Ether Carboxylate Research Articles

Investigation on the Compatibility of Cement Paste with SNF and PCE based Superplasticizers

Background/Objectives: Cement particles disperse due to the flow character of the cement paste which also controls the quality of concrete. Cement particles also disperse due to the addition and action of Super-plasticizers (SPs) and this influences the high fluid paste behaviour. In the development of High Performance Concrete the Super-plasticizers and mineral admixtures such as fly ash plays an important role. SPs are normally adsorbed on the cement particles and sometimes the adsorption will not be even and slightly erratic. This is due to the clinker composition of cement and the type of SP used. Various combinations of materials including mineral admixtures affect the behaviour of the cement–based system and become incompatible like slump loss, delayed setting of concrete etc. Methods: In this study an attempt is made to explore maximum benefits of the compatibility between cement, Fly-ash and super-plasticizers (SP). The Flow table and marsh cone tests were conducted to determine the optimum dosage of the mixture. The different combination was tried in the cement mortar and the improvements in compressive strength were studied. Findings: Results show that the cement with 20% Fly-ash has the better compatibility with Poly carboxylate ether with optimum dosage of 0.9% by weight of cement. Improvement: The investigation shows that the polycarboxylate type superplasticizer has better compatibility with the different types of cement considered in this study.

Interface Activity and Thermodynamic Properties of Cardanol Polyoxyethylene Ether Carboxylates

Abstract A series of saturated cardanol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates was synthesized using renewable saturated cardanol originating from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid as raw material. The structures were characterized by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The studies of their surface activity and interface activity were carried out to analyze the influence of the chemical structures of the series of cardanol surfactants on the adsorption and micellization. Results showed that saturated cardanol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates had a good surface activity and interface activity, and the interface activities of the Gemini cardanol surfactants were better than those of the corresponding monomer cardanol surfactants. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of all investigated cardanol surfactants, obtained from surface tension measurements, were low in the order of 10−5 mol/L. The CMCs decreased and the oil-water interface tension for the same cardanol surfactants increased with the increase of the oxyethylene number. The process of micellization became easier with increasing the oxyethylene number. The ΔG θ m values of the Gemini cardanol surfactants were more negative than those of the corresponding monomer cardanol surfactants. The micellization for all cardanol surfactants was a spontaneous process and exhibited enthalpy-entropy compensation. The micellization of all the cardanol surfactants was entropy-driven.

Advantage of Sodium Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether Carboxylate as a Mild Cleansing Agent

AbstractFive anionic surfactants widely used in commercial skin cleansers were studied: sodium polyoxyethylene lauryl ether carboxylate (EC), sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate (ES), sodium dodecyl sulfate, potassium laurate, and N‐cocoyl‐l‐glutamic acid monosodium salt. The amount of surfactant from aqueous solution adsorbed into the stratum corneum (SC), the degree of SC swelling, the change of the secondary structure of SC proteins (denaturation). The surface tension of surfactant–zein mixed solutions, and the solubilization behavior of zein were measured. Results showed that EC had the lowest adsorption into SC, the lowest SC swelling, and lowest denaturation of SC proteins. Low interactions between surfactants and SC proteins were also observed for EC/ES mixture solutions as well as. Mixing EC with ES good foaming performance. The EC/ES mixture, at about 1:1 ratio, is an excellent surfactant system for skin cleanser applications having cleansing characteristics and mildness to the skin.

Influence of Dispersion in Composites of Chopped PAN-Based Carbon Fiber Modified by Dodecyl Ether Carboxylate

In this article, dodecyl ether carboxylate (AECNa) was prepared by dodecanol polyoxyethylene, sodium chloroacetate, and sodium hydroxide and employed as a treatment agent for PAN-based carbon fiber (CF) surface. The results show that the optimum adsorption amount of AECNa modifying CF was determined to be 4.0 mg/g. In addition, the equivalent variation regularity is obtained the CF surface charge properties and its dispersion behavior. The optimal dispersion effect of the short CFs in epoxy matrix is achieved when the surface charges reach the maximum by quantitative measurement using Faraday cup; the surface morphology and wettability are improved depending on the field emission scanning electron microscopy, Thermogravimetry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and monofilament contact angle testing. Furthermore, the flexural strength and modulus of the treated CF composite were proven to advance by flexural tests.

