Carboxymethyl Cellulose Concentration Research Articles

Improving stability and photoluminescence of CsPbBr3 quantum dots/CMC polymer composite for optoelectronics application

Cesium lead halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are the most promising materials for optoelectronic application due to their high photoluminescence quantum yield. However, the poor stability of these PQDs is the major bottleneck towards commercial applications. There have been several strategies to improve the stability of these PQDs which includes PQDs-polymer composite with limited success. In this article we have synthesized CsPbBr3 quantum dots- Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) composite for the first time to improve the optoelectronic properties as well as stability of these PQDs compared to pure PQDs. Photoluminescence (PL) is significantly improved while the degradation becomes slower than pure PQDs. There is a slight blue shift of ∼8 nm in the absorption spectrum of PQDs/CMC composite indicating almost negligible bandgap alteration. This is also confirmed by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. However, 78 meV increase in quasi-fermi level splitting (QFLS) is observed in PQD/CMC optimum composite indicating reduced non-radiative recombination due to defect passivation.However, excess CMC beyond 0.3 mol% in PQDs reduces the PL intensity possibly due to increased defect states or the structural changes at higher CMC concentrations. This can be also confirmed by analysing the x-ray diffraction peak at (112) which disappears at higher concentration of CMC.

Experimental study on rheological behaviors of Na-bentonite slurries under seawater intrusion

During the construction of submarine tunnels, the phenomenon that the seawater contaminates slurries is inevitably encountered. This will lead to obvious deterioration in rheological properties of the slurry, and even cause tunnel face instability. This study aimed to identify the constitutive relationship and rheological characteristics of slurries under seawater intrusion using laboratory experiments. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was selected as the effective additive to slurries in this paper. Mixtures of Na-bentonite slurries, CMC, and seawater in different ratios were prepared. The viscosity, flow curve, rheological model and physical stability of slurry samples were studied. Furthermore, the viscosity enhancement mechanisms of additives in freshwater and seawater slurries were also investigated. The results show that the increase of CMC and Na-bentonite contents can both greatly enhance the viscosity and make the shear-thinning behavior of slurries more obvious. The exponential equation and linear equation can be used to describe the growing relationships between the yield stress of slurries and the contents of Na-bentonite and CMC, respectively. In addition, the accuracy of the Bingham model predictions in the flow pattern of freshwater slurries was reduced when the viscosity was relatively high. At this time, the constitutive relationship can be better described by the Herschel-Bulkley model. Moreover, seawater intrusion significantly deteriorated the rheology and physical stability and changed the flow pattern of slurries. CMC played a more obvious role in altering the rheological model and increasing viscosities of slurries mixed with less seawater, which can effectively alleviate the deterioration in rheological behavior and maintain physical stability. Microscopically, CMC can make agglomerations more compact and continuous due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with bentonite particles, thus guaranteeing the swelling of bentonite particles and maintaining the excellent rheological properties of slurries contaminated by seawater. This research can provide significant guidance for the establishment of slurry infiltration theories and numerical models under seawater intrusion.

Development and Evaluation of Polyherbal Formulations for Hepatoprotective Activity

Background: Liver is one of the most important human organs and is a sensitive target for chemicals that modulate biotransformation. The present study aimed to develop a polyherbal formulation in the form of both capsules (solid dosage form) and suspensions (liquid dosage form) with the combination of powders of Ricinus communis leaves, Allium sativum cloves, and Piper nigrum seeds and evaluated for hepatoprotective activity. Methods: Three batches of each formulation (CF1, CF2, CF3 for capsules and SF1, SF2, SF3 for suspensions) were developed by varying starch (as binder) concentration for granulation in capsules and by varying concentrations of sodium CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) a thickening agent in suspension formulations. These were initially evaluated for in-vitro parameters. Then calculated OD (overall desirability) factor for both formulations based on good flow properties and pourable viscosity of capsules and suspensions, respectively. Results: It was found that CF2 and SF1 formulations were selected as the best. Hence, these two formulations were considered for further pharmacological evaluation by ex-vivo studies using rat liver slices with CCl4 triggered lipid peroxidation assay and reduced glutathione assay, which revealed that the CF2 and SF1 formulations effectively prevented lipid peroxidation and considerably increased the glutathione levels. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the polyherbal formulation in both dosage forms could be used for the hepatoprotective activity to treat liver toxicities for adults (capsules) and for pediatric and geriatric (Suspension) patients.

