Carbon Steel Grades Research Articles

Microstructural, mechanical, and electrochemical analysis of carbon doped AISI carbon steels

The effect of carbon doping contents on the microstructure, hardness, and corrosion properties of heat-treated AISI steel grades of plain carbon steel was investigated in this study. Various microstructures including coarse ferrite-pearlite, fine ferrite-pearlite, martensite, and bainite were developed by different heat treatments i.e. annealing, normalizing, quenching, and austempering, respectively. The developed microstructures, micro-hardness, and corrosion properties were investigated by a light optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, electromechanical (Vickers Hardness tester), and electrochemical (Gamry Potentiostat) equipment, respectively. The highest corrosion rates were observed in bainitic microstructures (2.68–12.12 mpy), whereas the lowest were found in the fine ferritic-pearlitic microstructures (1.57–6.36 mpy). A direct correlation has been observed between carbon concentration and corrosion rate, i.e. carbon content resulted in an increase in corrosion rate (2.37 mpy for AISI 1020 to 9.67 mpy for AISI 1050 in annealed condition).

Simulation of the operation of two-roll screw piercing of steels of the 13Cr type

The development of new offshore oil and gas fields is impossible when using pipes made of carbon and low-alloy steel grades, due to their inability to effectively withstand an aggressive environment. Therefore, the urgent task of pipe manufacturers is to develop and master the technology of mass production of seamless pipes from martensitic steels with a high chromium content. This article discusses the peculiarities of the technology for the production of seamless pipes from steel grades of the 13Cr type when piercing a billet on a two-roll screw rolling mill with a non-driven guide tool - a ruler. The results of physical modeling at the MISIS laboratory screw rolling mill are presented. To identify the features of the piercing during physical modeling, the elongation coefficient was changed (due to the use of piercing mill mandrels of different diameters and due to a change in the thickness of the sleeve wall), the feed angle was varied, and the workpieces were pierced at different temperatures. In addition, for a comparative analysis, steel 45 was pierced. During the research, the machine time of the piercing and the force on the roll of the piercing mill were recorded. Underrolls were obtained, on which the pitch of the sleeve was measured, and the area of the contact surface of the pierced metal with the rolls was also determined. The energypower parameters of the piercing were evaluated at various settings of the piercing semi-industrial mill "MISiS -130D". To compare the obtained force values, the piercing process was simulated in the QForm software package. As the material of the billet workpiece, the material C.20Сr13 was chosen with deformation resistance characteristics obtained from the results of testing samples on the Gleeble System 3800.

Buckling of dented bi-material pipe under bending Part I: Experiments and simulation

As a cost-effective solution for transporting corrosive hydrocarbons, mechanically lined pipe has been used in many offshore and onshore projects. The bonding between the carbon steel carrier and the non-corrosive liner is commonly achieved by mechanical expansion. As typical pipeline damage, the local dent brings deformation to the bimetallic composite, which is expected to undermine the structural integrity. This work investigates the influence of a local dent on the plastic responses and stability of a lined pipe system during bending. Part I presents the results of the experiments and numerical analysis involving a set of small-scale lined tubes. The lined tubes, made of carbon steel Grade GB45 (AISI 1045) and copper Grade T2, are manufactured using a custom hydraulic expansion facility. The products have finished diameters of 50 mm and an overall D/t of 16.5, with 1.0 mm thickness for the liner. A minor transverse dent is introduced to the specimen using a cylindrical indenter. The dented tube is subsequently bent to collapse in a four-point bending facility. It is found that the local dent tends to induce early collapse of both the outer tube and the liner, resulting in a noteworthy reduction of the bending capacity of the composite. Initially, the local dent grows stably instead of collapsing right away. With increasing bending, the liner develops a major buckle and several satellite dimples around it. Subsequently, the manufacture, indentation, and the succeeding bending to collapse are simulated using a custom numerical framework, and the experimental results are reproduced reasonably well. Part II will use the validated numerical model to conduct an extensive parametric study of the important variables of the problem for full-scale lined pipes.

