An adhesive-aided ring spinning was developed to improve cotton yarn quality through the wetting and adhesion effect of an adhesive solution, namely, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution on fibrous strand in yarn formation zone during spinning process. The spinning mechanism of the adhesive-aided ring spinning with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution was analyzed, and the effects of two factors, that is, speed ratio (the ratio of the linear surface velocity to the output speed) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose concentration, on the yarn performance are investigated. The experiment results reveal that the adhesive-aided ring spinning with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose concentration of 0.7% can significantly reduce yarn hairiness indicated by the hairiness S3 value reducing to 69% and still showing a prominent reduction (65%) after winding process. It has been found that a slightly faster linear surface velocity of the cylinder of the adhesive-aided ring spinning compared with the output speed of the yarn is more beneficial to the reduction of yarn hairiness S1+2 value. Meanwhile, the higher sodium carboxymethyl cellulose concentration also contributes to a higher breaking strength (increasing from 18.24 to 21.12 cN/tex) and lower breaking elongation (reducing from 4.98% to 4.08%). The abrasion resistance of adhesive-aided ring spun yarns also shows an obvious improvement of 12.8%. Therefore, the newly developed adhesive-aided ring spinning with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution provides an effective method to enhance the quality of cotton yarns.