Tuning the rheological properties of kaolin suspensions using biopolymers

Kaolin based suspensions have wide range of applications such as slurry wall, drilling fluids, adhesives, cosmetics, refractories and pharmaceuticals, due to their abundance in nature, low cost and non-swelling nature. On the other hand, the unique properties (i.e., biodegradability) of biopolymers make them suitable candidate for variety of applications including modification of clay suspensions. In this study, the rheological properties of kaolin suspensions modified with different biopolymers (xanthan gum (XG), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), potato starch (PS), chitosan (Ch) and apple fibre (AF)) have been investigated by varying the biopolymer type, content and clay content. The main objective of the present study is to propose a substitute for the natural mud sample. Frequency sweep tests, stress ramp-up tests and time-dependent tests were performed by using the Couette geometry (coaxial cylinders) for the prepared suspensions. The rheological results showed that both viscosity and moduli were significantly influenced by adding different biopolymers into the kaolin suspensions. For instance, an increase in viscosity of modified suspensions was observed: 3 – 4 orders of magnitude by adding xanthan gum (1 wt%) or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (5 wt%) and 6 orders of magnitude by adding apple fibre (5 wt%). Likewise, the incorporation of different biopolymers significantly affected the complex modulus of modified clay suspensions. For example, similar or higher values of complex modulus than the pure kaolin suspension were observed at low xanthan gum or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose content (0.1 wt%). In case of chitosan, the complex modulus of the modified suspensions was higher than the complex modulus of pure kaolin suspension, even at very low polymer content (1 wt%). In the case of potato starch, a decrease in complex modulus by increasing polymer content till 10 wt% was observed followed by an increase in complex modulus with polymer content. The shear rate ramp-up and ramp-down experiments showed that the time-dependent behaviour of kaolin suspensions was not strongly influenced by adding different biopolymers. This knowledge will provide a base to choose a suitable substitute for the natural mud sample.

Optimisation of additives on the performance of loess/fly ash-based ceramic membrane supports

Inorganic ceramic membranes have received a lot of attention due to their resistance to acid and alkali corrosion and ease of cleaning and utilisation, however, their high cost has limited their widespread use. To obtain lower-cost ceramic membranes with better performance, in this paper, single-channel tubular ceramic membrane supports were prepared using natural loess and solid waste fly ash as raw materials. This paper firstly investigated the effects of various additives (including carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), graphite, calcium carbonate, copper oxide, magnesium oxide, and manganese dioxide,) on the pore size distribution, pure water flux, and flexural strength of the supports to select the appropriate additives; secondly, the response surface methodology was used to determine the amount of each parameter to be added. The results showed that CMC was more viscous and malleable compared to graphite and CaCO3, thus increasing the density and pure water flux of the supports. MnO2 improved both the pure water flux and flexural strength of the supports compared to CuO and MgO. The best sample was obtained when the contents of CMC, MnO2, and kaolinite were 9.85 wt%, 10.62 wt%, and 4.8 wt%, respectively, the best sample obtained exhibited a pure water flux of 4985.52 L·m−2·h−1·MPa−1 and a flexural strength of 45.4 MPa. The support obtained meets the conditions for the application of porous ceramic carriers and provides a viable pathway for the wide application of low-cost ceramic membrane carriers.

A Comparative Study of Different Methods for Cellulose Extraction from Lignocellulosic Wastes and Conversion into Carboxymethyl Cellulose

AbstractCarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is an appealing industrial chemical obtained by modification of cellulose with redundant applications in food, pharmaceuticals, paints, detergents and others. This report demonstrates the comparative study of potential of different lignocellulosic biomass by using five traditional methods to get white, pristine cellulose with higher percentage yield from waste, later, conversion of cellulose into its derivative i. e., carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Four raw materials comprising of wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice straw and banana leaves were employed as an alternating source of cellulose. Sulfide method came out as a most viable delignification method, used to degrade all dewaxed wastes, efficiently. After cellulose extraction, substitution of hydroxyl groups of cellulose was executed by infusing cellulose with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) in the presence of isopropanol as supporting medium. In this way, a variety of cellulose and CMC were obtained and verified with commercial samples of both products. Furthermore, characteristics of different CMC were checked including degree of substitution (DS), CMC content, moisture content, solubility and purity. The CMC from wheat straw showed the highest DS (2.1), solubility and yield. FTIR spectra confirmed the replacement of hydroxyl group with carboxymethyl group by indicating characteristic peak of carbonyl group (‐CO) at 1588 cm−1. In 1H NMR spectrum, plethora of peaks in the region 3–5 ppm indicated the derivatization of cellulose and 13C NMR confirmed the peaks of carbonyl carbons at 180 and 182 ppm. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the crystallinity of CMC has been reduced, significantly.

