTA on shaved mouse dorsal skin and observed successful skin penetration. The FTA group showed higher level of plasma insulin in vivo than that of the DMN patch group.ConclusionsFTA system consisting of simple polymer film and micropillars showed enhanced DMN delivery than that of the existing DMN patch system. Because FTA works with simple finger force without sticky patch and external devices, FTA is a novel and promising platform to overcome the limitations of conventional microneedle patch delivery system; we suggest FTA as a next generation applicator for microneedle application in the future.

Enhancing the optical properties of chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate modified with nano metal oxide and graphene oxide

The solution casting method was utilized to synthesize nanocomposite films of chitosan (Cs)/CuO, Cs/graphene oxide (GO), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/TiO2, CMC/GO, sodium alginate (Na-Alg)/TiO2, and Na-Alg/GO owing to their various applications. The influence of CuO, TiO2 and GO concentration on the optical properties of Cs, CMC and Na-Alg films was studied by UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The absorbance of Cs, CMC and Na-Alg increased with increasing the filler's content, thus reflecting the dependence of Cs, CMC, and Na-Alg properties on the nanofiller's content, and confirming the interactions between individual polymers and CuO, TiO2 and GO nanoparticles. The obtained absorbance values were then used to calculate the absorption coefficient and, hence, the optical band gap values. The characteristic absorption bands of CuO and TiO2 underwent a redshift by increasing the filler's content. The results showed that the optical band gap of Cs, CMC, and Na-Alg decreased with filler's content, and they possessed 1, 2 and 2 band gaps respectively. The obtained results recommended that Cs, CMC, and Na-Alg nanocomposites can be used in optoelectronic devices.

Metal-coordination and surface adhesion-assisted molding enabled strong, water-resistant carboxymethyl cellulose films

Developing renewable and biodegradable materials derived from cellulose is an attractive strategy to replace petroleum-derived plastics. In this study, metal ions (Cu2+, Fe3+, and Al3+) were added as a green binder into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films to improve their mechanical properties and water resistance capacity. The tensile strengths of CMCAl3+ films were 133 MPa and 99 MPa at 43 % and 97 % humidity, respectively, which were comparable to or greater than those of the majority of commercially available plastics. Additionally, we proposed an interfacial adhesion-assisted molding strategy for forming cellulose-based films, avoiding film wrinkles and unevenness during drying and metal-coordination formation. The resultant films exhibited high transparency, excellent mechanical properties, water resistance capacity, ultraviolet light (UV) shielding, and antibacterial activity. In summary, the biodegradable, eco-friendly, excellent application performance, and adaptability of CMCMn+ (Mn+: polyvalent metal ions) films open new prospects as a viable alternative to non-biodegradable plastics.

Investigating the antibacterial activity of carboxymethyl cellulose films treated with novel Ag@GO decorated SiO2 nanohybrids

Emergence of drug-resistant bacteria has raised the interest of employing antimicrobial biomaterials for acute wound treatment. This study aimed at preparing novel antibacterial CMC films containing different proportions of silica and graphene oxide/silver nanohybrids. The synthesis of high-purity SiO2 particles was performed by the reaction of neutralization of sodium silicate solution with HCl solution and characterized by XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, EDS and ICP. Sonochemical method was utilized to fabricate Ag@GO nanohybrid. Different proportions of the synthesized SiO2 were incorporated into the Ag@GO nanohybrid via a simple precipitation method to obtain Ag@GO-SiO2 particles, which were then analyzed by XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM and EDS. Finally, the in-vitro antibacterial examination via disk diffusion and optical density methods indicated the effective antimicrobial activities of the films towards E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. These findings expressed the ability of the obtained novel films in protecting wound from pathogenic microbial infections.

Improving carboxymethyl cellulose edible coating using ZnO nanoparticles from irradiated Alternariatenuissima

In this paper, gamma-irradiation was successfully used to intensify the yield of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) produced by the fungus Alternariatenuissima as a sustainable and green process. The obtained data showed that 500 Gy of gamma-irradiation increased ZnONPs’ yield to approximately four-fold. The synthesized ZnONPs were then exploited to develop active Carboxymethyl Cellulose films by casting method at two different concentration of ZnONPs 0.5% and 1.0%. The physicochemical, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the prepared films were evaluated. The incorporation of ZnONPs in the Carboxymethyl Cellulose films had significantly decreased solubility (from 78.31% to 66.04% and 59.72%), water vapor permeability (from 0.475 g m−2 to 0.093 g m−2 and 0.026 g m−2), and oxygen transfer rate (from 24.7 × 10–2 to 2.3 × 10–2 and 1.8 × 10–2) of the respective prepared films. Meanwhile, tensile strength (from 183.2 MPa to 203.34 MPa and 235.94 MPa), elongation (from 13.0% to 62.5% and 83.7%), and Yang's modulus (from 325.344 to 1410.0 and 1814.96 MPa) of these films were increased. Moreover, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against several human and plant pathogens the prepared of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-ZnONPs films were significantly increased. In conclusion, the prepared Carboxymethyl Cellulose-ZnONPs films showed enhanced activities in comparison with Carboxymethyl Cellulose film without NPs. With these advantages, the fabricated Carboxymethyl Cellulose-ZnONPs films in this study could be effectively utilized as protective edible coating films of food products.

Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 Loaded Films on Oral Wound Healing

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1) loaded films on oral wound healing. Two types of G-Rb1 films, G-Rb1 loaded carboxymethyl cellulose (GCMC) film and G-Rb1 loaded hyaluronic acid (GHA) film, were developed. A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: control, GCMC, and GHA. After wound formation on midpalate, the control group was left without treatment, whereas the experimental groups had films attached. The specimen was analyzed clinically and histologically after 7 and 21 days. For clinical analysis, the area of incompletely re-epithelialized wound was measured. For histological analysis, the distance between the margins of the wound (soft tissue gap) was measured and the percentage of the collagen-stained area on the specimen was calculated. In clinical and soft tissue gap analysis, the GCMC group presented improved healing compared to the GHA group and the control at day 7 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). And, both GCMC (9.74 ± 10.12%) and GHA groups (19.50 ± 14.47%) presented greater collagen-positive pixels compared to control (0.89 ± 1.60%) at day 7 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, there were no differences in these parameters among the groups on day 21. Therefore, G-Rb1 loaded films improved oral wound healing.