Properties of Didecyldimethylammonium Formate and Sodium Fatty Alcohol Ether Carboxylate Mixed Systems

AbstractThe surface activities and application properties of didecyldimethylammonium formate (DDAF) and sodium fatty alcohol ether carboxylate (AEC‐9Na) mixed systems were measured. The results showed that the critical micelle concentration and surface tension of mixed systems have lower values than that of a single surfactant solution, which is attributed to the synergism of DDAF and AEC‐9Na. It was found that the emulsifying properties for kerosene and wetting properties of the mixed systems were also better than single component surfactants. In addition, the mixed systems of AEC‐9Na (16 wt%) with DDAF showed both better detergency and excellent antibacterial properties.

A PCE-based rheology modifier allows machining of solid cast green bodies of alumina

The performance of a poly(carboxylate ether) (PCE)-based superplasticizer to enable the machining of green bodies that are solid cast from suspensions of alumina was investigated. An alumina loading of 35vol% in the presence of 1.25wt% superplasticizer was established to be suitable for lathing and removal of significant amount of material through drilling. A reduction of 77% in the diameter of green bodies that corresponds to a 59% reduction in volume was achieved. The lathed green bodies exhibited smooth terraces without visible cracks. All of the green bodies were sintered without a polymer burnout step.

Manufacture of High-Performance Concrete Made with Powdered Polyester Resin Waste and Carboxylic-Ester Based Superplasticizer

A high-performance concrete design is presented that incorporates powdered polyester resin waste as a fine aggregate material in partial substitution of sand, with additions of both a superplasticizer based on carboxylic ethers and silica fume. The potential application of the powdered polyester resin and its properties as an aggregate are both analysed as well as the mechanical behaviour, in both the fresh and the hardened states, of the concrete. Both the flexural and the compressive strength of the concrete were shown to depend on the amount of waste used in substitution of the sand. The results of the research show that the designed concrete reaches the resistances of a high performance concrete with values ​​above 50 MPa. On the other hand, the rest of its properties are equivalents, both in the fresh and hardened state, proportional to the amount of powdered polyester resin that is added. However, to achieve this, the use of superplasticizers additives and admixtures of silica fume is necessary.

An Alkyl Ether Carboxylate and Alkyl Carboxylate Formulated Cleanser Decreases Facial Sebum and Inflammatory Acne Without Inducing Dry Xerotic Skin in Thai Females

An Alkyl Ether Carboxylate and Alkyl Carboxylate Formulated Cleanser Decreases Facial Sebum and Inflammatory Acne Without Inducing Dry Xerotic Skin in Thai Females

Exocyclic self-assembly behavior of carboxylic acid and lariat ether macrocyclic hosts: regulation by pendent arm

An exocyclic supramolecular building block through O–H⋯N hydrogen bonding interaction for the assembly of di-sidearm dibenzo-diazacrown ethers bearing a flexibility sidearm with PTA acid.

Synthesis and Interfacial Activity of Nonyl Phenol Polyoxyethylene Ether Carboxylate

In order to study the interfacial activity of the anionic-nonionic surfactant, five nonyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates were synthesized and mass spectra were used to characterize their structures. The tensions of the anionic–nonionic surfactant aqueous solutions against crude oil were measured and the effects of the surfactant structure, concentration, and salinity on the interfacial activities were discussed. It was shown that nonyl phenol polyoxyethylene (6) ether carboxylate can produce ultralow interfacial tension when the concentrations are not lower than 0.10%, exhibiting a high interfacial activity and a good anti-dilution resistance. Moreover, it was proved that there exists synergism between NaCl and MgCl2 (or CaCl2), which is crucial to achieve the ultralow interfacial tension.

Synthesis and performance evaluation of novel alcohol ether carboxylate surfactants for alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding

Novel surfactants alcohol polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene ether carboxylates (APPEC) were successfully synthesised by carboxymethylation reaction of alcohol polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene ether (APPE) to meet alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding needs. The structure of APPEC was characterised by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The reaction conditions of APPEC including reaction ratio of raw materials, temperature and reaction time were optimised. Interfacial tension and ASP core flooding experiments were also carried out to evaluate the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) performance of the APPEC surfactants. The interfacial tension between Xinjiang crude oil and synthetic water could be decreased to ultra-low level in a short time with 0.4 wt% APPEC at 28.7°C. Two core flooding experiments proved that ASP flooding system could improve the oil recovery by 21.5% or 22.3%. Therefore, the APPEC surfactant formulas could improve oil displacement efficiency under Xinjiang reservoir condition.