Improving strength and hydraulic characteristics of regional clayey soils using biopolymers

This paper portrays a unique demonstration of sustainable low-cost ground improvement for regional soil deposits, by comparing locally sourced biopolymer soil stabilisation soil with imported biopolymer stabilisation. The conventional materials often utilized for soil and ground improvement come with major challenges of large carbon footprints and some negative environmental impacts. As a result, suitable eco-friendly and sustainable materials are necessary. In this study, the potential use of Rice Husk Powder (RHP), Cassava Peel Powder (CPP) and Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), as biopolymer-based materials to improve the engineering properties of a regional clay was investigated using a gamut of geotechnical compaction, strength and hydraulic conductivity tests according to BS 1377, 1990. The results revealed that locally sourced CPP performed better than both imported CMC and local RHP in improving the engineering properties of the regional clay. The shear strength value of the natural clayey soil (43.5 kPa) increased twenty and ten times respectively when treated with CPP (893 kPa) and CMC (450 kPa). One percent content of CPP and CMC performed optimally among the (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2 and 2.5) percent studied in improving the engineering properties of the case study regional clay.

Deposit Prevention of Mineral Scales Using a Universal Dispersant of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Summary As the world’s demands for energy and water increase, innovative technologies have been implemented to produce more energy and water, sometimes in unconventional fields. It brought in new challenges of highly saline water formation and souring of wellbore or formation. Under these circumstances, the conventional threshold inhibition methods might be ineffective in controlling mineral scales. To develop a new feasible method to manage more difficult mineral scale problems, we investigated a single approach to prevent complex mineral scales from deposition using a water-soluble polymer of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). We also examine the effect of the combination of conventional threshold scale inhibitors and CMC for complex mineral scale control. Our results showed that a polymeric dispersant of CMC successfully prevented zinc and lead sulfide, barium and calcium sulfate, and calcium and iron carbonate scales from deposition, similar to what we had observed previously with iron sulfide. CMC combined with phosphonate inhibitors of diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic) acid (DTPMP) or hexamethylene diamine tetra(methylene phosphonic) acid (HDTMP) also enhanced the inhibition performance of phosphonate inhibitors. PbS and ZnS were successfully dispersed in the presence of CMC as low concentrations of CMC as 2 mg/L for PbS and 5 mg/L for ZnS in solution passed through a 1.2-μm pore-size membrane. For barite scale control, the combination of CMC and DTPMP inhibited barite formation for 2 hours, while CMC for only 5 minutes and DTPMP for 18 minutes. The mass of barite deposit on 316 stainless steel was reduced by three-order magnitudes in the combination of DTPMP and CMC, compared with DTPMP alone. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of barite precipitated in CMC and DTPMP showed that its morphology was no longer a rhombic plate. According to the transmission electron microscope (TEM) image, the surface of barite was covered by CMC, and after a 6-hour reaction, its size was 45.6 nm, which was slightly larger than that at induction time (10–35 nm). Gypsum crystal formation was also inhibited for at least 6 hours in combining CMC and HDTMP. For calcite scale control in the presence of 20 mg/L of CMC, calcite formations and growth were prevented for 134 minutes, and particle sizes remained in the nanosize range (average particle size of 396 nm) for a 15-hour reaction. Iron carbonate treated with 200 mg/L of CMC-250k and CMC-700k was dispersed for at least 2 hours under our experimental conditions. This study demonstrated that CMC effectively performed as a universal dispersant bringing a new feasible method to manage complex mineral scale problems.

Influence of molecular weight and concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose on rheological properties of concentrated anode slurries for lithium-ion batteries

The detailed behavior of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a dispersant in model anode slurries for lithium-ion batteries was investigated. Slurries with different graphite and CMC concentrations using three types of CMCs having different molecular weights were prepared, and changes in viscosity in the low shear rate range together with shear thickening in the high shear rate range were assessed. At a constant CMC concentration, the viscosities at low shear rates decreased as the graphite concentration was increased. Shear thickening was also more evident at low CMC concentrations and when using CMCs with lower molecular weights as well as at high graphite concentrations. These results suggest that, within the CMC concentration range investigated in the present work, the majority of the CMC was adsorbed on the graphite particles and this adsorbed CMC affected the rheological properties of the slurry. Increases in graphite concentration decreased the amount of adsorbed CMC per graphite particle, which in turn lowered the viscosity in the low shear rate range and enhanced shear thickening in the high shear rate range. The adsorbed CMC affected the slurry viscosity via electrostatic and steric interactions at low shear rates and acted as a buffer to inhibit shear thickening at high shear rates, primarily as a result of steric effects.