Fluidization‐based chemical vapour deposition for alumina coating on tubular carbon steel substrates—Modelling and validation

AbstractThe degradation of carbon steels due to corrosion and gaseous permeation phenomena can be significantly reduced by a thin alumina coating. Tubular carbon steel structures, commonly employed in nuclear establishments are particularly vulnerable to chemical degradation on the inner surface due to the flow of corrosive fluids. In the present work, a fluidization‐based chemical vapour deposition process is applied as a one‐step solution for simultaneous chemical passivation of both inner and outer substrate surfaces meanwhile optimizing precursor inventory by utilizing fluidized bed sublimation and induction heating techniques. The process is studied by using a 2D‐1D mathematical model, which has been validated with experimental results for different carbon steel grades. It was observed that there exists an optimum fluidization velocity for a specified initial mass fraction of precursor powder at which mass of alumina deposited per unit mass of precursor sublimated is maximized.

Evaluating the Flow Accelerated Corrosion and Erosion–Corrosion Behavior of a Pipeline Grade Carbon Steel (AISI 1030) for Sustainable Operations

Erosion–corrosion behavior of pipeline grade carbon steel alloy (AISI 1030) was investigated using a state-of-the-art jet impingement flow loop. Different impingement velocities (3 to 12 m/s) and angles (15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) were employed (with/without sand particles) to study the degradation behavior of this pipeline grade steel in 0.2 M NaCl solution at room temperature. Experiments were conducted for a duration of 24 h at room temperature. The maximum erosion–corrosion (EC) rate was observed at an impingement angle of 45° at all velocities (3 to 12 m/s), as both the shear and normal impact stresses were of the same order of magnitude at this angle. At lower impingement angles, the effect of shear stress was more dominant and vice versa at higher impingement angles. The synergistic affect was found to be maximum at 45° due to enhancement of erosion by corrosion and/or corrosion by erosion. Ploughing, deep craters, raised lips, dimples, micro-forging/plastic deformation, and extrusion were the dominant erosion–corrosion mechanisms as observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). The maximum corrosion wear scar depth was found to be 57 µm (average) at an impingement angle of 45°, as measured using an optical profilometer. The obtained results are very significant and can be used in process parameter optimizations to enhance infrastructure reliability. These results will also be the part of in-house database to develop a comprehensive erosion and erosion–corrosion model for erosion–corrosion prediction of different materials under various operational conditions.

DESIGN, ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH CONVENTIONAL MATERIAL OF LEAF SPRING

This paper reveals the investigation of composite leaf spring and themodeling of the leaf spring with the use of different composite materials. The automobile industries are more competitive with low mass density with higher strength. Here is the work that compares the different composite leaf spring in which the parameters are considered such as static analysis and dynamic analysis. The modelingg of the composite leaf spring is done in SOLIDWORKS and then the static analysis is performed in ANSYS Workbench. It is also done in SOLIDWORKS to compare both the results and the dynamic analysis is also performed in the SOLIDWORKS software. A comparison has been made between laminated composite leaf springs, the materials are carbon steel grade (SUP9), S2 Glass Fibre, and Carbon Fibre(T300) which are having the same design and same load-carrying capacity. From that 79.22% weight reduction in composite material has been achieved for the same number of leaves and also high natural frequencies compared with other composites. From the result, the composite material of carbon fibre (T300) is best for leaf spring manufacturing.

КОРОЗІЙНА СТІЙКІСТЬ І ТЕПЛОЗАХИСНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ КОМПОЗИЦІЙНИХ ПОКРИТТІВ, НАПОВНЕНИХ ЗОЛЬНИМИ МІКРОСФЕРАМИ