Inorganic Salts Effect on Adsorption Behavior of Surfactant AEC at Liquid/Liquid Interface

Behaviors of nonionic-anionic surfactant sodium fatty Alcohol polyoxyethylene Ether Carboxylate (AEC) at dodecane/water interface influenced by inorganic salts NaCl, CaCl 2 and MgCl2 were investigated by interfacial tension methods and molecular dynamics simulation. Contrasted distributions of various salts at interface and in aqueous solutions and resulting lowering the interfacial tension have been observed. Composition of surfactants- salts complex at interface surrounding different cations within 2.5 A were found to be in two categories: (i) the octahedral complexation of divalent cation was generated by the participation of surfactant head group and water molecule, (ii) only water molecules were involved in the complexation. According to the simulation results, all the Na + involved in type ii, without any direct interaction with surfactant head group, while Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ involved in type I, following the formula: Ca+ + 4 (surfactant) + 2 (H2O) ⇄ (Ca (surfactant) 4 (H2O) 2) 2+ , Mg 2+ + (surfactant) + 5 (H2O) ⇄ (Mg (surfactant) (H2O) 5) 2+ . This strongly chelate interaction between Ca 2+ and

Effect of Electrolytes on Interfacial Tensions of Alkyl Ether Carboxylate Solutions

Alkyl ether carboxylate is one type of surfactant that can produce ultralow interfacial tension (IFT) under high-salinity and high-temperature conditions. In this paper, the influence of counterion...

Synthesis and solution properties of comb-like acrylamide copolymers

A comb-like acrylamide copolymer (HCJ-1) was synthesized by using aqueous free radical polymerization of acrylamide (AM) as main monomer and ether carboxylate as functional monomer. The copolymers were characterized with FT-IR and SEM. The SEM results show that the molecular structure of copolymer is extended in salt water. It is proved that the copolymer shows good salt resistance.The solution properties of HCJ-1 were studied and compared with those of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). The experimental results show that the obtained HCJ-1, compared with HPAM, exhibits a dramatic enhancement in the salt-resistant properties. The apparent viscosity retention rate of 1.5 g L HCJ-1 aqueous solution and salt solution after 180 days at 60 °C are 70.6% and 64.5%, respectively, exhibiting good thermal stability. In addition, HCJ-1 solution also displays the excellent shearing resistance. In a word, the experimental results show the HCJ-1 is a promising profiling agent for high salinity reservoir.

Preparation and Characterization of Polymer Electrolyte Based on Comb-Shaped Poly(oxyethylene) with Ether Side Chains

A kind of comb-shaped poly(oxyethylene) with nine oxyethylene units in ether side chains has been synthesized via chemical modification on ethylene oxide-epichlorohydrin copolymer [P(EO/EH)s] with a kind of alcohol ether carboxylate. The prepared polyether was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. A series of polymer electrolytes were prepared by dissolving LiN(SO2CF3)2 at different ratios in the polymer matrix. It is found that the ionic conductivity of the comb-shaped poly(oxyethylene) based polymer electrolytes could reach 4.3×10-5 S/cm at 30°C and 6.2×10-4 S/cm at 80°C, which increase by an order of magnitude compared with that of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) based ones at corresponding temperatures. Both the amorphous feature of the polymer electrolytes above the ambient temperature and the highly mobile ether side chains of the comb-shaped polyether contribute to the increase of ionic conductivity.

Preparation and evaluation of some amide ether carboxylate surfactants

A homologous series of new mild surfactants, namely: Alkyl amide ether carboxylates surfactants (AEC) RCO–NHCH2CH2O (CH2CH2O)6CH2COONa, were synthesized by esterification, amidation, ethoxylation and carboxymethylation reaction steps of fatty acids (Lauric, Myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic or linoleic). The chemical structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed using different spectroscopic techniques, FTIR spectroscopy, mass spectra and HNMR. The surface properties including surface and interfacial tensions, foaming height, emulsification power, calcium ion stability, stability to hydrolysis and critical micelle concentration (cmc) were determined. The study of their surface properties showed their stability in hard water and in acidic and alkaline media. These compounds have high calcium ion stability. The low foaming power could have an application in the dyeing auxiliary industry. The lower values of the interfacial tension values indicate the ability of using these surfactants in several applications as corrosion inhibitors and biocides. The data revealed various advantages and potentials as a main surfactant as well as co- surfactants.