Evaluation of extracellular cellulolytic potential of selected natural strains of a novel fungus Sordaria fimicola isolated from evolutionary canyon under submerged fermentation

Industrial biotechnology has a great emerging demand and sustainable expansion for mankind to utilize a variety of biodegradable material for the production of various alternative energy resources such as biogas and bioethanol. Researchers are interested in exploitation of novel fungal strains for the production of extracellular cellulase from the last few decades. This study was designed to assess the extracellular cellulase production potential of novel fungal strains of Sordaria fimicola first isolated from the evolution canyon, three located on South facing slope with xeric (S1, S2, S3) and other three on North facing slope with mesic (N5, N6, N7) environmental conditions. Based on initial and secondary screening two hyper producer strains from each slope were selected. The best activity for S2 was 3.125 U/ml and N6 exhibited 2.829 U/mL under optimized conditions of 14 d of incubation at 30 oC, pH 6.0, 1 mL inoculum and with 2% substrate (carboxy-methyl cellulose) concentration. Among the tested carbon and nitrogen sources, glucose proved to be best for both strains with S2 exhibiting maximum activity. Peptone and beef extract proved to be the best nitrogen sources for S2 and N6 respectively. The cellulase after characterization for temperature and pH showed slightly thermophilic nature. The cellulase was partial purification the highest cellulase activities as surviving in more xeric conditions which contribute more resistive and productive features in those microorganisms living in the harsh environment.

Development and Characterization of Pullulan-Carboxymethyl Cellulose Blend Film for Packaging Applications

Edible packaging materials have widespread applications in pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the physical, thermal, colour, mechanical, and water barrier properties of a novel edible film based on pullulan (PUL) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were investigated. The blend films were made by the solution casting method with 3 g of total solid content. The following percentages of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100 were used to prepare the films. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to analyze the interaction between PUL and CMC. At the level of 75/25 percentage of PUL, CMC film showed the lowest EAB% (5.55%), the highest values for TS (17.30 MPa), WVP value ( 4.12 × 10 − 10 g m-1s-1Pa-1), and water contact angle of 63.43°. By increasing the CMC concentration, blend films became slightly greenish and yellowish but appeared transparent with UV blocking ability. This study reveals that 75/25 (PUL/CMC) blend film has a good potential that can be used in producing edible packaging films to protect the quality of pharmaceutical products with interesting specifications.

Silver Nanoparticle-Embedded Nanogels for Infection-Resistant Surfaces

The present study aims at fabricating carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-functionalized silver nanogel (CMC-Ag nanogel)-immobilized cotton fabric for preventing chronic infections. Silver-embedded CMC nanogels were prepared by the reduction of silver nitrate in the presence of fructose and CMC as the reducing and stabilizing agents, respectively. Various parameters, such as CMC concentration, reduction time, and reduction temperature, having effects on the synthesis were optimized to obtain nanogels. The formation of CMC-Ag nanogels was monitored by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, whereas the size and morphology were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. An average particle size in the range of 5–10 nm was achieved. Subsequently, nanogel-coated cotton fabric was further investigated for antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains using zone of inhibition, colony count, and adhesion analyses. Almost complete (>99%) colony reduction was observed at a 300 ppm silver content. The nanogel-coated fabric also showed excellent antiadhesion behavior against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This investigation suggested a promising approach to design antibacterial fabrics for various biomedical applications in the human healthcare sector.

Hydrogels of Acrylic Acid with Oligoethyleneglycol Methacrylate, Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Graphite Oxide

Changing the content of acrylate-based hydrogels allows adjusting their absorption of liquids. In this study, the hydrogels formed by combining carboxymethyl cellulose and graphite oxide with acrylate and oligoethyleneglycol methyl ether methacrylate monomers were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy and SEM and their water absorption capabilities were examined. Swelling tests were performed to investigate the effect of the materials added to the hydrogel structure. The absorption value of hydrogels decreased at the highest and lowest carboxymethyl cellulose concentrations, while the medium carboxymethyl cellulose concentration allowed to obtain the highest absorption. The effect of graphite oxide concentration on water absorption was not detected in the studied concentration range. Due to the biocompatible groups of cellulose and oligoethyleneglycol and biodegradability, the hydrogel has the potential to be used in agricultural and bioengineering applications.