Modern branches of chemical production, which are associated with the development of light industry, cosmetology, pharmacy, will require the introduction of new materials and coatings with increased corrosionresistance and thermal protection properties. Possible ways to solve this important scientific and technical problem include finding resource-saving technologies, for which the authors consider the use of promising raw materials to create new composite coatings. These promising materials include ash microspheres of aluminosilicate composition, which are waste from thermal power plants operation. The coating is applied by electric arc method on a steel substrate with carbon steel grade A284Gr.D (Cт3) (GOST 380-2005). For their formation, continuously stretched welding wires of ferrite-perlite structure of brand 1066 (65Г) (GOST 14959-79) and low-carbon welding wire of brand ER346 (Св-08) (GOST 2246-70) were used. The aim of the work is the theoretical and experimental studies of corrosion resistance and heat-protective properties of coatings.The corrosion resistance of coatings in naphthalene medium has been experimentally studied: as a result of immersion for 120... 150 days there is a change in color with the formation of an oxide film and an increase in the size of the surface pores by 10... 15%. The results of theoretical calculations of effective coefficients of thermal conductivity and thermal linear expansion for different filling with microspheres are given. The stability of thermophysical properties was experimentally confirmed by studies of heat resistance and thermal stability of coatings sprayed on a steel substrate with carbon steel grade A284Gr.D (Cт3) (GOST 380-2005), under cyclic loads at temperatures of 570 °C/ 10 °C. The obtained results highlight the feasibility of using electric arc coatings with ferrite-perlite structure of brand 1066 (65Г) (GOST 14959-79) and low-carbon welding wire of brand ER346 (Св-08) (GOST 2246-70), filled with ash microspheres of aluminosilicate composition in technologies for protection and restoration of parts and structures of chemical equipment. The scientific significance of thework includes the expansion of ideas about corrosion processes in dispersed metal-matrix coatings dispersed with inorganic microspheres and about their maximum resource under conditions of thermocyclic loads.

Empirijski pristup sveobuhvatnoj funkciji napona koja je ekvivalentna zamornom oštećenju

This paper develops an empirical damage-equivalent stress function for fatigue. Classical analysis methods are used to 'fit' an equation to a number of S-N curves for various grades of carbon steel. The resulting equivalent-damage stress function is applicable to steels subjected to a wide range of heat treatments, from normalised up to hardened and tempered to 1900MPa. It is also applicable to a wide range of stress concentrations, unnotched up to Kt = 5.0 and typical of screw threads. A range of stress ratios and mean stresses are also considered. The function overcomes some of the limitations of existing methods of 'correcting' for mean stress. Existing methods are limited in that, while they may give good results over a range of conditions, there are some circumstances where the results are highly inaccurate. The damage-equivalent stress function is suitable for use in automated calculation procedures such as spreadsheets, MathCAD ©, and SMathStudio ©.

Dissimilar resistance spot welding process on AISI 304 and AISI 202 by investigation metals

The point of the exploration review was to examine of divergent obstruction spot welding (RSW) process on austenitic tempered steel (304 grade) and austenitic hardened steel (AISI 202 grade) is concentrated tentatively. According to a process by using 304 stainless steel is smart choice for your cost effective in comparison to other materials, due to its durability, ease of fabrication and cleaning, corrosion resistance to oxidation. The impact of cycle boundaries, for example, welding current, welding time, welding pressure and electrode force on elastic shear strength of obstruction spot welded joints are explored with reaction surface approach (RSM). Taguchi method of design experiments was applied. This research work presents the high strength and high corrosive applicants use 304 instead of 202 are used as applications such as kitchen sinks, railway bogeys, automobile trim, chemical containers. The combination of AISI 304 and AISI 202 joined together to give the accompanying outcomes is not done before with this combination and composition, this is the Novelty of this research To achieve corrosion resistance using low grade carbon steel experimental test where taken for samples such as hardness test, tensile shear strength test and morphological characteristics on scanning electron microscope (SEM) where analysed.

Plasticity resource of high-chrome 08Kh13N4M1F steel when pressing

The use of pipes made of high-chromium steel grades in developing oil and gas fields is an important task. The unique properties of the material make pipes indispensable under certain operating conditions in comparison with the same pipes made of carbon, low-alloy and alloy steel grades. However, at the same time, they have a reduced ductility during hot forming. In this work, in order to assess the probability of cracking during hot pressing of pipes made of high-chromium steel grades, the developed method of constructing diagrams of the plasticity of metals and alloys in the hot state for 08Kh13N4M1F steel grade is used. The technique was implemented using a modern testing complex Gleeble 3800. Compression, tensile and torsion tests were carried out at various temperatures. For each test, an assessment of the accumulated degree of deformation was carried out. The obtained data were put into the QForm 3D software package. Based on the processing of the computer simulation results, dependences were obtained that describe the change along the deformation zone when pressing of the stress state index, the intensity of the shear strain rates, and the temperature of the metal being pressed. On the basis of the data obtained, the curves of the dependence of the degree of plastic resource utilization on the deformation temperature were constructed. A metallographic study of 08Kh13N4M1F steel grade revealed the formation of δ-ferrite at hot deformation temperatures, which made it possible to draw conclusions about the most rational pressing temperature. The developed technical proposals, which ensure a decrease in the likelihood of cracking on the surface of hot-pressed pipes, were tested using computer modeling of the pressing process and during experimental pressing.