Environmental Impact of Ether Carboxylic Derivative Surfactants

AbstractThe ultimate aerobic biodegradability and toxicity of three ether carboxylic derivative surfactants having different alkyl chains and degrees of ethoxylation were investigated. Ultimate aerobic biodegradability was screened by means of dissolved organic carbon determinations at different initial surfactant concentrations. For comparison, the characteristic parameters of the biodegradation process, such as half‐life, mean biodegradation rate, and residual surfactant concentration, were determined. Increased surfactant concentrations decreased mineralization and lengthened the estimated half‐life. The results demonstrate that the ultimate aerobic biodegradability is higher for the surfactants with the shortest alkyl chain and highest degree of ethoxylation. Toxicity values of the surfactants, and their binary mixtures, were determined using three test organisms, the freshwater crustacea Daphnia magna, the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum. The toxicity is lower for the surfactants with the shortest alkyl chain and highest degree of ethoxylation. The toxicity of binary mixtures of the three ether carboxylate surfactants at a 1:1 weight ratio was also measured. The least toxic mixture is formed by the surfactants having lower individual toxicity.

Synthesis and intrinsic blue fluorescence study of hyperbranched poly(ester-amide-ether)

A series of hyperbranched poly(ester-amide-ether)s (H-PEAEs) were synthesized via the A2+CB3 approach by the self-transesterification of ethyl ester-amide-ethers end-capped with three hydroxyl groups and ethyl ester group at two terminals. The molecular structures were characterized with 1H NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The number average molecular weights were estimated by GPC analysis to possess bimodal wide distribution from 1.57 to 2.09. The strong inherent blue fluorescence was observed at 330 nm for excitation and 390 nm for emission. Moreover, the emission intensity and fluorescence quantum yield increased along with the incorporated ether chain length, as well as almost linearly with the H-PEAE concentration in an aqueous solution. For comparing the fluorescence performance, the linear poly(ester-amide-ether) (L-PEAE) and hyperbranched poly(ester-amide) (H-PEA) were synthesized. The results showed that the coexistence of ether bond and carboxyl group in the molecular chain was essential for generating the strong fluorescence. However, the compact backbone of H-PEAE would be propitious to the enhancement of fluorescence properties.

A Hazard Assessment of Aggregate Exposure to Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol Mono- and Di-ethoxylates in the Aquatic Environment

ABSTRACT The most commonly detected environmental metabolites of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE) are nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NPE1), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NPE2), nonylphenol ether carboxylates (NPEC), and nonylphenol (NP). Since NPEC have relatively low toxicity, the most relevant NPE metabolites for conducting an aggregate hazard assessment are NP, NPE1, and NPE2. Recent studies support the validity of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2005) chronic water quality criteria (WQC) for NP in freshwater and saltwater environments; thus, these criteria were used as reference values in the aggregate hazard assessment. The toxic equivalency approach was used to assess the aggregate hazard of NP, NPE1, and NPE2. A review of relevant studies indicated that the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) for NPE1 and NPE2 approximated 0.37, which supported the use of the more conservative TEF value of 0.50 used by Environment Canada (2001) for NPE1 and NPE2. The interaction of toxicities between NP, NPE1, and NPE2 is assumed to be additive based on a review of the current literature and the shared mechanism of action of these compounds. The data support previous findings that there is a low likelihood that aggregate NP-equivalent concentrations of NPE and its metabolites in U.S. waters will exceed the national chronic WQC for NP.

ChemInform Abstract: Cohalogenation in Organic Synthesis

The usefulness of the intermolecular cohalogenation in organic synthesis is reviewed. After a short background of this almost centenarian reaction we develop some mechanistic considerations in order to explain briefly the exceptional regio-, chemo- and stereoselectivity of this simple process, which allows the facile preparation of various bifunctional derivatives. Cohalogenation with oxygen and nitrogen containing nucleophiles such as water, hydrogen peroxide, carboxylic acid derivatives, alcohols, ethers, nitriles, amines and pseudohalogens are presented successively in wide detail and we focus on the different applications of the cohalogenated compounds