Preparation and Enzyme Degradability of Spherical and Water-Absorbent Gels from Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose.

To synthesize a biodegradable alternative to spherical polyacrylic acid absorbent resin, spherical hydrogel particles were prepared from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) dissolved in an aqueous solution, using ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) as a crosslinking agent. The effect of varying the initial CMC concentration and feed amount of EGDE on the shape, water absorbency, water-holding capacity, and enzyme degradability of the resultant CMC hydrogels was determined. The reaction solution was poured into fluid paraffin, and spherical hydrogel particles were obtained via the shear force from stirring. The shape and diameter of the spherical hydrogel particles in the swollen state depended on the CMC concentration. The spherical hydrogel particles obtained by increasing the amount of EGDE resulted in a decrease in absorbency. Additionally, all the spherical hydrogel particles were degraded by cellulase. Thus, spherical biodegradable hydrogel particles were prepared from CMC, and the particle size and water absorption of the hydrogel could be controlled in the range of 5–18 mm and 30–90 g·g−1 in the swollen state, respectively. As an alternative to conventional superabsorbent polymers, the spherical CMC hydrogels are likely to be useful in industrial and agricultural applications.

Evaluation of the effect of carboxy methyl cellulose edible coating containing Astragalus honey (Astragalus gossypinus) on the shelf-life of pistachio kernel

The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) containing Astragalus honey (Astragalus gossypinus) to control rancidity and microbial spoilage of pistachio kernel during storage at room temperature without effect on their sensory properties. Pistachio kernels were coated with different Astragalus honey (0, 1 and 2%) and CMC (1%) concentrations. Samples were stored at room temperature for 120 days. Microbial and fungal counts, oxidation parameters, weight loss, and hardness of pistachio samples were increased, but moisture content and sensory scores were decreased during the storage. Pistachio kernels coated with honey (2%) and CMC (1%) had the lowest microbial and fungal counts, weight loss, peroxide, anisidine, free fatty acids, and textural hardness during the storage (P < 0.05). Pistachio kernels coated with CMC containing honey exhibited the lowest color changes. Sensory score of samples increased after coating with honey and CMC. At the end of 120 days storage, the peroxide value and free fatty acid content of the sample coated with CMC and honey (2%) were about half of what was considered an acceptable threshold. Overall, the CMC coting containing Astragalus honey could obviously extended the shelf life of pistachio kernel. However, for more details, it is recommended to investigate the shelf-life of pistachio kernel in longer period or in accelerated conditions.

Stability and uniformity of gas–liquid two-phase flow in shear-thinning fluids in parallelized microchannels

The stability of gas–liquid two-phase flow and uniformity of bubble size in shear-thinning fluids within symmetrical parallelized microchannels are investigated experimentally. Air and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) aqueous solutions with 0.3% SDS are used as the dispersed and continuous phases, respectively. The process of gas pressure buildup and rapid release is observed under conditions of exceeding the critical gas and liquid flow rates. Various slug bubble shapes are identified in different concentrations of CMC solutions, gas and liquid flow rates. The results show that the increase of liquid flow rates and the decrease of CMC concentration are beneficial for the stability of bubble formation and uniformity of bubble size in the parallelized microchannels. Finally, semi-empirical formulas are proposed, based on the rheological property of CMC aqueous solutions, to estimate the bubble length.

Influence of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on the Stability, Rheological Property, and in-vitro Digestion of Soy Protein Isolate (SPI)-Stabilized Rice Bran Oil Emulsion.

In this study, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was added to soybean protein isolate (SPI)-stabilized rice bran oil (RBO) emulsion to improve its physicochemical stability and free fatty acid (FFA) release characteristics. RBO emulsions stabilized by SPI and various contents of CMC were prepared and assessed by measuring zeta potential, particle size, transmission, and microstructure, the rheological properties were analyzed by dynamic shear rheometer. In addition, its chemical stability was characterized by a storage experiment, and the FFA release was explored by a simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) model. It showed that the negative charge of the droplets of RBO emulsion was increased with increasing CMC content. The decrease in transmission of SPI-stabilized RBO emulsion with increasing CMC content was due to the droplets not being free to move by the special network interaction and an increase in the viscosity. According to the determination of the reactive substances of lipid hydroperoxide and thiobarbituric acid during 30 days storage at 37°C, the chemical stability of the emulsion added with CMC was enhanced compared with the SPI-stabilized RBO emulsion. In-vitro digestion studies not only evaluated the structural changes of RBO emulsions at different stages, but also found that RBO emulsion with CMC showed a higher level of free fatty acids release in comparison with that without CMC. It indicated that the utilization of CMC can improve the bioavailability of RBO emulsions.