Phosphating Modification with Metal Ions of Carbon Steel Surface to Improve the Influence of Anticorrosion Properties

The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of the phosphatizing process with Ni2+, Ce3+, and Ti2+ ions on the properties of the coating to obtain better corrosion protection of the metal. Steel corrosion occurs through physicochemical interaction between the metal and its surrounding environment. This leads to a change in the metal’s physical, mechanical, and optical properties that can cause damage to the functionality of the metal, which in turn may result in accidents or other malfunctions. Carbon steel grade has limited resistance to corrosion, depending on the carbon content and alloying element, the microstructure, and the surrounding environment of the material. This paper present tests that have been carried out on some of the physicochemical properties of protective epoxy and polyurethane coating on carbon steel grade. Coatings represent one of the methods available to protect metal surfaces from corrosion. Coating properties such as thickness, hardness, and adhesion were investigated. The same properties were tested by exposing the sample plates to corrosive conditions of the humid chamber and seawater. Their anticorrosion properties were explored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques under immersion in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solutions as a corrosive medium. Part of the samples prior to application of the coatingwere modified with a phosphate solution containing metal ions: Ni2+, Ce3+, and Ti2+ to further investigate the effects of phosphatization on the properties of the coating. After exposure of the plates to the salt and moist chamber conditions, no traces of corrosion products, cracking or peeling of the coating were found on the surfaces. The adhesion properties were tested by the pull-off adhesion test. It was found that metal/polymer adhesion was satisfied according to EN ISO 4624:2016 and had the same value for all samples. However, a detailed EIS analysis showed a higher resistance of phosphate samples with Ce3+ ions than samples that were phosphated with Ni2+ and Ti2+ ions and those that did not have a sparingly soluble phosphate salt layer.

Investigation of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the applied corrosion-resistant powder coating

This article presents the results of experimental work on the development of a laser complex for micro-and nanomodification of metal surfaces using hybrid technologies. As an alloying material, a corrosion-resistant composite powder of the national brand was chosen, which is used in industry to prevent the occurrence of corrosion formations on the working surfaces of the executive parts of machines. One of the most used national grades of structural carbon steels was chosen as the substrate. The parameters of the laser radiation varied in two parameters: scanning speeds in the range of 12-15 mm/sec and radiation power in the range of 3-5 kW. As a result of the work carried out under various power modes, prototypes were obtained. On their basis, tabular data on the obtained values of microhardness, wear resistance and friction coefficients are compiled. The description of the obtained results is given and the direction of further work is indicated.

Effect of sulfur content in the crude oil to the corrosion behavior of internal surface of API 5L X65 petroleum pipeline steel

This work discussed the corrosion behavior of the internal surface of pipeline steel caused by the composition of petroleum products, particularly crude oil. Internal and external pipeline corrosion is the notable cause of pipeline failure in Malaysia’s oil and gas industry. However, internal corrosion is preferred to be concerned in this work because it involved one of the major corrosive media in the crude oil, such as sulfur content. This project aim is to find the sulfur concentration in the crude oil using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The corrosion rate, corrosion current and corrosion potential of the API 5L X65 grade carbon steel pipeline in different simulated H2SO4 solution concentrations were carried out using the Tafel extrapolation technique. The corrosion properties of the samples were morphologically measured by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray analyses. The results showed that the corrosion rate of the pipeline steel significantly increased with the increasing H2SO4 concentrations. The corrosion products formed on the pipeline steel surfaces were mainly composed of iron sulfate, iron sulfide and iron oxide. These findings are crucial to understanding the corrosion behavior caused by the crude oil and should be further investigate with the other possible influence factors such as temperature and petroleum’s flowing velocity.