In Situ Crystallization of Hydroxyapatite on Carboxymethyl Cellulose as a Biomimetic Approach to Biomass-Derived Composite Materials.

Nanohydroxyapatite (HAP) was crystallized in an aqueous solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to prepare the composites of CMC and HAP with a stable interface between them with the aim of developing a sustainable tough biomass composite material inspired by bone. The temperature (room temperature to 90 °C) and the concentration of CMC (0.83–13.2 g/L) were optimized for the mechanical properties of the composites. The composite containing 67 wt % HAP prepared at 50 °C in the presence of 9.9 g/L CMC exhibited the largest flexural strength of 113 ± 2 MPa and the elastic modulus of 7.7 ± 0.3 GPa. X-ray diffraction showed that nanometer-sized HAP crystals were formed with a large aspect ratio, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy revealed that CMC was bound to the surface of HAP through an ionic interaction between Ca2+ and COO–. Since the composite has a higher flexural strength than polyamide 6 (92 MPa) and a higher elastic modulus than polyamide 6 with 40 wt % glass fiber (5.5 GPa), it can be used as new tough biomass composite material to replace petroleum-derived engineering plastics.

Sustainable alginate/aloe vera composite biodegradable films reinforced with carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

AbstractBiopolymers like polysaccharides are being used to develop biodegradable and edible food packaging films. These films are environment friendly but have inferior mechanical strength as compared to conventional plastics. This study seeks to enhance the mechanical properties of alginate aloe vera composite films by the fusion of organic fibers like carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). CMC and HPMC were added at varying concentrations (2%–14%).Addition of both these cellulose derivatives had a positive effect on the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite films. The tensile strength increased to a maximum value of 35.08 and 51.96 N/mm2 in CMC and HPMC films, respectively at 4% concentration of both. Increasing the fiber concentration further resulted in a decrease of tensile strength. Similar trend was observed in the flexibility of the films as the elongation at break value was maximum 5.57% and 3.21%, respectively at 4% concentration. The addition of CMC reduced the water solubility of the film. The solubility decreased to 19% at the maximum concentration of CMC. The effect of HPMC on water solubility was opposite to that of CMC. The solubility of the film increased to 86.42% at highest concentration of HPMC. CMC slowed down the biodegradation rate of the films whereas HPMC increased it.

Effect of Proportion of Aloe Vera Porridge with CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) Concentration on Characteristics of Ice Cream

This study aims to determine the effect of the proportion of aloe vera with CMC concentration on the characteristics of ice cream. This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 2 factors and was repeated 3 times. The first factor is the concentration of aloe vera pulp with 3 levels, namely: L1 = 40% aloe vera pulp, L2 = 30% aloe vera pulp, L3 = 20% aloe vera pulp. The second factor is the concentration of the stabilizer CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) with 3 levels, namely: C1 = 0.0% CMC, C2 = 0.1% CMC, and C3 = 0.2% CMC. The variables observed in this study were the analysis of vitamin C levels, viscosity, melting rate, physical color. analysis of total dissolved solids (TPT) and organoleptic tests (taste, aroma, and texture). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance, if the results of the analysis showed significant differences, it would be continued with the 5% level of Real Difference Test (BNJ), for organoleptic tests were analyzed using the Friedman test. Based on the data obtained, the best treatment was aloe vera ice cream with 20% aloe vera pulp treatment and 0.2% CMC concentration (L3C3) which showed 0.14% vitamin C, total soluble solids 29.47°Brix, viscosity 107, 33 mPas, the value of lightness color is 81.91, the value of redness is -2.93, the value of yellowness is 24.51, the melting rate is 87.09 minutes, the organoleptic color is 3.73 (usually - like), the organoleptic aroma is 3.50 (usually - like) ), organoleptic texture 3.93 (like - very like), organoleptic taste 4.00 (like very much).&#x0D;