Impact of Hot Deformation Methods on Metal Workability along the Section During the Production of Axle Billets

Purpose. The work is aimed to determine the influence of various technologies for the production of rough railroad axles from F grade carbon steel on the workability features along the section in order to improve the quality of railway axles at domestic enterprises. Methodology. Four production technologies of the rough railway axles were analyzed. The peculiarity of the study was that the technologies differed only in the deformation pattern. The dimensions of the initial continuously cast billets and the resulting rough axes were the same for all deformation modes. The chemical composition and temperature of deformation also did not differ. The density of traces of the dendritic structure was taken as the main metallographic characteristic, which makes it possible to assess the degree of deformation workability of the rough axes along the section. The analysis was performed on templates cut from each section of the axle. The workability of the metal was assessed by the transformation of traces of the dendritic structure (liquation areas). The dendritic structure, namely its density, was determined as the number of dendrites per 1 mm2 of the microsection area, and to accurately calculate the dendrite size, measurements were made at least along two ellipse axes– large and small. Findings. It is shown that, despite a significant degree of forging of axle billets made of carbon steel, when using different deformation schemes, their workability along the section differs significantly. The most effective production technology of rough railroad axles from F grade carbon steel has been determined from the point of view of workability along the section of rolled stock, and the impact of each of the investigated deformation methods has been assessed. The largest and the smallest workability coefficients of the axle billet have been established when using various methods of deformation impact. Originality. The production technology of rough railway axles has been determined, which ensures the most uniform workability of rolled products along the section. Practical value. The workability factor for a quantitative assessment of the effect of hot deformation was determined and the formation pattern of the dendritic traces’ density in the direction from the surface to the central layers of the workpiece was established.

Hydrazone-based green corrosion inhibitors for API grade carbon steel in HCl: Insights from electrochemical, XPS, and computational studies

Corrosion protection of carbon steel (CS) is an important challenge in the industry field. The search for an effective protection approach is still a hot research question. In the present work, three hydrazone derivatives (HZ-OH, HZ-Me, and HZ-Cl) were used in 1.0 M HCl solution for API grade CS corrosion mitigation. Their corrosion inhibition performance was evaluated by electrochemical tests while steel surface was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrochemical tests showed an inhibition efficiency between 91% and 98% for CS exposed to acidic solution containing 0.05 mol/L of the three hydrazone derivatives. All compounds were classified as mixed type inhibitors, inhibiting both cathodic and anodic corrosion reactions. XPS showed that inhibitor molecules formed a stable layer on steel surface through chemical and physical interactions. The adsorption of molecules onto the steel surface was found to follow Langmuir model. DFT and MD simulations were used to investigate the interaction of hydrazones with Fe n (n = 1–4) and Fe 2 O 3 (001) surface, respectively. They confirmed that the inhibitor with two hydroxy groups (HZ-OH) had a greater interaction with iron atoms.

Evaluation of optimum condition to improve the microstructure in hot-rolled medium carbon steel by elimination of coarse pearlite patches

The present study is aimed to eliminate the undesirable microstructure in the real working condition of the steel unit. In this work, the microstructure of hot-rolled medium carbon steel (grade 45C8) is studied for application in the automotive industry. The effect of the temperature and rolling rate on the microstructure has been thoroughly investigated by analyzing the microstructure containing ferrite and pearlite phases after each trial run of hot-rolled steel. The desired microstructure of fine ferrite and pearlite is very much essential in hot-rolled medium carbon steel for better strength and uniform properties of the material. The formation of coarse pearlite is undesirable, which may lead to breakage during drawing and hardness variation in the hot-rolled steel. Therefore, this study is focused to find the optimum condition for achieving the microstructure containing uniform distribution of fine pearlite and ferrite without the presence of blocky pearlite patches.

Horizontal CCMs in small-capacity metallurgy

Production of light-section rolled products and wire rods of alloyed steel grades differs by small volume of yearly output and wide range of smelted grades. To organize production of light-section rolled products of alloyed steel grades in small volumes, OJSC “Spetsmash” elaborated concept of small-capacity production, which was implemented at several plants. It was shown that horizontal CCM can be effectively applied in the small-capacity production within complexes of light-section rolled stock of alloyed steels production. At the plant “Ferrotrade” (Beloretsk) when creating a complex for production wire rods of 6.5 mm diameter of austenite class steels and nickel-based alloys, a horizontal CCM was constructed. Production of 60 mm diameter billets by the machine was mastered, which enabled to apply a rolling mini-mill, characterizing by small dimensions and power. The horizontal CCM, constructed in 2016 at the steelmaking shop of CJSC “Izhevsk pilot-mechanical plant”, was equipped by electromagnetic stirrer (EMS). It was noted that EMS was applied for the first time in domestic metallurgy at the industrial CCM of horizontal type. In the process of this CCM mastering, more than 60 heats were casted into billets of 80, 200 and 120 mm diameter. EMS application resulted in improving average point on the central porosity to 1.2—1.8 depending on the stirring modes. In 2018 the OJSC “Spetsmash” for the Research Center “Thermodeform” (Magnitogorsk) constructed an experimental horizontal CCM, designed for casting of billets of 40—60 mm diameter by direct casting of melt from the crucible of 60 kg induction furnace into the metal reservoir 776 of the machine. Development of a project of horizontal CCM for PJSC “PlasmaTek” (Ukraine, Vinnitsy) finished, designed for production of billets of 50 and 60 mm diameter within a complex of equipment for manufacturing welding electrodes not only of alloyed but also of carbon steel grades. The designed productivity of the complex is 12,000 t/year. Basic technical characteristics of the CCM presented. Small-capacity production with horizontal CCMs can be organized as independent objects and within existing steel-works for expanding product range.

Experimental investigation for optimization of robot spot welding parameters on low carbon steel JSC 590RN

In this present research, optimization of spot-welding process parameters was done on the low carbon steel grade (JSC 590RN) using Taguchi L18 methodology. The main process parameters of spot welding namely electrode diameter (d), electrode force (F), welding current (I) and weld time (t) are taken to determine the quality characteristics of the joint. Heat affected Zone (HAZ), Nugget diameter (N-D) and tensile strength were taken as a quality characteristic for the improvement. For experimental trials, Taguchi L18 was selected. The GRA technique was used to observe the level of importance of process factors on spot welding. ANOVA results show that amid all control factors, welding current (39.19%) is the highest participating followed by weld time (23.81%). In this experiment, the confirmation result shows that it is possible to increases the weld quality up to 12.0081%.

Life cycle cost assessment method considering multiple factors for economic evaluation of cable line steel brackets

In China, the bracket of underground high voltage cable transmission line is mainly made of various carbon steels. However, no unified standard exists for type selection of cable brackets in practice. Here, a selection method of the bracket based on life cycle cost assessment is proposed from the viewpoint of technical economy, in which the size of brackets, steel grade, carbon steel corrosion and eddy current loss are considered as influencing factors to the costs. Stress performance analysis under identical pole arm stress constraints is employed to determine the size and grade of carbon steel which influences the initial cost. And 3D coupled electromagnetic fluid-dynamical and thermal finite-element analysis is applied to calculate the eddy current loss of cable brackets which influences the operation cost. Meanwhile, multi-physics coupling analysis and experiment are conducted to prove the correctness of loss simulation calculation. Tafel curve measured by electrochemical corrosion experiment is used to obtain the corrosion rate of carbon steel which influences the maintenance cost by affecting service life of brackets. A case study is demonstrated, and the results show that the channel steel type is the most economical for the commendatory and the proposed method is effective.

Hysteretic performance of stainless steel double extended end-plate beam-to-column joints subject to cyclic loading

This paper focuses on the hysteretic performance of stainless steel beam-to-column joints with double extended end-plate connections under cyclic loading. Six full-scale joint specimens were fabricated, including three interior column joints and three exterior column joints. Two stainless steel grades — austenitic grade EN 1.4301 and duplex grade EN 1.4462, and one carbon steel grade Q345B were considered. A4-80 stainless steel bolts and grade 10.9 high strength steel bolts were employed to assemble the joint specimens. The cyclic loading tests were conducted using the loading protocol set in Chinese standard JGJ/T 101. The force versus displacement (F-Δ) hysteresis curves were recorded, and the failure modes, the ductility, the strength and stiffness degradation, and the energy dissipation capacity of the tested joints were analysed and discussed in detail. Empirical hysteresis models were developed and calibrated against the recorded hysteretic curves and energy dissipation capacities of the tested joints. The experimental results involving the initial rotational stiffness values and the moment resistances were further utilised to evaluate the accuracy of current design provisions codified in EN 1993-1-8, ANSI/AISC 358 and GB 51022. The comparison shows that the development of accurate design guidance accounting for the pronounced strain hardening of stainless steels is warranted.